2012年试题(带答案)
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鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?鈭碢(鐢茶幏鑳?= P(螖锛?)= 锛濸(涔欒幏鑳? 锛?鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?. 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?22.锛?鍒嗭級瑙o細濡傚浘鎵€绀猴紝杩嘇浣淎E C,鍒欌垹EAF=鈭燙BG=胃2锛?涓擡C=AB=25cm 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?Rt鈻矰AFAF=胃1锛孌F=AFtan胃1 鈥︹€︹€?鍒?Rt鈻矱AF AF=胃2锛孍F=AFtan胃2 鈥︹€?鍒?鈭碊E=DF锛岴F=AF(tan胃1锛峵an胃2) 鍙堚埖AF=140cm, tan胃1=1.082, tan胃2=0.412鈭碊E=140脳(1.082锛?.412)=93.8 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?鈭碊C=DE+EC=93.8+25=118.8 cm鈮?19cm 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?DC鐨勯珮搴斾负119cm.鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?23.锛?鍒嗭級瑙o細锛?锛?o褰??鏃讹紝姣忓钩鏂圭背鐨勫敭浠峰簲涓猴細3000锛嶏紙8锛峹锛壝?0=20x锛?840 (鍏冿紡骞虫柟绫? 2O褰??3鏃讹紝姣忓钩鏂圭背鐨勫敭浠峰簲涓猴細3000+锛坸锛?锛夆€?0=40x锛?680(鍏冿紡骞虫柟绫? 鈭?, x鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紥鍒?锛?锛夌敱锛?锛夌煡锛?1o褰??鏃讹紝灏忓紶棣栦粯娆句负锛?0x 锛?840锛夆€?20鈥?0% =36锛?0x锛?840锛夆墹36锛?0鈥?锛?840锛?108000鍏冿紲120000鍏?鈭?锝?灞傚彲浠婚€夈€€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?2o褰??3鏃讹紝灏忓紶棣栦粯娆句负锛?0x锛?680锛夆€?20鈥?0%=36锛?0x锛?680锛夊厓36锛?0x 锛?680锛夆墹120000锛岃В寰楋細x鈮?9?6銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?缁间笂寰楋?鈥︹€︼紤鍒?锛?佸疄浜ゆ埧娆句负锛?y1=(40鈥?6锛?680) 鈥?20鈥?2%锛?0a锛堝厓锛?鑻ユ寜鑰佺帇y2=(40鈥?6锛?680) 鈥?20鈥?1%锛堝厓锛?鈭祔1锛峺2=3984锛?0a 銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?褰搚1锛瀥2鍗硑1锛峺2锛?鏃讹紝瑙e緱0锛渁锛?6.4,姝ゆ椂鑰佺帇鎯虫硶姝g‘锛?褰搚1 2鍗硑1锛峺2鈮?鏃讹紝瑙e緱a鈮?6.4︼紥鍒?24.锛?鍒嗭級瑙o細锛?锛夋槗楠岃瘉, ?鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?(2)鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?濡傚彸鍥炬墍绀何擜BC涓轰换鎰忎笁瑙掑舰锛岃繃B鐐逛綔BE C浜?AD 鐨勫欢闀跨嚎浜嶦鐐?鈭碘垹E=鈭燙AD=鈭燘AD 鈭碆E=AB 鍙堚埖螖EBD鈭轿擜CD 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?鈭?鍙堚埖BE=AB 鈭?? 鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€?鍒?锟絭3锟絯濡傚浘锛?1锛夋墍绀猴紝杩炵粨ED 鈭礎D涓何擜BC?鈭?鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鑰?鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鈭?, 鈭碊E C 鈭次擠EF鈭轿擜CF 銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鈭?銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?25.锛?0鍒嗭級瑙o細锛?锛夆埖鎶涚墿绾胯繃锛堬紣,锛嶏紦锛夌偣锛屸埓锛?a 锛濓紞锛?銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈭碼锛濓紤銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈭达綑锛漻2锛媌x锛嶏紦銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈭祒2锛媌x锛嶏紦=锛愮殑涓ゆ牴涓簒1,x2涓?锛濓紨鈭?锛濓紨涓攂锛滐紣鈭碽锛濓紞锛掋€€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鈭达綑锛漻2锛嶏紥x锛嶏紦锛濓紙x锛嶏紤锛夛紥锛嶏紨鈭存姏鐗╃嚎锛o紤鐨勯《鐐瑰潗鏍囦负锛堬紤锛岋紞锛旓級銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?锛?锛夆埖x锛烇紣锛屸埓鈭?鏄剧劧褰搙锛濓紤鏃讹紝鎵嶆湁銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紥鍒?锛?锛夌敱骞崇Щ鐭ヨ瘑鏄撳緱锛o紥鐨勮В鏋愬紡涓猴細y锛漻2銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鈭达肌(m锛宮锛?锛孊锛坣锛宯锛掞級鈭滴擜OB涓篟t螖鈭碠A锛?OB锛?AB锛?鈭磎锛掞紜m锛旓紜n锛掞紜n锛旓紳锛坢锛峮锛夛紥锛嬶紙m锛掞紞n锛掞級锛?鍖栫畝寰楋細m n锛濓紞锛戙€€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紤鍒?鈭碉汲螖AOB= = 銆€鈭祄n锛濓紞锛?鈭达汲螖AOB= 銆€銆€銆€銆€锛?鈭达汲螖AOB鐨勬渶灏忓€间负锛戯紝姝ゆ椂m锛濓紤,锛?锛?锛? 銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€銆€鈥︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︹€︼紥鍒?鈭寸洿绾縊A鐨勪竴娆″嚱鏁拌В鏋愬紡涓猴綑锛漻銆€銆€銆€。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文本试题卷分第I卷(阅读题)和第11卷(表达题)两部分。
考生作答时,将答案答在答题卡上(答题注意事项见答题卡),在本试题卷上答题无效。
考试结束后,将本试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷阅读题甲必考题一、现代文阅读((9分,每小题3分)阅读下面的文字,完成1-3题。
“黑箱,是控制论中的概念,意为在认识上主体对其内部情况全然不知的对象.“科技黑箱”的含义与此有所不同,它是一种特殊的存贮知识、运行知识的设施或过程,使用者如同面对黑箱,不必打开,也不必理解和掌握其中的知识,只需按规则操作即可得到预期的结果.例如电脑、手机、摄像机、芯片,以及药品等,可以说,几乎技术的全部中间和最终成果都是科技黑箱.在科技黑箱的生产过程中,科学知识是通泌出,价值观和伦理道德则对科学知识进行选择。
除此以外,科技黑箱中还整合了大童人文的、社会的知识,并且或多或少渗透了企业文化和理念。
这样,在电脑或手机中就集成了物理学、计葬机科学、管理学、经济学、美学,以及对市场的调研和政府的相关政策等知识.科技黑箱是特殊的传播与共享知识的媒体,具有三大特点。
首先,它使得每一个使用者—不仅牛顿,都能直接“站在巨人的肩上”继续前进.试想,如果要全世界的电脑使用者都透彻掌握电脑的工作原理,掌握芯片上的电子理论,那需要多少时间?知识正是通过科技黑箱这一途径而达到最大限度的共享。
如今,计葬机天才、黑客的年龄越来越小,神童不断出现,他们未必理解计算机的制作过程就能编写软件、破译密码。
每一代新科技黑箱的出现,就为相对“无知识”的年轻一代的崛起与赶超提供了机会。
其次.处在相付低端的科技黑箱往往与语境和主体无关,而处于高端的科技黑箱则需满足特定主体在特定场合乃至心理的需要。
人们很少能对一把锤子做什么改进,而使用一个月后的电脑则已经深深地打上了个人的印记,这就锐明,在认识变得简单易行之时,实践变得复杂和重要.最后,当科技为我们打开一扇又一扇门的时候,我们能拒绝它的诱惑不进去吗?而一旦进去,我们的行为能不受制于房间和走道的形状吗?表面上是使用者在支配科技黑箱,然而科技黑箱却正在使用者“不知情”的情况下,对使用者施加潜移双化的影响,也就是说使用者被生产方对象化了。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试本试卷分第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分。
第I卷1至4页,第II卷5至11页。
考试结束后,将本试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效.........。
3.第I卷共21小题,每小题6分,共126分。
一下数据可供解题时参考:相对原子质量(原子量):H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Cl 35.5 K 39 Fe 56 Cu64 Br 80 Ag 108一、选择题:本题共13小题。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.下列关于膝跳反射的叙述,错误的是A.反射活动由一点的刺激引起B.反射活动中兴奋在突触处双向传递C.反射活动的发生需要反射弧结构完整D.发射活动中需要神经递质参与兴奋的传递2.下列关于叶绿体和线粒体的叙述,正确的是A.线粒体和叶绿体均含有少量的DNAB.叶绿体在光下和黑暗中均能合成ATPC.细胞生命活动所需的ATP均来自线粒体D.线粒体基质和叶绿体基质所含酶的种类相同。
