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中国在某方面取得的伟大成就英语作文China's Amazing Achievements in Space ExplorationHi there! My name is Xiaoming and today I want to tell you all about China's incredible accomplishments in space. Space has always fascinated me ever since I was a little kid looking up at the twinkling stars and bright moon in the night sky. I dreamed of one day traveling amongst those celestial wonders myself!Well, thanks to the hard work and pioneering spirit of China'sspace program, that dream is becoming closer to reality for kids like me. China has rapidly emerged as a true spacefaring nation over the past couple of decades. Let me walk you through some of China's most impressive space milestones.In 2003, China became only the third country after Russia and the United States to successfully launch a human into orbit aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. The taikonaut Yang Liwei spent nearly 22 hours orbiting the earth before safely returning home. This was a hugely proud moment for China and inspired countless young students like myself to take an interest in space and science.Just four years later, China really flexed its space muscles by accomplishing another historic first - conducting a spacewalk!During the Shenzhou 7 mission in 2008, taikonaut Zhai Zhigang exited the spacecraft and spent nearly 20 minutes floating in the vacuum of space while tethered to the orbital module. Can you imagine how incredible yet terrifying that must have felt? I get goosebumps just thinking about it!As the years went by, China continued racking up extraordinary space accomplishments at a staggering pace. In 2012, the Shenzhou 9 mission made Ms. Liu Yang the first ever Chinese woman in space. Three years after that, China landed the Yutu rover on the lunar surface during the Chang'e 3 mission, making it only the third country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the surface of the moon.But China's space program wasn't just focused on human spaceflight and lunar exploration. It was making major strides in other areas of space technology too. In 2016, the incredible Xinhua news agency debuted a razor-sharp camera aboard the Gaofen-3 satellite that could capture images of objects as small as a meter long from an astonishing 600 kilometers above the earth! That's like being able to spot a single person from a plane cruising at maximum altitude. Mind-blowing!Speaking of satellites, you should see some of the massive space stations and laboratories China has launched into orbit inrecent years. The Tianhe core module was sent into space in 2021 as the foundation for China's very own Tiangong space station. More modules were added over time to gradually construct this extraordinary orbital outpost.As I'm writing this essay, the Tiangong space station has already hosted over half a dozen taikonaut crews who have lived and worked in space for extended periods while performing all sorts of incredible scientific experiments. Just last year, the Shenzhou 15 crew spent an amazing six months aboard Tiangong conducting research that will help prepare for future long-duration human space missions. Maybe I'll get to visit Tiangong myself one day!Of course, I can't talk about China's modern space glories without mentioning the remarkable Zhurong rover that landed on Mars in May 2021. By analyzing the chemical composition of Martian rocks and studying the Red Planet's terrain and climate, Zhurong has significantly expanded humanity's understanding of Earth's nearest planetary neighbor. Some of the rover's most fascinating imagery makes Mars look almost like a terrestrial desert!With the Zhurong rover roaming Mars and the Tiangong space station acting as a state-of-the-art orbital laboratory,China has cemented itself as a preeminent space power alongside nations like the United States and Russia. But China isn't slowing down - there are so many more thrilling space missions in the works!Plans are already in motion for China to return to the lunar surface before the end of this decade and possibly even establish a crewed research station on the moon. How cool would that be?I really hope I get to be part of those future moon missions someday. In the more distant future, China has its sights set on even loftier goals like collecting samples from an asteroid and eventually sending human explorers to Mars itself. Just imagining those achievements gives me goosebumps!China's meteoric progress in space over the past couple of decades has been absolutely breathtaking to witness. From the debut crewed Shenzhou missions and lunar rover。
China's Remarkable Achievements in PovertyEradicationIn recent decades, China has made extraordinary progress in eradicating poverty, a feat that has been widely recognized and applauded around the globe. With a population of over a billion, China faces immense challenges in ensuring economic growth and social welfare for all its citizens. Despite these challenges, the country has implemented innovative strategies and policies that have lifted millions out of poverty, marking a significant milestone in its development journey.One of the most significant achievements of China's poverty eradication efforts is the significant reduction in the number of people living in poverty. According toofficial statistics, the country has lifted over 800million people out of poverty since the launch of its poverty alleviation program in the late 1980s. This remarkable achievement is a testament to the country's commitment to ensuring that no one is left behind in its development process.The success of China's poverty eradication efforts can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, the government has played a pivotal role in developing and implementing policies and strategies that target poverty alleviation. This includes the introduction of various subsidy schemes, infrastructure development projects, and job creation initiatives aimed at improving the economic conditions of the poor.Secondly, China has prioritized rural development, investing heavily in agriculture and rural infrastructure to ensure that rural communities can thrive economically. This has been particularly beneficial for poor families who often reside in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.Moreover, China has emphasized the importance of education and skills training as a sustainable way to eradicate poverty. By providing access to education and training programs, the country has enabled poor individuals to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to secure better jobs and improve their economic prospects.Additionally, China has encouraged private sector participation in poverty alleviation efforts, recognizing that private enterprises can play a crucial role in creating job opportunities and driving economic growth. This has led to the emergence of numerous successful social enterprises and philanthropic initiatives that have contributed significantly to poverty reduction.Furthermore, China has implemented innovative financial mechanisms such as targeted poverty alleviation loans and microfinance to provide poor families with access to credit and financial services. These mechanisms have enabled poor individuals to start their own businesses or expand their existing ones, thereby generating income and escaping poverty.In conclusion, China's remarkable achievements in poverty eradication are a testament to the country's commitment and dedication to ensuring that all its citizens can enjoy basic levels of prosperity and well-being. Through innovative policies, strategic investments, and the engagement of various stakeholders, China has lifted millions out of poverty and set an example for otherdeveloping countries to follow. While there is still more work to be done, the progress made so far is truly impressive and值得赞扬的.**中国在脱贫方面的显著成就**近几十年来，中国在脱贫方面取得了非凡的成就，这一壮举在全球范围内得到了广泛的认可和赞扬。
