Unit 2 Remembering and ForgettingUseful InformationMemory is one of the most important functions of human intelligence, which makes it possible for people to learn and become educated, to learn skills necessary for work and play, and to form emotional ties to the past. Memory is important, because if we cannot learn from our successes and failures of the past we are more likely to repeat our errors and not benefit from our successes.We do not know everything about memory and how it functions, but we know much more than we did even ten years ago, and more information regarding memory and the function of the brain is being discovered every day. If the current approaches to understanding memory and intelligence are as successful as specialists in these areas think they will be, we should all understand our memories better and we may be able to treat some of the problems which arise with forgetting and memory failure in aging and memory impaired persons.Memory is especially important in cultures which value their heritage and honor their ancestors and families by celebrating what these individuals and groups gave. If we are to have pride in our ethnic associations, we must remember the values and teachings of the past on which our cultures have been founded. This has often been the basis for either philosophical or religious teachings. In the West people often learn, “Honor your fath er and your mother so that you may lead a long and happy life in the land which your Lord God has given you.” The American Indians who lived in North and South America long before people from Europe and elsewhere came to these areas have similar teachings which honor their ancestors. Asian cultures have similar teachings in both their religious and philosophical heritage—the very word HERITAGE refers specifically to something acquired or inherited from a predecessor.Whether we celebrate our heritage by sweeping the tombs of our ancestors, acknowledging the importance of ancestors in our culture, or sharing with others in remembering and giving thanks for those who have come before us, most people feel this is a powerful binding force which holds societies and nations together. Many Western holidays such as Christmas (honoring the birth of Jesus Christ), Thanksgiving (honoring those who have provided food and shelter), or Memorial Day (honoring those who have lost their lives in the defense of the nation) are important for the reason that we must not forget those who have helped us become what we are as a culture, a community, anation, etc. Again this can be compared to China’s family-oriented holidays, (the Harvest Festival, New Year’s Celebration, etc.).Memory and forgetting are not always without pain. All of us have memories of being punished by our parents or teachers when we behaved badly or disobeyed some rules of our family or school. As we look back, we know that these punishments were necessary in order to learn that we must abide by the rules of our family and culture. Without the discipline of “law” (rules), there can be no stable civilization. All of us have been unhappy when we have forgotten important things such as a parent’s or friend’s birthd ay; or we may have forgotten to do our homework, or failed to keep an appointment with a friend.Finally, if it were not for memory, think of the loss of pleasure we would have in remembering the joys of youth, first love, and the joy of learning itself. Memory is more characteristic of humans than of any other animals. Without it we would all lead dull, colorless lives, prone to repeating our mistakes and failing to learn from experience.Part One Preparation1. Expressions Related to MemorySTEP ONEIf a word, expression, etc. is on the tip of your tongue, you usually know it but have difficulty remembering it at that moment. 就在嘴边的，差一点就能够想起的When you say someone’s head is like a sieve or someone has a memory like a sieve, you mean that they forget things very easily. 记性坏，健忘If your mind goes blank or has gone blank, you are suddenly not able to remember a fact or piece of information at a time when you need it. 头脑一片空白If a piece of information goes in one ear and out the other, it is heard but either ignored or quickly forgotten. 一只耳朵进一只耳朵出，看成耳边风STEP TWO1) b 2) d 3) a 4) c2. Do You Have a Good Memory?STEP TWOSampleI got 16 in this quiz. According to the result, I have a good memory. But I can say I’m extremely good at remembering facts and figures for exams, birthdays, telephone numbers, etc., but I have a poor memory in remembering things like what I had for dinner, what I was wearing, etc.I think a person can remember what they need and want to remember. In other words, one’s purpose and motivation make it possible for them to recall facts. They may find it difficult to remember facts about the geography of a country that doesn't interest them, but can easily remember things about the country they’re going to visit next summer. Why? Because they are motivated and motivation helps them to concentrate. Increased concentration, in