3.一块农田中有豌豆、杂草、田鼠和土壤微生物等生物,其中属于竞争关系的是A.田鼠和杂草B.豌豆和杂草C.豌豆和其根中的根瘤菌D.细菌和其细胞内的噬菌体4.下列关于森林群落垂直结构的叙述,错误的是A.群落中的植物具有垂直分层现象B.群落中的动物具有垂直分层现象C.动物在群落中的垂直分层与植物的分层有关D.乔木层的疏密程度不会影响草木层的水平结构5、下列关于细菌的叙述,正确的是A 不同种类细菌的生长均需要相同碳源B 常用液体培养基分离获得细菌单菌落C 细菌大量培养过程中,芽孢形成于细菌生长的调整期D 培养基中含有高浓度NaCl 有利于金黄色葡萄球菌的筛选6 、下列关于化学键的叙述,正确的一项是A 粒子化合物中一定含有离子键B 单质分子中均不存在化学键C 含有极性键的分子一定是极性分子D 含有共价键的化合物一定是共价化合物7 、能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是A 硫酸铝溶液中加入过量氨水 3Al ++3OH=Al(OH)3 ↓B 碳酸钠溶液中加入澄清石灰水 Ca(OH) 2 +23CO -=CaCO 3 ↓ + 2OH -C 冷的氢氧化钠溶液中通入氯气 Cl 2 + 2OH -=Cl O - + Cl -+ H 2OD 稀硫酸中加入铁粉 2Fe + 6 H += 23Fe + + 3H 2 ↑ 8 、合成氨所需的氢气可用煤和水作原料经多步反映值得,其中的一步反应为CO (g )+ H 2O(g) −−−→←−−−催化剂CO 2(g) + H 2(g) △H <0 反应达到平衡后,为提高CO 的转化率,下列措施中正确的是A 增加压强B 降低温度C 增大CO 的浓度D 更换催化剂9 、反应 A+B →C (△H <0)分两步进行 ① A+B →X (△H >0) ② X →C (△H <0)下列示意图中,能正确表示总反应过程中能量变化的是10 、 元素X 形成的离子与钙离子的核外电子排布相同,且X 的离子半径小于负二级硫的离子半径,X 元素为A AlB PC ArD K11、 ①②③④ 四种金属片两两相连浸入稀硫酸中都可组成原电池 ,①②相连时,外电路电流从②流向① ;①③相连时,③为正极,②④相连时,②有气泡逸出 ;③ ④ 相连时,③ 的质量减少 ,据此判断这四种金属活动性由大到小的顺序是A ①③②④B ①③④②C ③ ④ ②①D ③ ① ②④12.在常压和500℃条件下,等物质的量的A g2 ,F E (OH)3 ,NH 4HCO 3 ,N a HCO 3完全分解,所得气体体积依次是V 1\V 2\V 3\V 4.体积大小顺序正确的是A.V 3>V 2>V 4>V 1B. V 3>V 4>V 2>V 1C.V 3>V 2>V 1>V 4D.V 2>V 3>V 1>V 413.橙花醇具有玫瑰及苹果香气,可作为香料,其结构简式如下下列关于橙花醇的叙述,错误的是A . 既能发生取代反应,也能发生加成反应B.在浓硫酸催化下加热脱水,可以生成不止一种四烯烃C.1mo1橙花醇在氧气中充分燃烧,需消耗470.4氧化(标准状况D.1mo1橙花醇在室温下与溴四氯化碳溶液反应,最多消耗240g溴二,选择题:本题共8题。
2012年高考试题全国卷化学解析版6 、下列关于化学键的叙述,正确的是A 离子化合物中一定含有离子键B 单质分子中均不存在化学键C 含有极性键的分子一定是极性分子D 含有共价键的化合物一定是共价化合物7 、能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是A 硫酸铝溶液中加入过量氨水3Al++3OH=Al(OH)3 ↓B 碳酸钠溶液中加入澄清石灰水 Ca(OH)2 +23CO-=CaCO3 ↓ + 2OH-C 冷的氢氧化钠溶液中通入氯气 Cl2 + 2OH-=Cl O- + Cl-+ H2OD 稀硫酸中加入铁粉 2Fe + 6H+= 23Fe+ + 3H2 ↑8 、合成氨所需的氢气可用煤和水作原料经多步反映制得,其中的一步反应为CO(g)+ H2O(g) −−−→←−−−催化剂CO2(g) + H2(g) △H <0反应达到平衡后,为提高CO的转化率,下列措施中正确的是A 增加压强B 降低温度C 增大CO的浓度D 更换催化剂9 、反应 A+B →C(△H <0)分两步进行① A+B→X (△H >0),② X→C(△H <0)。
下列示意图中,能正确表示总反应过程中能量变化的是10 、元素X形成的离子与钙离子的核外电子排布相同,且X的离子半径小于负二价硫离子半径,X元素为A.AlB.PC.ArD.K11、①②③④四种金属片两两相连浸入稀硫酸中都可组成原电池,①②相连时,外电路电流从②流向①;①③相连时,③为正极,②④相连时,②上有气泡逸出;③④相连时,③的质量减少,据此判断这四种金属活动性由大到小的顺序是A ①③②④B ①③④②C ③④②①D ③①②④12.在常压和500℃条件下,等物质的量的A g2O,F e(OH)3 ,NH4HCO3 ,N a HCO3完全分解,所得气体体积依次是V1、V2、V3、V4.体积大小顺序正确的是A.V3>V2>V4>V1B. V3>V4>V2>V1C.V3>V2>V1>V4D.V2>V3>V1>V413.橙花醇具有玫瑰及苹果香气,可作为香料,其结构简式如下下列关于橙花醇的叙述,错误..的是A.既能发生取代反应,也能发生加成反应B.在浓硫酸催化下加热脱水,可以生成不止一种四烯烃C.1mo1橙花醇在氧气中充分燃烧,需消耗470.4L氧气(标准状况)D.1mo1橙花醇在室温下与溴的四氯化碳溶液反应,最多消耗240g溴27.(15分)(注意:在试题卷上作答无效)原子序数依次增大的短周期元素a、b、c、d和e中,a的最外层电子数为其周期数的二倍;b和d的A2B 型氢化物均为V形分子,c的+1价离子比e的-1价离子少8个电子。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试物理部分二、选择题(本题共8小题。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,有的只有一个选项正确,有的有多个正确选项正确,全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分)i .对一定量的气体,下列说法正确的是A 在体积缓慢地不断增大的过程中,气体一定对外界做功B 在压强不断增大的过程中,外界对气体一定做功C 在体积不断被压缩的过程中,内能一定增加D 在与外界没有发生热量交换的过程中,内能一定不变ii .一列横波在x 轴上传播,在x =0与x =1cm 的两点的振动图线分别如图中实线与虚线所示。
由此可以得出A 波长一定是4cmB 波的周期一定是4sC 波的振幅一定是2cmD 波的传播速度一定是1cm/siii .如图所示,PQS 是固定于竖直平面内的光滑的1/4圆周轨道,圆心O 在S 的正上方,在S 和P 两点各有一质量为m 的小物块a 和b ,从同一时刻开始,a 自由下落,b 沿圆弧下滑。
以下说法正确的是A a 比b 先到达S ,它们在S 点的动量不相等B a 与b 同时到达S ,它们在S 点的动量不相等C a 比b 先到达S ,它们在S 点的动量相等D b 比a 先到达S ,它们在S 点的动量不相等 iv .如图,P 是一偏振片,P 的振动方向(用带有箭头的实线表示)为竖直方向。
下列四种入射光束中,哪几种照射P 时能在P 的另一侧观察到透射光?A 太阳光B 沿竖直方向振动的光C 沿水平方向振动的光D 沿与竖直方向成45°角振动的光v .氢原子在某三个相邻能级之间跃迁时,可发生三种不同波长的辐射光。
已知其中的两个波长分别为λ1和λ2,且λ1和λ2,则另一个波长可能是A λ1+λ2B λ1-λ2 C1212λλλλ+ D 1212λλλλ- vi .如图所示,一带负电的质点在固定的正的点电荷作用下绕该正电荷做匀速圆周运动,周期为T 0,轨道平面位于纸面内,质点的速度方向如图中箭头所示。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(山东卷)文综综合能力测试本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。
满分240分。
考试用时150分钟。
答题前,考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、座位号、考生号、县区和科类填写在试卷和答题卡规定的位置。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷(必做,共100分)注意事项:1.第I卷共25小题,每小题4分,共100分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不涂在答题卡上,只答在试卷上不得分。
图1为青藏高原及我国温带若干自然带的关系图式。
读图回答1—2题。
图11.R所代表的自然带可能是A.苔原带B.温带草原带C.亚寒带针叶林带D.温带落叶阔叶林带2.导致自然带沿OF方向发生变化的主导因素是A.热量B.水分C.风力D.光照3.图2为某区域地质剖面示意图。
图中甲地层褶皱后,该区域先后发生了A.沉积作用、侵蚀作用、岩浆侵入B.岩浆侵入、侵蚀作用、沉积作用C.岩浆侵入、沉积作用、侵蚀作用D.侵蚀作用、沉积作用、岩浆侵入某科考队结束了两个月的海上考察。
于 4月21日返回到P地。
图3为P地所在区域当日某时地面形势图。
读图回答4—6题。
图34.此时可能出现连续性降水的地方是A.①B.②C.③D.④5.在科学考察中,利用遥感技术可以A.获取卫星云图B.查询地理数据C.选择考察路线D.对科考船实时导航6.科考队出发日P地昼长为11小时,返回到P地时,P地当日的昼长约为A.10小时B.11小时C.13小时D.14小时图4为1982年和2009年我国人口年龄结构统计图。
读图回答7—8题。
图47.图中信息反映出A.1982—2009年人口出生率呈上升趋势B.1982年的人口平均年龄比2009年的低C.1982年的40岁及以上人口比重比2009年的高D.1982年的20—24岁年龄组人口数量比2009年的多8.与1982年相比,2009年我国人口年龄结构的变化A.显示人口的增长速度加快B.意味着社会养老负担加重C.不影响劳动人口的职业构成D.表明25—59岁劳动力资源数量下降9.有学者评论战国时期某学派说:“他们都是些注重实践的政治家……他们认为贵族的存在已不合时宜……他们把商人和学者看作是可有可无或多余的人。