中国国家航空英语作文China's National Aviation Industry: A Journey to the SkiesChina has made remarkable strides in the field of national aviation, transforming from a country that relied heavily on foreign technology to a global leader in aircraft manufacturing and aviation services. This essay will delveinto the history, current state, and future prospects ofChina's national aviation industry.Historical Context:The journey of China's national aviation began in the early20th century, with the first flight school established in 1920. However, it wasn't until the 1950s that China startedto develop its own aircraft. The first indigenously designed aircraft, the Hongdu JL-8, was a significant milestone, marking the beginning of China's journey towards self-reliance in aviation.Development and Growth:Over the decades, China has invested heavily in research and development, leading to the creation of several successful aircraft models. The Comac ARJ21, a regional jet, and theC919, a narrow-body commercial airliner, are examples ofChina's advancements in civil aviation. These aircraft are designed to compete with global giants like Boeing and Airbus.Current State:Today, China's aviation industry is a blend of domestic innovation and international collaboration. The country has a robust network of airports and airlines, with major carriers such as Air China, China Eastern Airlines, and China Southern Airlines. Furthermore, the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) oversees the safety and developmentof the aviation sector.International Collaboration:China has not shied away from international partnerships. The C919, for instance, incorporates components from suppliers around the world, reflecting a globalized approach toaircraft manufacturing. Such collaborations have been instrumental in accelerating China's progress in the aviation industry.Challenges and Opportunities:Despite its achievements, China's aviation industry faces challenges such as competition with established manufacturers, the need for technological innovation, and environmental concerns related to air travel. However, opportunities abound, with the growing demand for air travel in China and abroad, and the potential for further expansion into the global market.Future Prospects:Looking ahead, China aims to become a dominant player in the global aviation market. The development of the CR929, a long-range wide-body aircraft in collaboration with Russia, is a testament to China's ambitions. Additionally, the country is investing in green technologies and sustainable aviationpractices to address environmental concerns.In conclusion, China's national aviation industry has come a long way from its humble beginnings. With a commitment to innovation, international cooperation, and sustainable practices, China is poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of global aviation.。
中国航空事业了解英语范文Title: China's Aviation Industry: A Soaring Tale of Innovation and ProgressThe aviation industry in China has emerged as a symbol of the nation's rapid technological advancement and global ambition, showcasing remarkable growth and innovation over the past few decades. What was once a fledgling sector, reliant on imported technologies, has transformed into a leading force in commercial aviation and a key player in the global aerospace market. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the development, achievements, and future prospects of China's aviation industry, highlighting its significance both domestically and internationally.Firstly, the development of China's aviation industry can be traced back to the early 20th century but saw significant strides after the economic reforms of the 1980s. The Chinese government recognized the strategic importance of aviation and began investing heavily in research, development, and infrastructure. This period marked the birth of severalstate-owned enterprises, notably the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), which became the backbone of the country's aerospace endeavors. The 1990s and early 2000switnessed the expansion of domestic airlines, with carriers like Air China, China Eastern, and China Southern, fostering competition and driving demand for new aircraft.One of the most notable achievements of China's aviation industry is the successful development and production of the C919, a narrow-body jet aimed at competing with Boeing's 737 and Airbus's A320 in the single-aisle segment. The C919 represents a milestone in China's quest for self-reliance in the aviation sector. Its design and production involved international collaborations, signifying China's emerging role in global supply chains. Furthermore, the CR929 wide-body jet project, a joint venture with Russia's United Aircraft Corporation, indicates an ambitious step towards challenging the dominance of Boeing and Airbus in the broader aviation market.Another aspect of China's burgeoning aviation sector is the growth of its military capabilities. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force has modernized significantly, introducing advanced fighter jets like the J-20 stealth fighter and the Y-20 transport aircraft. These developments not only enhance China's national security but also demonstrate its commitment to maintaining regional stability and projecting power on theglobal stage.In terms of commercial success, Chinese airlines have rapidly expanded their fleets, offering competitive services that connect China's vast landscape and link it to the world. Beijing Daxing International Airport, one of the largest airports globally, symbolizes China's vision for becoming an aviation hub. Moreover, Chinese companies have made significant inroads into the aviation manufacturing and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) markets, positioning themselves as providers of cost-effective and efficient services.Looking ahead, the future of China's aviation industry appears promising, with continued investments in research and development, a growing pool of skilled personnel, and government support for innovation. The advent of new technologies such as electric propulsion, advanced materials, and artificial intelligence is likely to further propel China's aviation industry into uncharted territories of efficiency and sustainability.In conclusion, China's aviation industry has come a long way from its modest beginnings to become a global force, characterized by groundbreaking achievements and ambitious goals. The success stories of the C919 passenger jet and theCR929 wide-body project, alongside the expansion of commercial airlines and military capabilities, underscore China's strategic rise in the aviation sector. As China continues to invest in cutting-edge technologies and nurture a skilled workforce, the sky is indeed the limit for its aviation industry, which is poised to leave an indelible mark on the world of aerospace.。
