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新概念第⼆册课堂笔记Lesson69Lesson 69 But not murder!【语法Grammar in use】被动语态（1）被动语态的基本形式：Recently it was damaged by a visitor.最近它被⼀个客⼈弄坏了。
（⼀般过去时）Passing planes can be heard night and day.过往飞机⽇夜不绝于⽿。
（与情态助动词连⽤）Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.有⼀百多⼈肯定是被噪⾳逼得已经弃家远去。
（must与被动语态的完成式连⽤）The bicycle was being sent to his home by train.⼈们正⽤⽕车给他把⾃⾏车送回家。
（被动语态⽤于过去进⾏时）He never expected the thief to be arrested.他从未指望那⼩偷能被逮着。
（被动语态⽤于复合宾语中的不定式结构中）The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost.整个村⼦很快知道，有⼀⼤笔钱丢失了。
（⽤于过去完成时）（2）被动语态还可以⽤于介词+动名词结构中。
介词（after, before, on）+动名词这个结构通常相当于⼀个时间状语从句。
如果两个动作中有⼀个在另⼀个开始之前已经完成，则可以⽤after+动名词的完成式表⽰第1个动作；如果只表⽰先后顺序，则可⽤after（或before）+动名词结构；on+动名词通常表⽰两个动作⼏乎同时发⽣：After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始有了信⼼。
动词时态1.现在完成时定义：用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而对现在产生了影响: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在。
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间标志：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, …-----模糊的时间状语动词形式（结构标志）：have/has（助动词）+done（动词的过去分词形式）1）现在完成时强调动作的完成Where have you been since I saw you?自我上次见你之后，你到哪里去了？Technical innovation has brought about tremendous changes to the plant.技术革新已给该厂带来巨大变化。
2）现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的状态Give me something to eat ,please. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday.给我点吃的。
我从昨天开始就没有吃任何东西了。
3）现在完成时与特定词语照应这些词包括：since（自从），so far （迄今为止），as yet（迄今为止），over the past···（在过去的······时间里）等等So far we haven’t drawn any conclusion on this matter.至今我们还没有就这件事情得出任何结论。
Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at the university.多年以来，有大量国外留学生在那所大学就读。
5、一般过去时：主语+ 动词过去式动词过去式的变化规律：1. 直接加ed：work—— worked look——looked ，2. 以不发音e结尾的单词，直接加d：live ——lived hope——hoped use——used,3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加ed：study—— studied carry——carried worry——worried,4. 以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加ed：enjoy ——enjoyed play——played5. 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母+ed：stop—— stopped plan——planned重读闭音节：单个元音字母后面有辅字母（r 除外）且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节。
就是一个元音字母后跟一个或几个辅音字母的单词。
可以这么理解a)辅音+元音+辅音例如：bad，bed，sit，hot，cup;b)元音+辅音例如it、of;c) 元音+多个辅音例如：egg ，fish 。
不规则变化的动词过去式：have---had are---were get---got say---said feel---felt do/does---did is---was go---wentdrink--drank eat--ate bring----brought think----thought buy----bought catch---- caught teach ---- taught sit----sat wear----wore cut----cut sweep----swept sleep——slept become----became（1）表示过去的动作或状态，常和具体的过去时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday, just now，last year，in 2012, a few days ago, once upon a time（很久以前）, in the old days, the other day （前几天）, when I was 18 years old等。
过去完成时知识点详解（初中英语专项复习）
1、概念：
以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2、.时间状语：
1)、before+过去时间，by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month…)
2)、by the time +从句（一般过去时），主句（过去完成时）
3)、用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。
过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时
一般过去时+after +过去完成时
4)、用于宾语从句中。
3、基本结构：
had + done.
4、否定形式：
had + not + done.