2012英语考研试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different, please don't smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regu lations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation,error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere,anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together,challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions o f reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader,Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted m uch criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope,or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music,literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeksa theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear,however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleaguesconsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types ofword-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)【 - 考研试题】Section I:Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II:Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》,题目是Universal truths。
全国卷2012年高考文综试题及答案2012年全国卷适用省:贵州甘肃青海西藏广西。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试点击查看:2012年全国卷高考文综试题答案在线估分文综试题及答案(word)本试卷分第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分。
第I卷1至8页,第II卷9至12页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷注意事项:1.答题前,考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。
3.第I卷共35小题,每小题4分,共140分。
在每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
图1示意2008年中国、美国、印度、日本四个国家的煤炭生产量和消费量。
读图1并根据所学知识,完成1-2题。
1.图示四个国家中,人均煤炭消费量最高的是A.中国B.美国C.印度D.日本2.借助图示资料可以大致推算出相应国家的A.单位GDP能耗B.碳排放量C.能源进出口量D.煤炭自给率某大河的一条支流与干流之间存在“吞吐”关系,图2示意该支流出口处1970~2000年间年净径流量(输出径流量与输入径流之差)和年净输沙量(输出泥沙量和输入了、泥沙量之差)。
根据图文资料和所学知识,完成3~5题3. 下列个时间段中,年净径流量与年净输沙量变化趋势最接近的是A 1970年~1976年B 1977年~1984年C 1980年~1989年D 1989年~ 2000ian4、该支流流入A 黄河B 长江C 辽河D 黑龙江5 、1983年以来,年净输沙量总体呈下降趋势,最可能的原因是该支流流域A 建设用沙量增加B 兴建水库的森林覆盖率提高C 矿产资源开发力度加大D 连续干旱6月上旬某地约5时(地方时)日出,据此完成6~7 题6 、该地可能位于A 亚马孙河河口附近B 地中海沿岸C 北冰洋沿岸D 澳大利亚7 、6月份该地看到的日出和日落方向分别为A 正东,正西B 东南,西南C 东北,西北D 东南,西北8.该地区人口密度差异的主要影响因素有①纬度②河流③降水④地形A.①②B.①④C. ②③D.②④9.甲.乙两地都行成了特大城市,与甲地相比,乙地形成城市的区位优势是A.地形平坦B.水源充足C.陆路交通方便D.水陆交通枢纽10.24小时后甲地主要吹A .东北风B .东南风C .西北风D .西南风11.30-48小时之间,甲地可能经历A.持续晴朗高温天气B.连绵阴雨天气C.强对流降雨天气D.沙尘暴天气12.秦汉而后,官府下层文职人员俗称“刀笔吏”,这一称谓起因于秦汉时期此类人员的A.工作器具B.工作内容C.工作职责D.工作性质13.唐太宗说:“工商杂色之流……止可厚给财物,必不可超授官秩,与朝贤君子比肩而立,同坐而食。
2012英语考研试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation politicians. Y etfor being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social Constitutional l aw_15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law itis why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _16_ is inescapably political-which i s_17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the,code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social curein action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.of the lamenessHer critique o f The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg i sis a perceptive o bserver.observer. H erof many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different, please don't smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer that public-health a dvocatespressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changesis limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.can select our peerexperts and bureaucrats c an Far less certain, however, is how successfully e xpertsgroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2The company, a major energyA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy i sis involved. T hesupplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regu lations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn'tof a coolingcollapse o fthe partial c ollapseforesee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including t hetower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 Now the company is suddenly claiming t hatlegislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation,error, and self-deception abound.to newly stakedSimilar t o Consequently, discovery c laimsclaims should be thought o fof as protoscience. S imilarmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. T hisThis is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere,anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goalis new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together,and each other's conceptions o f reason.”reasoning a ndchallenge, revise, and complete e acheach other's r easoning31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4civil servant.represent c ivil If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably r epresentWhen Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.unions' thriving. First, they can shut things There are three reasons for the public-sector u nions'down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and,well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Thirdpolitics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor they now dominate left-of-centre p olitics.Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader,Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays “backloaded”p ublicand especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted m uch criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem forAmerica.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise thatenvelope,you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper e nvelopeor your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music,literature, religion and philosophy. (43)of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download For all the possibilities o fmode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”- creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing,entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television- and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks,a theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clearhowever, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes thatit might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.for it all humans share common origins it seems (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification f orbeginnings. reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained b eginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexualand even historycustoms a ndselection, perhaps t hethe world's languages, music, social and religious c ustomsare governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative s tudystudy of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleaguesconsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition c apacitycapacity that dictates a universal grammar. A fewgenerative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language,which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the nameof the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)【 - 考研试题】Section I:Use of English 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section II:Reading Comprehension Part A 21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.D 36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.A Part B 41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G Part C 2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》,题目是Universal truths。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it need to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War Ⅱand the people they liberated, the GI was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battles, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies in centuries.His name isn’t much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac…a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice- president or secretary of state Joe.GI. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Poly 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about thedirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, GI. Joe was American soldiers, 20 the most important person in their lives.1. [A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2. [A]actual[B]common[C]special[D] normal3. [A]bore[B]caused[C]removed[D] loaded4. [A]necessities[B]facilities[C]commodities[D] properties5. [A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6. [A]for[B]into[C]from[D]against7. [A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8. [A]handed out[B]turned over[C]brought back[D]passed down9. [A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10. [A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11. [A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12. [A]company[B]collection [C]community[D]colony13. [A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14. [A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15. [A] ruined[B] commuted[C] patrolled[D] gained16. [A]paralleled[B] counteracted[C] duplicated[D] contradicted17. [A] neglected[B] avoided[C]emphasized[D] admired18. [A] stages[B]illusions[C] fragments[D] advances19. [A] With [B] To[C] Among[D] Beyond20. [A] on the contrary[B] by this means[C] from the outset[D] at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recently years it has been particularly scorned. Schooldistricts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the shool board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3’one problem w ith the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students’ indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers’ power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homework is_____.