中国取得成就英语作文China has achieved remarkable progress in various fields in recent years. From rapid economic growth to technological innovation, China has become a global leader in many aspects.One of the most notable achievements of China is its space exploration program. China has successfully landed a rover on the far side of the moon, becoming the first country to do so. This milestone demonstrates China's advanced technology and ambition in space exploration.In addition to space exploration, China has also made significant advancements in green energy. The country is the world's largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines, leading the way in renewable energy technology.Furthermore, China has made great strides in poverty alleviation. Through targeted policies and investments, China has lifted millions of people out of poverty,achieving the United Nations' goal of eradicating extreme poverty.Moreover, China has become a key player in global trade. The Belt and Road Initiative, proposed by China, aims to enhance connectivity and cooperation among countries along the ancient Silk Road routes. This initiative has boosted economic growth and infrastructure development in participating countries.Overall, China's achievements in various fields reflect its determination and capability to contribute to global development. As China continues to progress, it will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role on theworld stage.。
中国太空技术的崛起与影响**The Rise and Impact of China's Space Technology**In recent decades, China has made remarkable progressin the field of space technology, becoming a leading power in the global space race. This essay delves into the key developments, achievements, and future prospects of China's space program, analyzing its impact on the world and the future of space exploration.**Key Developments and Achievements**China's space program began in the early 1950s, but it was the launch of the first satellite, Dongfanghong-1, in 1970 that marked a significant milestone. Since then, China has achieved numerous breakthroughs in space exploration, including manned space missions, lunar landings, and the construction of a space station.The most notable achievement of China's space programis undoubtedly the manned space missions. In 2003, China became the third country in the world to send a human into space with the launch of Shenzhou 5. Since then, China has conducted multiple manned missions, including the firstspacewalk by a Chinese astronaut in 2008. These achievements have not only demonstrated China's technological prowess but also greatly boosted national pride and confidence.Another significant milestone was the lunar landing mission, Chang'e 3, in 2013. This mission marked the first soft landing on the Moon by a spacecraft from China and the first lunar rover, Yutu, to operate on the Moon's surface. Since then, China has conducted multiple lunar missions, including Chang'e 4, which became the first spacecraft to land on the far side of the Moon in 2019.China has also made significant contributions to the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). As a partner in the ISS program, China has provided vital components and equipment, such as the Tianhe module, which is the core module of the Chinese Space Station (CSS). The CSS is expected to be fully operational by 2023, making China the second country to have a permanently inhabited space station.**Impact on the World and Future Prospects**The rise of China's space program has had a profound impact on the global space race. Firstly, it has challenged the traditional dominance of the United States and Russiain space exploration. China's achievements have demonstrated that space exploration is no longer a monopoly of a few countries but is becoming increasingly accessible and competitive.Secondly, China's space program has also spurred greater cooperation and collaboration in the global space community. As a partner in the ISS program and various other international space projects, China has been actively promoting the peaceful use of space and international cooperation in space exploration. This approach has been widely welcomed by other countries, leading to greater synergies and mutual benefits in space exploration.Looking ahead, the future of China's space program is bright. With ongoing projects such as the CSS and lunar missions, China is poised to make even more significant contributions to space exploration. Future missions could include exploring Mars, asteroid mining, and even building a space elevator. These ambitious projects will requiresignificant technological advancements and international cooperation, but with China's track record in space technology, these goals are certainly achievable.**Conclusion**In conclusion, the rise of China's space program has been nothing short of remarkable. From the launch of itsfirst satellite in 1970 to the construction of a space station and lunar landings, China has demonstrated its technological prowess and commitment to space exploration. The impact of China's space program has been felt worldwide, challenging the traditional power structure in space and promoting greater cooperation and collaboration. As we look towards the future of space exploration, it is clear that China will continue to play a leading role in this exciting and transformative era.**中国太空技术的崛起与影响**近年来，中国在太空技术领域取得了显著进步，成为全球太空竞赛中的领先力量。