turn, makes the information easier to remember.To sum up, one’s purpose decides what to look for and remember, and therefore directs their attention to what they want to know.STEP THREESample 1Yes, I once had a very embarrassing experience. One day, when I was walking on the street, I saw a young lady nodding and smiling at me and I began to wonder who she was. When she approached, she asked me about my college life in the past two weeks. Though I didn’t know whom I was talking to, I told her everything, including the fact that I could seldom see my advisor and had no one to turn to for help. An odd grimace crossed her mouth and she looked a little bit embarrassed. Then she gave me a phone number along with her name. It was then that I realized she was actually my advisor.Sample 2Well, I think all of us have been embarrassed when we have forgotten some important things such as a friend’s birthday and an appointment. I had such an experience about one year ago. One of my friends, Grace, invited me to her home on the following Saturday, and I promised I would be there on time. When I arrived, I saw some of our classmates were there and each of them had brought a present for Grace. It turned out that that day was her birthday. I felt veryembarrassed, but I thought I had to do something to cover up my embarrassment. So, I went up to her and said, “Go sh, Grace, you never seem to age, so I never remember your birthday.”3. How to remember clearly?STEP ONEIn picture 1, the man is forming a mental picture of the things he wants to buy.In picture 2, the man is repeating the things he wants to buy.In picture 3, the man is trying to remember his shopping list by inventing a story.In picture 4, the man is forming meaningful connections between the things he wants to buy and the letters in the word “CANDY”.STEP TWOSample 1When I’m trying to memorize facts for exams, I always repeat them a number of times. The more I do this, the easier it is to remember. Even so, I think, repetition, by itself, is not enough, Sometimes, I must do something with what I am trying to remember and engage with the material. I will ask questions, think about the topic in relation to my own experience, put theories into my own words, or discuss issues with my classmates.Sample 2Sometimes I use the method of forming meaningful connections to remember English words. For example, when trying to remember whether I should use the word "principle" or "principal", I tell myself that a principle is a rule and a principal is my pal and then I can use the appropriate word. Besides, I keep a diary to record my memories. When I go to new places, I buy souvenirs or take photographs to remind me of the places and people there. Sometimes songs help me remember things, too. For example, “Yesterday Once More” was my favorite song in high school. Now the song always brings back pleasant memories of my high school life.Sample 3Apart from the methods mentioned in the pictures, I will use the method of “chunking”to memorize numbers. I find it’s a good way because chunking involves grouping materials togetherrather than learning each item separately. For example, when my friend told me his telephone number is 0678, I grouped the 12 numbers into three chunks, "0571"; "8820"; "4678", it was far easier to remember.4. Testing Your MemoryThe following three groups of numbers, words and phrases are for your reference:Group One: , , ,agent, accurate, delivery, identify, vanish, view, establish, location,airline ticket counter, head for, in sight, fill out, a claim form, in detail,Group Two: , , ,claim, display, elementary, grocery, specific, exclaim, amount, benefitdepend on, long-term memory, show off, at times, better off, let aloneGroup Three: , , ,conclude, exclaim, luggage, involve, function, specific, establish, locationremind…of…, recall the facts, make decisions, on…basis, make great progress,form mental picturesPart Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingI. Pre-ReadingSTEP ONESTEP TWO1) check-in counter 2) conveyor belt 3) loading area 4) claim check 5) boarding pass6) security checksII. Passage ReadingWords, Phrases and Grammatical Points1. flight (l. 1)The word “flight” has several meanings:1) a journey on an airplane, etc.. I) Our flight from Chicago to Seattle was pleasant.II) The captain and crew hope that you have enjoyed the flight.2) an airplane that takes you on a particular journey.I) I’m sorry, this flight is full. I can put you on the 4:30 plane.II) Can you tell me what time Flight No. 340 arrives in New York?3) the action of flying.I) It’s unusual to see swans in flight.II) Certain birds spend most of the day in flight.4) a number of stairs or steps leading up or down.I) The women’s dress d epartment is one flight up.II) She sounded as though she had just run up two flights of stairs.2. As I was walking by the shops, I happened to see a display of flight bags, which reminded me of my briefcase. (l. 5~6)句中which引导非限制性定语从句。
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