[A] it should be eliminated[B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers[D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be____.[A] wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C] Thorny Questions about Homework[D] A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasiv e in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that con nection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow en coded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marke ting strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences-or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying “it is … the rainbow” (Line3, Para.1), the author means pink____.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls’ innocence[C]cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls’ lives and interests27. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A] Colours are encoded in gir ls’ DNA.[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D] White is preferred by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children’s nature[C]researches into children’s behaviour[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers’ terms30. It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented .But in March 2012 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battleOn July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to tw o genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer .The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolate d DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are unlikely patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots,” e xplains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like_____.[A] their executives to be active[B] judges to rule out gene patenting[C] genes to be patentable[D] the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____.[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patants on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer , companies are eager to win patents for_____.[A] establishing disease correlations[B] discovering gene interactions[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying“Each meeting was packed”(Line 4,Par a.6), the author means that______.[A] the supreme court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is______.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them - especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many r espects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggests that the jobless try to ___.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profit from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people___.[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may___.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to___.[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _____.[A] certain[B] positive[C] trivial[D] destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by reading information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“Univer sity history, the history of what man has accomplished in the world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing Debins Illustribus-on Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and author of their day, stressing theuniqueness of the artist’s person experie nce rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smile wrote self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self -help, of patient purpose resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit.” wrote Smile, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josian Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx an d Engel in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but underci rcumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint, and2)demand a prompt solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“ZhangWei”instead.Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should1) describe the table, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15point)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(微博)英语(二)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出,空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。
2012年中考数学精析系列——天津卷(本试卷满分120分,考试时间100分钟)一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的)(1)(2012天津市3分)2cos60 的值等于【】(A)1 (B(C(D)2【答案】A。
【考点】特殊角的三角函数值。
【分析】根据cos60°=12进行计算即可得解:2cos60°=2×12=1。
故选A。
(2)(2012天津市3分)下列标志中,可以看作是中心对称图形的是【】【答案】B。
【考点】中心对称图形。
【分析】根据中心对称图形的概念:把一个图形绕某一点旋转180°,如果旋转后的图形能够与原来的图形重合,那么这个图形就叫做中心对称图形,由此结合各图形的特点求解:A、C、D都不符合中心对称的定义。
故选B。
(3)(2012天津市3分)据某域名统计机构公布的数据显示,截至2012年5月21日,我国“.NET”域名注册量约为560 000个,居全球第三位.将560 000用科学记数法表示应为【】(A)560×103(B)56×104(C)5.6×105(D)0.56×106【答案】C。
【考点】科学记数法。