中国航天事业发言稿英文Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning. I am honored to stand here today to speak about the remarkable achievements and future prospects of China's aerospace industry.China's aerospace industry has experienced rapid development in recent years, driven by the government's strong support and the hard work of talented individuals within the sector. Through our continuous efforts, we have achieved great breakthroughs in various fields and made significant contributions to the scientific and technological progress of the country.Space exploration is an essential part of our aerospace industry. In 2003, China sent its first astronaut into space, marking a significant milestone in the history of our nation's space endeavor. Since then, we have made steady progress, with multiple manned space missions successfully completed, including the historic Chang'e lunar exploration program.In 2019, China became the first country to successfully land a spacecraft, Chang'e-4, on the far side of the moon. This achievement not only demonstrated China's advanced space exploration capabilities but also expanded our understanding of the moon's geology and provided valuable data for future lunar missions.Looking ahead, China is committed to further exploring the mysteries of outer space. We are working on the development ofthe Chang'e-5 lunar mission, which aims to bring back samples from the moon for analysis. Additionally, we are planning for a manned mission to Mars in the future, which will undoubtedly be a challenging but exciting endeavor for our astronauts.The aerospace industry not only plays a crucial role in space exploration but also has a significant impact on our daily lives. Satellites have become an essential part of our communication, navigation, and weather forecasting systems. China has successfully launched a series of satellites, including the Beidou Navigation System, which provides high-precision positioning and timing services not only to China but also to the world. This achievement demonstrates our commitment to international cooperation and technological innovation.Moreover, China's aerospace industry has made remarkable achievements in the development of commercial space ventures. We have seen the emergence of private space companies in recent years, aiming to provide satellite launches, space tourism, and other related services. This not only promotes the growth of our domestic space industry but also opens up new opportunities for international cooperation and economic development.In addition to space exploration, China's aerospace industry is also actively engaged in the development of advanced aviation technologies. We are committed to creating a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly aviation system. The development of the C919, China's first domestically built commercial aircraft, is a testament to our efforts in this direction. It represents a significant milestone for China's aviation industry and showcases our abilityto compete globally in aircraft manufacturing.China has also made significant progress in the development of hypersonic aircraft and reusable space vehicles. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the future of aviation and space travel, making it faster, more efficient, and more sustainable. We believe that these advancements will not only benefit China but also contribute to the progress of the global aerospace industry.Furthermore, China's aerospace industry is committed to international cooperation and communication. We have actively participated in various international space conferences, forums, and exhibitions, exchanging our experiences, knowledge, and best practices with our international counterparts. We are willing to work together with other countries to promote the peaceful and sustainable development of space exploration and utilization, for the benefit of all humanity.In conclusion, China's aerospace industry has achieved remarkable progress and made significant contributions to space exploration, technological innovation, economic development, and international cooperation. We are confident that with our continuous efforts, determination, and support from all sectors, we will achieve even greater success in the future. Let us join hands and work together for a brighter future in the field of aerospace.Thank you.。
Urbanization in China: Achievements andProspectsUrbanization, a process that involves thetransformation of rural areas into Urban centers, has beena significant development trend in China over the past few decades. Fueled by economic growth, policy initiatives, and social changes, China's urbanization has not only transformed the landscape but also reshaped the way people live and work.Since the reform and opening-up policies were implemented in 1978, China has experienced rapid economic growth, leading to a significant influx of rural residents moving to cities in search of better job opportunities anda higher quality of life. This has resulted in a remarkable increase in the Urban population, with Urban areas now accounting for a majority of the country's total population. One of the most significant achievements of China's urbanization is the creation of new Urban centers and the expansion of existing cities. This has led to a surge in infrastructure development, including transportation networks, housing projects, and utility services. Forinstance, the construction of high-speed rail networks has significantly reduced travel times between cities, facilitating economic integration and cultural exchange. Similarly, the development of modern housing complexes and urban planning has provided better living conditions for Urban residents.Moreover, urbanization has also led to improvements in social services and amenities. Urban areas now boast a wide range of educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and cultural venues that cater to the needs of the growing Urban population. This has not only enhanced the quality of life for Urban residents but has also contributed to the overall development and progress of the country.However, the process of urbanization has not been without its challenges. Rapid Urban growth has led to issues such as environmental degradation, traffic congestion, and social disparities. To address these challenges, the Chinese government has implemented various policies and strategies aimed at sustainable urbanization. This includes promoting green Urban planning, enhancingpublic transportation systems, and improving social welfare systems to ensure inclusive growth.In conclusion, China's urbanization has been a remarkable success story, transforming the country's landscape and improving the lives of millions. While there are still challenges to be addressed, the government's commitment to sustainable urbanization and the resilienceof the Chinese people have positioned the country as a leading example of Urban development globally.**中国城镇化发展的成就与展望**城镇化，即农村地区向城市中心转变的过程，是中国过去几十年来的重要发展趋势。