5、一般疑问句：
把had放于句首。
过去完成时
►重点用法概括
过去完成时谓语由“had+done”构成。
动词时态1.现在完成时定义：用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而对现在产生了影响: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在。
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间标志：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, …-----模糊的时间状语动词形式（结构标志）：have/has（助动词）+done（动词的过去分词形式）1）现在完成时强调动作的完成Where have you been since I saw you?自我上次见你之后，你到哪里去了？Technical innovation has brought about tremendous changes to the plant.技术革新已给该厂带来巨大变化。
2）现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的状态Give me something to eat ,please. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday.给我点吃的。
我从昨天开始就没有吃任何东西了。
3）现在完成时与特定词语照应这些词包括：since（自从），so far （迄今为止），as yet（迄今为止），over the past···（在过去的······时间里）等等So far we haven’t drawn any conclusion on this matter.至今我们还没有就这件事情得出任何结论。
Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at the university.多年以来，有大量国外留学生在那所大学就读。
16种时态的英语表达学习英语时态是非常重要的，因为时态可以表达不同的时间和情境。
英语有16种时态，包括简单时态、进行时态、完成时态、完成进行时态等。
以下是这些时态的英语表达：1. 简单现在时态 - Present Simple Tense(1) I eat breakfast at 7 am every day.(2) She always goes to bed early.2. 简单过去时态 - Past Simple Tense(1) I walked to school yesterday.(2) They visited their grandparents last weekend.3. 简单将来时态 - Future Simple Tense(1) I will see you tomorrow.(2) She is going to travel to Australia next month.4. 现在进行时态 - Present Continuous Tense(1) I am studying for my exam.(2) They are playing soccer in the park.5. 过去进行时态 - Past Continuous Tense(1) I was watching TV when she called.(2) They were studying all night.6. 将来进行时态 - Future Continuous Tense(1) I will be studying for my exam tomorrow.(2) They will be traveling to Europe next summer.7. 现在完成时态 - Present Perfect Tense(1) I have eaten breakfast already.(2) She has seen that movie twice.8. 过去完成时态 - Past Perfect Tense(1) I had finished my homework before dinner.(2) They had already left when we arrived.9. 将来完成时态 - Future Perfect Tense(1) I will have finished my project by next week.(2) She will have studied English for five years by next month.10. 现在完成进行时态 - Present Perfect Continuous Tense(1) I have been studying for two hours.(2) They have been playing video games all day.11. 过去完成进行时态 - Past Perfect Continuous Tense(1) I had been waiting for an hour before she arrived.(2) They had been studying for the final exam for weeks.12. 将来完成进行时态 - Future Perfect Continuous Tense (1) I will have been studying for six hours by the time the exam starts.(2) They will have been working on the project for a week by Friday.13. 现在完成完成时态 - Present Perfect Perfect Tense(1) I have had breakfast.(2) She has had a lot of experiences in her life.14. 过去完成完成时态 - Past Perfect Perfect Tense(1) I had had enough sleep before I went to work.(2) They had had a great time on their vacation.15. 将来完成完成时态 - Future Perfect Perfect Tense(1) I will have had enough practice by the time of the competition.(2) They will have had a successful year by the end of December.16. 直接引语 - Direct Speech(1) He said, 'I am happy to see you.'(2) She said, 'I will call you later.'以上是16种时态的英语表达，了解并掌握这些时态的用法对英语学习非常有益。
高中英语必备语法总结以下为您提供 20 个高中英语必备的语法总结、英语释义、短语、单词、用法及双语例句：---1. 现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）- 语法总结：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。
- 英语释义：The present perfect tense is used to express an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or an action that happened in the past and has an effect on the present.- 短语：have/has done- 单词：finished, completed, achieved- 用法：I have lived in this city for five years. （我在这个城市住了五年了。
）- 双语例句：He has just left. （他刚刚离开。
） She has never been to Beijing. （她从未去过北京。
）2. 过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）- 语法总结：表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。
- 英语释义：The past perfect tense indicates an action that was completed before another past action or time.- 短语：had done- 单词：gone, been, seen- 用法：By the time I arrived, they had already left. （我到的时候，他们已经离开了。
）- 双语例句：She had studied English for five years before she moved to the UK. （在她搬到英国之前，她已经学了五年英语。
1。
过去完成时(1）构成：由助动词had + 过去分词构成否定式：had not + 过去分词缩写形式:hadn’t(2) 用法过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
(3）它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示②也可以用when，before，after等引导的时间状语从句来表示③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal。
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here，the bus had left. 到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了它表达的是在某个过去动作或时间点之前发生的动作，简单地说就是“过去的过去”发生的事情.过去完成时的构成很简单，即had + 动词的过去分词。
一、过去完成时的主要用法1、表示在过去动作之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。
比如说，A事件发生在一个月前,而B事件发生两个月前,那么B事件比A事件还要早发生,它就要使用过去完成时.例如：Most of the guest had left when he arrived at the party.（即:客人在他到之前已经离开了.）They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel。
(即：吃饭在先，他们到达在后。
）2、表达在过去某个确定的时间之前发生的事或状态。
例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?在这个例句中，没有两个事件作比较。
但是,它有一个明确的时间作参考，即last year明确了告诉我们是“过去”时间，而by the end of last year说的是在last year之前完成的动作，因此它也是“过去的过去”，可以用过去完成时。
5、一般过去时：主语+ 动词过去式动词过去式的变化规律：1. 直接加ed：work—— worked look——looked ，2. 以不发音e结尾的单词，直接加d：live ——lived hope——hoped use——used,3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加ed：study—— studied carry——carried worry——worried,4. 以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加ed：enjoy ——enjoyed play——played5. 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母+ed：stop—— stopped plan——planned重读闭音节：单个元音字母后面有辅字母（r 除外）且以辅音字母结尾的重读音节。
就是一个元音字母后跟一个或几个辅音字母的单词。
可以这么理解a)辅音+元音+辅音例如：bad，bed，sit，hot，cup;b)元音+辅音例如it、of;c) 元音+多个辅音例如：egg ，fish 。
不规则变化的动词过去式：have---had are---were get---got say---said feel---felt do/does---did is---was go---wentdrink--drank eat--ate bring----brought think----thought buy----bought catch---- caught teach ---- taught sit----sat wear----wore cut----cut sweep----swept sleep——slept become----became（1）表示过去的动作或状态，常和具体的过去时间状语或从句连用，如yesterday, just now，last year，in 2012, a few days ago, once upon a time（很久以前）, in the old days, the other day （前几天）, when I was 18 years old等。