【分析】根据科学记数法的定义,科学记数法的表示形式为a×10n,其中1≤|a|<10,n为整数,表示时关键要正确确定a的值以及n的值。
在确定n的值时,看该数是大于或等于1还是小于1。
当该数大于或等于1时,n为它的整数位数减1;当该数小于1时,-n为它第一个有效数字前0的个数(含小数点前的1个0)。
560 000一共6位,从而560 000=5.6×105。
故选C。
(4)(2012天津市3的值在【】(D)(C)(B)(A)(A)2到3之间(B)3到4之间(C)4到5之间(D)5到6之间【答案】B。
【考点】估算无理数的大小。
【分析】利用”夹逼法“得出的范围:∵4 <6 < 9 23<。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(重庆卷)文科综合能力测试第一部分(选择题)本部分共35题,每题4分,共140分。
在每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是最符合题目要求的。
图1是我国某省级行政区略图,读图1完成1-4题。
1.图1中影视城是我国著名的电影电视拍摄基地,该基地的外景景观特色是A.林海雪原B.奇山秀水C.椰风海韵D.大漠孤烟2. 该省级行政区的城市发展特征是A.城市化水平B.城市南多北少C.处于逆城市化阶段D.城市沿河分布明显3.该省级行政区拟建设一个快递货物集散中心,从交通因素考虑该中心最适宜布局在A.固原B.中卫C.银川D.石嘴山4.图2是该省级行政区某高速公咱沿线四处道路地质部面图,其中易发生滑坡的是《联合国气候变化框架公的》第十七次缔的方会议于2011年11月28日在南非德班如开。
图3是南非矿产资源分布图,读图3回答5-7题。
5.德班宜人的气候受沿岸洋流影响,该洋流自北向南的流向主要受控于A.盛行西风B.盐度差异C.陆地阻挡D.水温特征6.南非人均碳排放高的主要原因是A.工矿业发达B.人口数量大C.森林覆盖率高D.石油资源丰富7.人类活动引起的温室将就增强是德班气候大会关注的焦点,温室效应增强的大气过程是大气A.对太阳辐射的散射增强B.射向地面的辐射增强C.对太阳辐射斩吸收增强D.射向宇宙空间的辐射增强我国近年来积极采取包括发展新能源在内的措施应对全球气候变化。
木薯是喜高温,不而霜雪作物,也是生物质能源燃料乙醇(新能源)的重要原料。
每生产燃料乙醇1吨需要消耗鲜水薯约7.5吨。
图4是某省级行政区年均温分布图,读图4和材料回答8.-11题。
8.图4所示区域最适宜种种植木薯的地方是A.甲B.乙C.丙D丁9.与化石能源相比,种植木薯、发展木薯燃料乙醇的优点是A.节约土地资源B.原料有可现生性C.减少原料运输量D.原料适宜长期储存10.该区域地势总体特征是A.西北高东南低B.东高西低C.中间高四周低D.南高北低11.该区域河流的主要补给是A.地下水B.大气降水C. 湖泊水D.冰雪融水12.图5所示是建于河南安阳的一位中国古代妇女的塑像。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试一、选择题(本题共13 小题。
在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
)i.在人工饲养条件下,如果淡水鱼不排卵,可将同种性成熟鱼的垂体提取液注射到雌鱼体内,促进其排卵。
这一方法主要是利用了垂体细胞合成的 A 甲状腺激素 B 雌激素 C 促甲状腺激素D 促性腺激素ii.切除胸腺的幼年小鼠,其免疫功能表现为A 细胞免疫缺陷、体液免疫功能下降B 细胞免疫、体液免疫功能均正常C 细胞免疫缺陷、体液免疫功能正常D 细胞免疫正常、体液免疫功能下降iii.人体内的细胞外液构成了细胞生活的液体环境,在这个环境中可发生许多生物化学反应,其中有A 蛋白质消化分解成氨基酸B 神经递质和激素的合成C 丙酮酸氧化分解成二氧化碳和水D 乳酸与碳酸氢钠作用生成乳酸钠和碳酸iv.下列有关基因工程中限制性内切酶的描述,错误的是A 一种限制性内切酶只能识别一种特定的脱氧核苷酸序列B 限制性内切酶的活性受温度影响C 限制性内切酶能识别和切割RNAD 限制性内切酶可从原核生物中提取v.右图纵向表示海洋不同深度中鱼类的食物分布状况,曲线甲、乙、丙分别表示三种鱼的数量变化。
下列对此图的分析,错误的是A 海洋中的鱼类具有垂直分层现象B 此图表明鱼类对食物的竞争状况C 此图表明海洋中鱼类的捕食状况D 此图表明海洋中鱼类的共生关系vi.已知:C(s)+CO2(g)2CO(g)△H>0。
该反应的达到平衡后,下列条件有利于反应向正方向进行的是A 升高温度和减小压强B 降低温度和减小压强C 降低温度和增大压强D 升高温度和增大压强vii.0.1mol/L NaHCO3溶液的pH最接近于A.5.6 B.7.0 C.8.4 D.13.0viii.能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是A 醋酸钠的水解反应CH3COO-+H3O+=CH3COOH+H2OB 碳酸氢钙与过量的NaOH溶液反应Ca2++2HCO3-+2OH-=CaCO3↓+2H2O+CO32-C 苯酚钠溶液与二氧化碳反应C6H5O-+CO2+H2O=C6H5OH+CO32-D 稀硝酸与过量的铁屑反应3Fe+8H++2NO3-=3Fe3++2NO↑+4H2Oix.已知:①1 mol H2分子中化学键断裂时需要吸收436kJ的能量②1 mol Cl2分子中化学键断裂时需要吸收243kJ的能量③由H原子和Cl原子形成1 mol HCl分子时释放431kJ的能量下列叙述正确的是A.氢气和氯气反应生成氯化氢气体的热化学方程式是H2(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g)B.氢气和氯气反应生成2 mol氯化氢气体,反应的△H=183kJ/molC.氢气和氯气反应生成2 mol氯化氢气体,反应的△H=-183kJ/molD.氢气和氯气反应生成1 mol氯化氢气体,反应的△H=-183kJ/molx.在盛有稀H2SO4的烧杯中放入用导线连接锌片和铜片,下列叙述正确的是A 正极附近的SO42―离子浓度逐渐增大B 电子通过导线由铜片流向锌片C 正极有O 2逸出D 铜片上有H 2逸出 xi .下列氧化还原反应中,水作为氧化剂的是 A CO +H 2O CO 2+H 2 B 3NO 2+H 2O =2HNO 3+NO C 2Na 2O 2+2H 2O =4NaOH +O 2↑ D 2F 2+2H 2O =4HF +O 2xii .仔细分析下列表格中烃的排列规律,判断排列在第15位烃的分子式是 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …… C 2H 2 C 2H 4 C 2H 6 C 3H 4 C 3H 6 C 3H 8 C 4H 6 C 4H 8 C 4H 10 ……A C 6H 12BC 6H 14 C C 7H 12D C 7H 14 xiii .在一定条件下,将钠与氧气反应的生成物1.5g 溶于水,所得溶液恰好能被80mL 浓度为0.50mol/L 的HCl 溶液中和,则该生成物的成分是A Na 2O B Na 2O 2 C Na 2O 和Na 2O 2 D Na 2O 2和NaO 2二、选择题(本题共8小题。
绝密 ★ 使用前2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(天津卷) 英 语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分,共130分,考试时间100分钟,第Ⅰ卷1页至10页,第Ⅱ卷11页至12页。
页。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项:1、每小题选出答案后,用铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
2、本卷共55小题,共95分第一部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分)第一节:单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分,满分15分)分)从A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
01. ---Can I have a day off tomorrow, Mr. Johnson? ---__________. I can manage without you. A. F orget it B. I ’m afraid not C. It depends D. Of course 02. The letters for the boss___________ on his desk but he didn ’t read them until three later. A. w ere put B. was put C. put D. has put 03. You were working too hard. You ’d better keep a ________between work and relaxation. A. p romise B. lead C. balance D. diary 04. The dog may be a good companion for the old. _______, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage. A. B esides. B. However C. Therefore D. Instead. 05. ---You have to believe in yourself. No one else will, if you don’t. ---__________. Confidence is really important. A. I t ’s not my cup of tea B. That’That’s not the point s not the point C. I don’t think so D. I couldn couldn’’t agree more 06. Only Mary read her composition the second time_________ the spelling mistake. A. d id she notice B. she noticed C. does she notice D. she has noticed 07. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_______help I would never have got this far. A. w ho B. whose C. whom D. which 08. It’s It’s quite warm here; we __________turn the heating on yet. quite warm here; we __________turn the heating on yet. A. c ouldn’t B. mustn ’t C. needn ’t D. wouldn wouldn’’t 09. It It doesn doesn doesn’’t t matter matter matter _________you _________you _________you turn turn turn right right right or or or left left left at at at the the the crossing crossing crossing ---both ---both ---both roads roads roads lead lead lead to to to the the park. A. w hether B. how C. if D.when 10. The secretary arranged a(n)___________time and space for the applicants to have an interview. A. important B. spare C. public D. convenient 11. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left 12. The three of us___________around Europe for about a month last summer. A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel 13. Parents and children should communicate more to ________the gap between them so that they can understand each other better. A. open B. narrow C. widen D. leave 14. Everything was placed exactly ___________he wanted it for the graduation ceremony. A. while B. when C. where D. though 15. We wouldn ’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold __________us a ride home. A. didn’t offer B. wouldn ’t offer C. hasn ’t offered D. hadn ’t offered 第二节:完形填空(共20小题:每小题1.5分,满分30分)分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从16~35各题所给出的A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
河南省2012年普通高等学校对口招收中等职业学校毕业生考试计算机类基础课试题卷考生注意:所有答案都要写在答题卡上,写在试题卷上无效一、选择题(计算机组装与维护1-30;Visual Basic 6.0程序设计31-55。
每小题2分,共110分。
每小题中只有一个选项是正确的,请将正确选项涂在答题卡上)1.是决定一台计算机档次和配置的关键因素。
A.内存B.外设C.硬盘D.CPU2.我国生产的CPU被命名为A.龙芯B.银河C.曙光D.长城3.不是输入设备。
A.扫描仪B.鼠标C.绘图仪D.键盘4.RAM与ROM的主要区别是A.断电后,ROM内保存的信息会丢失,而RAM则可长期保存,不会丢失B.断电后,RAM内保存的信息会丢失,而ROM则可长期保存,不会丢失C.ROM是外存储器,RAM是内存储器D.RAM是外存储器,ROM是内存储器5.PS/2鼠标接头通过一个针接口与计算机相连。
A.5 B.6 C.9 D.256.“USB”的含义是指A.并行总线B.微处理器C.通用串行总线D.稳压电源7.一个IDE数据线最多可以连接个设备。
A.2 B.4 C.6 D.88.DDR3内存金手指有线。
A.168 B.184 C.240 D.1489.主板的芯片主要负责CPU和内存之间的数据交换和传输。
A.I/O B.北桥C.南桥D.BIOS10.1KB是指A.1000个字B.1000个字节C.1024个字D.1024个字节计算机类基础课试题卷第 1 页(共16 页)11.计算机中的火线接口是指A.显卡接口B.IEEE1394接口C.键盘接口D.网卡接口12.外频是指的工作频率。
A.CPU B.硬盘C.光驱D.主板13.内存的时序参数RAS# to CAS# 表示A.列地址至行地址的延迟时间B.行地址控制器延迟时间C.列地址控制器预充电时间D.列动态时间14.键盘上的键称为回车键。
A.Enter B.TabC.Caps Lock D.Shift15.硬盘的容量与无关。
2012年考研英语(一)真题及参考答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial。
Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary。
绝密*启用前2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标卷)文科数学注息事项:1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分。
答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷和答题卡相应位置上。
2.问答第Ⅰ卷时。
选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动.用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
写在本试卷上无效.3.回答第Ⅱ卷时。
将答案写在答题卡上.写在本试卷上无效·4.考试结束后.将本试卷和答且卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷一、选择题:本大题共12小题,每小题5分,在每小题给同的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1、已知集合A={x |x 2-x -2<0},B={x |-1<x <1},则(A )A ⊂≠B (B )B ⊂≠A (C )A=B (D )A ∩B=∅ (2)复数z =-3+i2+i 的共轭复数是(A )2+i (B )2-i (C )-1+i (D )-1-i 3、在一组样本数据(x 1,y 1),(x 2,y 2),…,(x n ,y n )(n ≥2,x 1,x 2,…,x n 不全相等)的散点图中,若所有样本点(x i ,y i )(i =1,2,…,n )都在直线y =12x +1上,则这组样本数据的样本相关系数为(A )-1 (B )0 (C )12 (D )1(4)设F 1、F 2是椭圆E :x 2a 2+y 2b 2=1(a >b >0)的左、右焦点,P 为直线x =3a2上一点,△F 1PF 2是底角为30°的等腰三角形,则E 的离心率为( )(A )12 (B )23 (C )34 (D )455、已知正三角形ABC 的顶点A(1,1),B(1,3),顶点C 在第一象限,若点(x ,y )在△ABC 内部,则z =-x+y 的取值范围是(A )(1-3,2) (B )(0,2) (C )(3-1,2) (D )(0,1+3)(6)如果执行右边的程序框图,输入正整数N(N ≥2)和实数a 1,a 2,…,a N ,输出A,B ,则 (A )A+B 为a 1,a 2,…,a N 的和(B )A +B2为a 1,a 2,…,a N 的算术平均数(C )A 和B 分别是a 1,a 2,…,a N 中最大的数和最小的数 (D )A 和B 分别是a 1,a 2,…,a N 中最小的数和最大的数(7)如图,网格纸上小正方形的边长为1,粗线画出的是某几何体的三视图,则此几何体的体积为 (A )6 (B )9 (C )12 (D )18(8)平面α截球O 的球面所得圆的半径为1,球心O 到平面α的距离为2,则此球的体积为(A )6π (B )43π (C )46π (D )63π(9)已知ω>0,0<φ<π,直线x =π4和x =5π4是函数f (x )=sin(ωx +φ)图像的两条相邻的对称轴,则φ= (A )π4 (B )π3 (C )π2 (D )3π4(10)等轴双曲线C 的中心在原点,焦点在x 轴上,C 与抛物线y 2=16x 的准线交于A ,B 两点,|AB|=43,则C 的实轴长为(A ) 2 (B )2 2 (C )4 (D )8(11)当0<x ≤12时,4x <log a x ,则a 的取值范围是(A )(0,22) (B )(22,1) (C )(1,2) (D )(2,2) (12)数列{a n }满足a n +1+(-1)n a n =2n -1,则{a n }的前60项和为(A )3690 (B )3660 (C )1845 (D )1830第Ⅱ卷本卷包括必考题和选考题两部分。
1、对领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的行为作出禁止性规定,是保证公正司法的重要举措。
对此,下列哪一说法是错误的?A.任何党政机关让司法机关做违反法定职责、有碍司法公正的事情,均属于干预司法的行为B.任何司法机关不接受对司法活动的干预,可以确保依法独立行使审判权和检察权C.任何领导干部在职务活动中均不得了解案件信息,以免干扰独立办案D.对非法干预司法机关办案,应给予党纪政纪处分,造成严重后果的依法追究刑事责任2、中国甲公司与法国乙公司签订了向中国进口服装的合同,价格条件CIF。
货到目的港时,甲公司发现有两箱货物因包装不当途中受损,因此拒收,该货物在目的港码头又被雨淋受损。
依1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》及相关规则,下列哪一选项是正确的?A.因本合同已选择了CIF贸易术语,则不再适用《公约》B.在CIF条件下应由法国乙公司办理投保,故乙公司也应承担运输途中的风险C.因甲公司拒收货物,乙公司应承担货物在目的港码头雨淋造成的损失D.乙公司应承担因包装不当造成的货物损失3、现代陪审制发源于英国并长期作为一种民主的象征被广泛运用。