中国航天航空讲座概况作文英语$$Overview of the Chinese Aerospace Lecture$$The Chinese Aerospace Lecture, a comprehensive and insightful educational event, offers an in-depth exploration of the remarkable advancements and future prospects of China's aerospace industry. This lecture, designed to cater to a wide range of audiences, from aerospace enthusiasts to professionals seeking to expand their knowledge, provides a platform for understanding the intricate workings and exciting advancements in China's space exploration efforts.The lecture begins with a historical overview of China's journey in space exploration. It traces the early days of the country's foray into the unknown, highlighting significant milestones such as the launch of its first satellite and manned spacecraft. This historical narrative not only serves to contextualize China's current position in the global aerospace landscape but also underscores the nation's commitment to the field.Following the historical overview, the lecture delves into the technological advancements that have propelled China's aerospace industry forward. This includes discussions on cutting-edge technologies such as satellite navigation systems, remote sensing, and spacecraft propulsion systems. The lecture also explores the innovative techniques and materials used in the design and construction of spacecraft, emphasizing the role of research and development in pushing the boundaries of aerospace technology.A significant portion of the lecture is dedicated to China's current space missions and projects. This covers a range of activities, from manned missions to the Moon and Mars, to unmanned probes exploring the depths of space. The lecturer provides detailed accounts of these missions, discussing their objectives, challenges, and achievements. This not only showcases China's increasing capabilities in space exploration but also inspires listeners to pursue their own interests and aspirations in the field.The lecture also addresses the future prospects of China's aerospace industry. It explores potential areas ofgrowth, including deeper exploration of the solar system,the development of reusable spacecraft, and advancements in space tourism. The lecturer also discusses the role of international cooperation in推动中国航空航天事业的持续发展，highlighting the benefits of collaboration and knowledge sharing in this rapidly evolving field.Moreover, the lecture pays special attention to the importance of space education and outreach programs. It emphasizes the need to inspire the next generation of aerospace professionals and enthusiasts, highlighting the role of educational institutions and organizations in promoting space literacy and awareness. The lecturer also discusses the various outreach activities organized by the Chinese aerospace industry, such as public lectures, workshops, and competitions, aimed at engaging a wider audience in space exploration.In conclusion, the Chinese Aerospace Lecture offers a comprehensive overview of the remarkable advancements and future prospects of China's aerospace industry. It provides a platform for understanding the intricate workings ofspace exploration, while also inspiring listeners to pursuetheir own interests and aspirations in this exciting field. Whether you are an aerospace enthusiast or a professional seeking to expand your knowledge, this lecture offers valuable insights and perspectives on the future of space exploration in China.。
Outstanding achievementsThe s c a le of h ydro po we r d e ve lop me n t c o n-tin uous ly expa nd ing to a ne w leve lAs a type of clean and renewable energy resource,water power takes an extremely important position in the energy layout of the world.The theoretic reservation of China ’s hydro energy is ranked the rst in the world.But from the foundation of P.R.C.to the year of 1978(the year when the reform and opening-up took place),the hydro energy exploitation in the whole country was less than 10%of the reservation.Before the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy,due to various historic reasons and the poor productive forces during the initial stage from the foundation of new China,the hydropower construction proceeded relatively slowly in our country.After the implementation of reform and opening-up policy,the hydropower construction has been substantially accelerated in our country.The yearly average capacity of the generating units that are put into operation has been increasing gradually.Especially after 1993,the yearly capacity of the generating units that are put into operation always exceeds 3000MW.In September 2004,the total installed capacity of the hydropower units in our country exceeded 100GW and China possessed the largest capacity of the installed hydropower generating units in the world.By the end of 2007,the total installed capacity of hydropower units in our country had reached 145GW,which de nitely was the top one in the world.It took only y z capacity were doubled,compared with that in the 50years from the foundation of new China.The utilization ratio of the exploited hydro energy was improved from less than 10%before the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy to 27%at present.The rapid development of hydropower contributed considerably to the national economy growth and the development of the society.J oin ing th e world le a din g gr ou p in te rms o f hydrop owe r da m te c hnolo giesAfter the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy,technical breakthrough has taken place in every aspect of hydropower dam technologies through the national-level major projects.200m-level ultr a-high roller compa cted concrete (RCC)gra vity da m technology.At present,66high RCC gravity dams have been built in our country,and 35dams of the same type are under construction.Among them,the largest dam at Longtan Hydropower Station is 216.5m high,which is so far the largest and highest RCC gravity dam in the world.200m-level ultr a-high concr ete face r ockfill da m technology.At present,160concrete surface rockfill dams with 30m or above height have been built,and more than 40of them are 200m or higher.Among them,the dam of Shuibuya Hydropower Station is up to 233m high,which is so far the highest concrete surface rock ll ●By Zhou DabingChinese Society for Hydropower EngineeringAchie veme nts and Prospe cts of China ’s HydropowerGe ne ration8ears to reali e the miracle in which the total installeddam in the world.leading group of the world in the dam construction,in the aspects of the quantity,scale,technical challenge,technical innovation and so on.The d o me s tic a tio n le ve l o f la rg e -s ize d a n d e x tr a -la r g e -s iz e d u n its h a s b e e n im p r o ve d su bs ta ntia llyIn the latest 30years,substantial improvements have been achieved in hydropower electromechanical equipment in our country.After a batch of 300-MW units putting into operation in Liujiaxia,Longyangxia,Yantan,Guangzhou pumped storage stations and others,the 400-MW units in Lijiaxia Hydropower Station,the 550-MW units in Erta n Hydropow er Sta tion,and especially more than 30700-MW units in the Three Gorges and Longtan Hydropower Stations were all successfully put into operation in succession.For Xiluodu,Xiangjiaba,Laxiwa,Baihetan,Wudongde Hydropower Stations and others that are being constructed,the single unit capacity of the generating unit has been increased towards 700MW,800MWan d even 1000MW.Among the 26units on the two banks of the Three Gorges project,8units are fully domestically-made with self-owned intellectual properties.It is through the three steps of “technology assignment,digestion and absorption,independe nt innovation ”that a large stride was made for the extra-large hydropower electromechanical equipment manufacturing industry of our country in such short 7years.It indicates the arrival of epoch in which very large water wheel units can be designed,ma nufactured and installed independently in China.At present,32units with capacity of 500MW or above have been constructed and 109more are being constructed.Both of these two gures assume the leading spots in the world hydro plant construction.The progress of the domestication of pumped storage units has been speeded up continuously.The construction of pumped storage stations began at the end of 1960s,and staged into a large scale at the end of 1980s thanks to the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy.By the end of 2007,17pumped storage stations were constructed,with the total installed capacity of 8945MW,and 11stations were being constructed,with the total installed capacity of 12160MW.Guangzhou Pumped Storage Station I and II that have been constructed and put into operation totally have an installed capacity o f 2400MW and 535m head,being the largest pumped storage station in the world.Xilongchi Pumped Storage Station being constructed has a total installed capacity of 1200MW and 640m rated head.Huizhou Pumped Storage Station has a total installed capacity of 2400MW and 517.4m T f 300m-level ultr a-high a rch da m and 100m-level ultra high RCC ar ch dam technologies.Our country now has the edge-leading design theories and construction technologies in the world.For example,the arch dam construction in Ertan (dam height is 240m),Xiaowan (dam height is 292m),Jinping I (dam height is 305m)Hydropower Stations and others has applied the high arch dam construction technologies in our country that reaches the peak of the world ’s dam engineering.Da m foundation technologies.At present,China has mastered the technology of cutoff foundation wall processing up to a depth of 150m in complex and special geological conditions.The greatest depth of grouting hole made in foundation grouting processing has reached up to 206m.The technology of digging and reinforcing in high side slope has reached the 700m-level.Innovation in the technology of energy dissipa ter in high speed flow.After continuous accumulation of experiences and independent innovation,the characteristic achievements of innovation have been realized in the systematic researches in the form and structure of the energy dissipater,which is laid out and implemented at hydrotechnical building complexes in our country to guarantee the operation security of hydropower projects.M icr o-exp ansion ma gnesia concr ete d am ming tech nology.This is an original technology of our country with self-owned intellectual properties,which is acclaimed as an important innovation and breakthrough in the international damming technologies.It is due to these high level dam technologies that the hydropower generation of our country has been promoted up to a peak of achievements,and China has joinedtherated head.he construction o pumped storage stations inChina thereupon has entered an era of large capacity,high head and high lift.Th e c ons tru ctio n of larg e hydro powe r s ta tio nsc ontinuo us ly prom oting the larg e c ap a city,longd ista nce a n d h igh volta ge po we r tra ns m is s ion te c hn ologie s to a n ew le velSince the foundation of new China,to mee t the requirements for large capacity and long distance power delivery resulting from the constant development of the national economy,the operating voltage level of power grid has been continuously raised.In the last30years, the construction of high dams,large reservoirs and large power stations has spurred the full development of large power grid at high voltage level,and promoted the power grid technology of our country to a leading level in the world.Currently,to implement the grand western development program and power transmission from west to east and to meet the requirements for hydropower exploitation and transmission in the western regions,the construction of a demonstrative1000-kV AC project and a±800-kV DC power transmission project have been initiated,which forms backbones of the national grid across all the large regional grids to realize power transmission across large regions and river basins,mutual adjustment of hydropower and thermal power,a nd optimize allocation of energy resources throughout the whole country.Hy dr o p o we r de ve lo p me n t b rin g in g a b o u t g re a t c om pre h e n s ive be n e fits fo r the n a tio n a l e co nom y a nd s oc ia l d eve lopme n tBen efits in power gener ation and envir onment pr otec tion.At the end of2007,the tota l installed capacity of hydropower units was up to145GW,and the annual electricity generation was486.7TWh,which was equivalent to the thermal power generated by243million tons of raw coal with CO2emission reduced by487 million tons.Benefits in flood contr ol.Taking the Three Gorges project as an example,the huge Three Gorges reservoir can control the flood from the upstream of the Yangzi River,and enhance control capability on the Jingjiang middle reach from ten-year ood to hundred-year ood, which reduces greatly the threat of ood disasters to the people’s lives and properties and protects the15million people in Jianghan Plain and Dongting Lake region during the ood season.Benefits in tra nspor ta tion.After the water storing T G,region have been improved greatly.The volume of transportation along the Three Gorges was increased sharply from the historic peak of18million tons to more than60million tons in2007.The formation of the main waterborne transportation artery introduces the advent of the golden time of water transport.Bene ts in resettlement.As a sample in resettlement for hydropow er,Wujiang Exploita tion Company assisted the station design departments and the local governments in making the migrant arrangement plan and the compensation and investment estimate,aroused as muc h as possible the active pariticipation of the local governments and the migrants,ensuring the full realization of the goals for the migrant arrangement.By the end of2006,for Hongjiadu,Suofengying,Goupitan, Silin,Dahuahui Hydropower Stations constructed by the Wujiang Company,68785migrants were settled down, the resettlement fund of2.438billion Yuan were paid,and the migrant resettlement has been performed smoothly, ensuring the normal construction of the power stations as scheduled.Red uc tion of se dimen ta tion in ch a nne ls a nd impr ovement of water quality.Due to the substantial adjustment and storage function of the Three Gorges rese rvoir for example,the se dime nt content in the discharged flow is reduced substantially.The sc our distance of the sediment downstream of the dam is prolonged,and the scour amount is increased,thereby reducing the sedimentation and improving the water quality to a great extent.Guar antee of the secure and economic opera tion of power gr ids.Hydropow er features quick start, peak regulation and frequency regulation,economic operation,standby for emergency,black start(pumped storage station)and so on,which plays an important role in optimizing power source structure,guaranteeing power supply quality,promoting resources reservation, implementing green environment protection,ensuring power system