关于英国陪审制度,下列哪一说法是正确的?A.陪审团职责是就案件的程序部分进行裁决B.法官在陪审团裁决基础上就事实和法律适用进行判决C.对陪审团裁决一般不允许上诉D.法官无权撤销陪审团裁决4、近年来,一些党员领导干部利用手中权力和职务便利收受巨额贿赂,根据党内法规和法律被开除党籍和公职,并依法移送司法机关处理。
对此,下列哪一说法是错误的?A.这表明党员领导干部在行使权力、履行职责时要牢记法律底线不可触碰B.依照党内法规惩治****,有利于督促党员领导干部运用法治思维依法办事C.要注重将党内法规与国家法律进行有效衔接和协调,以作为对党员违法犯罪行为进行法律制裁的依据D.党规党纪严于国家法律,对违反者必须严肃处理5、近年来,一些党员领导干部利用手中权力和职务便利收受巨额贿赂,根据党内法规和法律被开除党籍和公职,并依法移送司法机关处理。
一、选择题 1.如图所示,在文字处理软件编辑状态下,将已选取的内容复制到相应位置,并保存当前文稿,应依次选择工具按钮的顺序是______。 A. ① → ③ → ⑥ B. ⑤ → ⑥ → ③ C. ② → ④ → ⑥ D. ④ → ⑥ → ③ 答案:(B) 2.下列不属于人工智能应用的是______。 A. 我们通过话筒和语音识别软件将报纸文字录入电脑 B. 利用QQ中的游戏大厅与其他游戏者下棋 C. 某展厅展出一款机器人,身着交警服装,可以准确指挥交通,还可以回答路人提出的问题 D. 利用网络在线翻译系统,对英文资料进行翻译 答案:(B) 3.小明通过电脑看了一部电影,请问电影文件不可能的格式是______。 A. qj.avi B. qj.rm C. qj.rmvb D. qj.jpg 答案:(D) 4.下列软件中通常不用来进行文字处理的软件是______。 A. 金山WPS B. Photoshop C. Word D. 记事本 答案:(B) 5.在Excel表格中,输入了全班同学的视力检测数据,要计算全班同学视力的平均值,使用的函数是______。 A. MIN B. AVERAGE C. MAX D. SUM 答案:(B) 6.利用FrontPage创建的网页文件默认的扩展名是______。 A. .ppt B. .htm C. .txt D. .doc 答案:(B) 7.因特网上所浏览的网页大都是使用______来进行布局的。 A. 图片 B. 文字 C. 表格 D. 动画 答案:(C) 8.在PowerPoint中,要设置幻灯片放映时的换页效果,要使用“幻灯片放映”菜单下的选项是______。 A. 动作按钮 B. 幻灯片切换 C. 预设动画 D. 自定义动画 答案:(B) 9.小敏制作网页时,要在图片上设置超级链接以实现页面跳转,她要做的第一步是______。 A. 在编辑的网页中,选定需要设置链接的图片 B. 在“插入”菜单下,选择超(级)链接命令 C. 在出现的超(级)链接对话框中,填(或选)被链接的网页文件 D. 确定完成插入超链接 答案:(A) 10.小杰对电脑说“请关机”,电脑马上执行了关机命令,这其中主要应用了人工智能中的______。 A. 图像识别技术 B. 指纹识别技术 C. 语音识别技术 D. 字符识别技术 答案:(C) 11.下列不属于音频信息采集加工软件的是______。 A. 录音机 B. CoolEdit C. Photoshop D. GoldWave 答案:(C) 12.下列哪个是Excel文件的扩展名? A. .doc B. .ppt C. .xls D. .htm 答案:(C) 13.如图所示的统计图表称为______。
A. 柱形图 B. 饼形图 C. 折线图 D. 圆环图 答案:(B) 14.李老师正设计一张以学校50周年校庆为主题的宣传画,需要从校园外景照片上截取部分内容,最适合的软件是______。 A. Excel B. Photoshop C. 超级解霸 D. Cool Edit Pro 答案:(B) 15.下列结构中,不属于程序设计的三种基本结构的是______。
A. 顺序结构 B. 组合结构 C. 循环结构 D. 选择结构 答案:(B) 16.在HTML文件中,以下使用绝对路径表示的是______。 A. B. C. D. 答案:(A) 17.在Dreamweaver中,不可以使用的图像文件格式为______。 A. JPEG格式 B. GIF格式 C. PNG格式 D. PSD格式 答案:(D) 18.下列各软件中,不能制作网页的是______。 A. 记事本 B. Microsoft FrontPage C. ACDSee D. Dreamweaver 答案:(C) 19.小明用录音机程序录制了一段自己弹奏的钢琴曲,想作为个人网站的背景音乐,但文件为WAV格式,数据量很大。下列选项中,最恰当的解决方法是______。 A. 应用音频编辑软件剪掉其中一部分 B. 应用音频编辑软件将文件转换成MP3格式 C. 应用WinRAR等压缩软件,压缩声音文件 D. 应用音频编辑软件将音乐的音量变小 答案:(B) 20.如果你是某儿童类报纸的编辑,你会选择的报刊风格是______。 ①健康活泼 ②文字易读 ③图文并茂 ④严肃庄重 A. ①②④ B. ②③④ C. ①②③ D. ①②③④ 答案:(C) 21.要建立一个“计算机病毒和防治”的主题网站,下面过程较为合理的顺序是______。 ①收集反馈、评价修正 ②确定主题、设计目标 ③规划内容结构、收集加工素材 ④选择适当工具、加工制作 A. ③②①④ B. ②①④③ C. ①③②④ D. ②③④① 答案:(D) 22.数码照片已经走进人们的生活,对数码照片进行编辑,如大小、颜色、特效的添加等,可以利用______软件来实现。 A. Word B. Photoshop C. Excel D. PowerPoint 答案:(B) 23.高一年级的学业水平考试报名系统中,需要提供每位学生的数码照片,下列信息采集工具中最方便、最快捷的是______。 A. 数码摄像机 B. 普通相机 C. 数码相机 D. 扫描仪 答案:(C) 24.利用计算机来模拟人类的某些思维活动,如模式识别、医疗诊断、机器证明等,这些应用属于______应用。 A. 分布计算 B. 自动控制 C. 人工智能 D. 远程教育 答案:(C) 25.URL的含义是______。 A. 超文本传输协议 B. 统一资源定位符 C. 电子邮件 D. 文件传输协议 答案:(B) 26.下列关于HTML文档的描述不正确的是______。 A. HTML文档以开始,结束 B. HTML文档中所有的元素都必须有开始标记和结束标记 C. HTML文档中,包括文件头和文件体两部分 D. 用HTML语言编写的文件是纯文本文件 答案:(B) 27.在HTML代码中,表格元素的标记是______。 A.
C. D. 答案:(A) 28.计算机能根据程序的要求将某一段程序执行若干次,这种结构在程序设计中称为______。 A. 顺序结构 B. 分支结构 C. 循环结构 D. 选择结构 答案:(C) 29.下列比较适合制作电子报刊的软件是______。 A. Wor,Powerpoint B. 记事本,写字板 C. Word,记事本 D. 画图,记事本 答案:(A) 30.常见的视频文件格式不包括______。 A. AVI B. WAV C. RM D. FLV 答案:(B) 31.关于网页中表格的描述,下列不正确的是______。 A. 通过单元格的合并、拆分可以实现某些网页布局 B. 表格中不能再嵌套表格 C. 表格的边框设置为0时,在预览效果时,将不显示表格边框 D. 利用表格实现布局时,一般设置为居中对齐方式 答案:(B) 32.下列程序段的运行结果是______。 A. ********** B. ***** C. * D. 以上都不对 答案:(A) 33.以下为基本的HTML元素,其中为单标记的是______。 ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ A. ①③④⑥ B. ②⑤④ C. ①③⑤ D. ②③⑤ 答案:(D) 34.下列各种软件中,属于系统软件的是______。 A. Windows XP B. Office C. Flash D. ACDSee 答案:(A) 35.关于冯·诺依曼计算机结构,下列说法正确的是______。 A. 由硬件系统和软件系统两部分组成 B. 由运算器、存储器、控制器、输入设备和输出设备五部分组成 C. 由主机、显示器、键盘和鼠标四部分组成 D. 由主板、CPU、硬盘和内存四部分组成 答案:(B) 36.下列关于尊重他人知识产权的说法中,错误的是______。 A. 公众信息允许大家转载,但应注明出处 B. 共享软件允许免费下载,但应在其约定的许可范围内使用 C. 购买正版软件是尊重知识产权的体现 D. 自己购买的正版软件,可以放到互联网上共享 答案:(D) 37.据统计我国青少年中受到网瘾困扰的人数约为7%,针对这一社会现象,下列说法正确的是______。 A. 因特网不能给学生带来学习上的帮助 B. 因特网上游戏过多,垃圾信息成堆,可见因特网毫无利用价值 C. 应充分挖掘因特网的教育应用资源,引导青少年积极合理使用网络 D. 因特网给青少年带来了不良影响,青少年不应接触因特网 答案:(C) 38.人类社会生存和发展的三大资源是______。 A. 物质、资本和能量 B. 物质、信息和资本 C. 物质、劳动力和能量 D. 物质、信息和能量 答案:(D) 39.下列不属于信息技术范畴的是______。 A. 计算机技术、网络技术 B. 网络技术、模式识别技术 C. 转基因技术、燃料电池技术 D. 通信技术、多媒体技术 答案:(C) 40.名著《三国演义》被不同的人从图书馆里借阅,网上登载的文章《红与黑》被数以万计的人们不断地点击查看。这都说明信息具有______的特点。 A. 可压缩性 B. 共享性 C. 时效性 D. 不完全性 答案:(B) 41.关于信息,下列说法正确的是______。 A. 信息可以不依赖于载体而独立存在 B. 信息是发展到21世纪才出现的 C. 两个人进行交谈或讨论也是在互相传递信息 D. 同一条信息对所有人都有相同的价值 答案:(C) 42.计算机网络最突出的优点是______。 A. 资源共享 B. 使用方便 C. 可以听音乐 D. 传输距离远 答案:(A) 43.利用因特网提供的博客服务,我们可以申请并获得自己的个性化博客空间。关于博客,下列说法不正确的是______。 A. 博客是一种特殊的网络服务,它是继E-mail、BBS等之后出现的又一种网络交流方式 B. 博客也可以用声音做“播客”,发贴内容可以不受任何限制 C. 我们可以通过博客将极富个性化的思想、见闻以及个人收集的知识以“帖子”的形式发布到网上 D. 博客基于网页,采用类似于个人网站的表现形式
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