security,improving cost-effectiveness in power system operation,and so on.Pr omotion of the constr uction of socialistic new r ura l a r ea.At present,the installed capacity of small hydropower sta tions has reached about55GW.By developing small rural hydropower resources vigorously and replac ing firewood with electric ity,ec ologic environment in the vast rural area can be improved and the goal of using electricity in every village may beI,fin the hree orges the transportation in the reservoir achieved soon.n addition with more coverage o powernetworks,the cost of production and living in the rural area can be lessened and the incomes may be improved so as to speed up the step of the construction of socialistic new rural area.Successful experiences in the hydro-power generation in ChinaFollo wing the d ire c tion of the na tion a l en erg y s tra te gyAs a kind of clean and green renewable ene rgy resource,water power plays a more important role in the power energy resources.After the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy,the country has continuously enforced the adjustment of power source structure and always paid enormous attention to the hydropower development.During the8years from2000 to2007,the GDP of our country increased from9900 billion Yuan to24950billion Yuan,and the installed capacity of power units in the whole country rose from 319GW to713GW,in which the capacity of hydropower units rose from79.35GW to145GW.The development of power industry is keeping up with that of the economy and then provides crucial support to the development of the national economy.Deve loping in a dive rse mod eUnder the general guide line of the reform and opening-up policy and the direction of the idea of market-oriented economy reform,the hydropower system reform of our country was initiated at the end of1970s.In general,there were four stages till now.In the rst stage,the hydropower design and construction management system were altered from management by the local governments during the “R”y central authorities.After the reorganization of hydropower enterprises,it was clarified that hydropower projects be contracted by construction enterprises.In the second stage,Lubuge Hydropower Station of Yunnan Province introduced the loan from the World Bank and performed international tendering and bidding,which led to the “Lubuge shock”and thus resulted in the implementation of the competing system for the hydropower construction market.Afterwards,the large-sized hydropower projects in the whole country implemented the marketization reform and then the construction of river basin companies at the relevant rivers came into an important stage.The third stage was a deepening period of the hydropower institutional reform and an adjustment period of the hydropower development.On the one hand,the Three Gorges project was fully initiated and the construction of the large projects such as Ertan,Xiaolangdi and so on was initiated,which promoted the reform with respect to large rivers and large projects and enhanced the management capability.On the other hand,because the country adopted the policy of adjustment and controlling due to the overheat of investment in fixed assets,some hydr opowe r projects fell into a djustment and the hydropower development came into an adjustment period. In the fourth stage,as the power institutional reform was initiated and advanced with growing energy demand by the development of the national economy,the hydropower institutional reform and development entered a new stage in which chances and challenges coexist together.After more than30years’development,the hydro-power generation in China has changed from construction under the sole financial support by government before the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy,fCultural evolution period to management b the to construction through multiple-channel undraisingafterw ards,and the hydropow er development has changed from a unitary to a diverse mode,therefore,the hydropower development is becoming more exible and ordered and the progress of hydropower development in our country is further accelerated.Pr om o tin g th e s u s ta in a ble hyd ro po we r e x-ploitationEnergy security is one of the bases of the national security.The reserves and evaluation of energy resources will impact the plan and general goal of the national economy and the social development.China made3 gene ral investigations on hydroenergy resources in the20th century.The first two were made in1940s and 1950s,respectively,in which the depth and width were very limited and the results were not very accurate and reliable.The third one was a large-scale country-wide general investigation on hydroenergy resources carried out between1979and1980,as a result of which the status of the hydroenergy resources in China was basically clear.However,with the development of the country and the establishment of the market economy system, some economic,social and production conditions of hydropower construction were changed.To better exploit and utilize the hydroenergy resources in China,from 2000to2003,the country organized more than1000 engineers and technicians to carry out a new investigation and evaluation on the3886rivers in the mainland of our country where each of them has an installed capacity of 10MW or more.It took more than3years to accomplish the fourth general investigation.The results revealed that the theoretical reserves of hydro energy in the mainland were694.4GW,the technically exploitable reserves were 541.6GW,and the economically exploitable reserves were401.79GW,all of which were at the top spot in the world.After30years’reform and opening-up,by scientific pla nning a nd lay in g o ut,ela bor a te de sig n a nd construction,and by strict requirement for quality and management,the policy of preferential development on large rivers,13large hydropower bases have been established.Through optimizing resources allocation,the proper exploitation and utilization of the hydro resources in China has been promoted in an orderly way and the sustainable development of hydropower industry has been further advanced.Pr o mo tin g th e o rd e r ly d e ve lop m e n t of th e la rge rive r b a sinsIn1980s,considering the facts that the hydro resourcesy,y the needs to maximize economic and social benefits by river basins dispatching,the country proposed the guide line of“river basin,cascade,rolling”for the hydropower exploitation,and established a number of river basin exploitation companies one after another combined with the national hydropower development plan and the establishment of the13large hydropower bases.Some of the companies have gradually become diversified with investments from multiple entities.The river basin exploitation companies follow the principle of marketization and implement integrated management on exploitation and operation,which facilitates the rolling and enlargement of investment.Some of the river basin exploitation companies make an agreement with the power grid corporations to implement unified dispatch of the water situation and power at the cascades of river basins,striving for the optimized allocation and thus the most proper utilization of the hydro energy.Local companies on the behalf of the local governments are involved in the most of the river basin companies,which facilitates the coordination of migrant arrangement, environment protection and local economy development during the exploitation,and will further promotes the harmonious unification of hydropower exploitation with the local economy and social development.The13large hydropower bases have over one half of the resources,and more than60%of the installed capacity of the hydropower units in the whole country.It can be seen,the establishment of the river basin exploitation companies promotes the development and construction of hydropower bases.Pa yin g a m ple a tte ntion to re s e ttle me n t a n d en viro nme nt p rote c tionThe moving and arrangement of migrants is a very diff icult job in the hydr opow er deve lopment and construction.In the recent30years,the resettlement in the hydropower development has been improved through uninterrupted trials and the measures for the resettlement have also been adjusted correspondingly.The guide line for the resettlement has been changed from arrangement-based in the past to development-based,i.e.,to not only compensate the migrants nancially,but more importantly, guarantee the long-term production and living for the migrants through the subsequent supporting policies, thereby realizing the goals of the resettlement,“being movable,stable and able to become rich gradually.”The hydropower exploitation should be implemented following not only the natural rules but also in a scienti cy Tare distributed mainl in a river basin and especiall and reasonable wa.he development activities andnature protection activities of human must be performed in a complementary way,thus the harmoniousness between human and nature can be realized.Otherwise,if the hydro energy is exploited improperly or the flow of river is changed without any proof,new natural disasters may occur.In the30years’reform and opening-up,the hydropower engineers have paid further attention to the concept of environment protection,no matter whether during the stage of planning and designing,the process of construction,or in the process of the site cleaning-up and the vegetation restoration after the completion of construction and the withdrawal from the site.Spe eding up the progres s of the dome stic ation of hydropo we r u nitsIn the progress of the domestication of hydropower units in our country,a guide line of introducing advanced equipment and core technologies has been adopted in parallel.By taking full advantage of promotion to the innovation from the national ma jor projects in the hydropower science and technology and the main technical equipment,we’ve led a succ essful way of equipment domestication via introduction,digestion, absorption and re-innovation.After the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy,under the circumstances of the developme nt of large hydropower bases,the construction of numerous large hydropower stations and the great market demand for hydropower equipment,our country has learned gradually how to attract the rst-level manufacturers in the world with the great market demand. At the same time of purchasing advanced equipment,our country introduces critical technologies for digestion, absorption and re-innovation.Therefore,the technical le ve ls of the de sign,manufacture,installation a nd operation of hydropower equipment have been improved greatly.In cre a s ing th e m ode rn iza tio n le ve l o f hyd ro-po wer c on struc tion e qu ipme ntDuring the30years’reform and opening-up,the local large hydropower units of our country have become the top level in the world.Our country has joined the leading group in the world in terms of various dam construction technologies,and the modernization level of hydropower construction equipment has been increased in a constant way.The vertical ship lifts designed and manufactured independently in the Three Gorges project are of all the greatest in the world in the aspects of lifting tonnage,the lifting height and the technical difficulties.The Three Gorges double-line and five-stage navigation lock has the biggest head and the most continuous as well as the world.It is due to the direction of the strategic goals of“constructing an innovative country”proposed by the government,great strides have been made in the hydropower equipment manufacturing technologies and the modernization level of construction equipment by relying upon the national major projects,which have been ranked in the world.As a result,the great improvements in the level of design,execution,manufacturing,installation, operation,management and so on of the hydropower construction have been achieved.The duration of the hydropower station construction has been reduced greatly, for example,the duration of constructing a1000MW-level hydropower station has been reduced from7years in the past to4-5years at present,resulting in signi cant decline in the cost of project construction,an increase in the economic bene ts and an enhancement of the market competitiveness.The quality of hydropower construction has been improved apparently.In the“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake in2008,many urban buildings collapsed, but none of the hydropower stations in the earthquake regions encountered any major damages or dam collapse or secondary disaster.The high and thin RCC arch dam of Shapai Hydropower Station located at the epicenter kept a whole skin.The electricity generation of Zipingpu Hydropower Station was restored in only5days after the earthquake.These indicated that the quality of the dam construction for China’s hydropower stations had stood the most rigid trial.De ve lo ping s ma ll h yd ropo wer s ta tio nsThe implementation of the reform and opening-up policy has promoted the rural electri cation construction. Before the implementation,the total installed capacity of the small hydropower stations was less than7000MW, while at present,mor e tha n45thousand of small hydropower stations have been constructed,with the total capacity of55GW,which accounted for38%of the hydropower installed capacity in the whole country. Because of the large quantity and wide distribution of the small hydropower stations in our country,their basic function of power supply is much more than its5% proportion of the electricity generation in the whole country.Currently,about one half of the territory,one third of the counties,and one fourth of the population in China are powered by the small hydropower stations.A route of rural electrification has been found with Chinese characteristics for the construction of the small hydropower stations in our country,which has become a veritable kingdom of small hydropower stations.(T ranslated by W ang Ying andy L W y)highest miter gate and the heaviest single gate in the edited b iu en ing。
