A new split Hopkinson tensile bar design

江苏省部分名校2020-2021学年下学期高二5月英语试卷精选汇编阅读理解专题江苏省扬州中学2020-2021学年高二下学期5月月考英语试题阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

ATRA VEL ADVISORYHere are a few things you should know before you take off on your next trip.Frontier Airlines Face Covering RequirementAs required by federal law, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Order and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Security Directive, all passengers and employees must wear a face covering over nose and mouth throughout the Frontier travel experience including at ticket counters, gate areas, baggage claim and onboard all flights. Face coverings are not required for children under the age of 2. Face coverings must fit snugly over your nose and mouth and be secured under the chin. Not wearing an approved face covering is a violation of federal law and you may lose future travel privileges on Frontier.* Persons with a disability who cannot wear a mask, or cannot safely wear a mask, because of that disability as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act can apply for a face mask exemption. To learn about pre-travel exemption requirements, click here.Temperature Screening RequirementAnyone with a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher will not be able to board the plane. If time allows, we will give customers the opportunity to rest before receiving a second check. If the second temperature screening is 100.4 degrees or higher, our team will help the customer to rebook travel on a later date when they are feeling better.Know Your Travel PolicyCDC issued an Order on January 12, 2021(effective since January, 26, 2021) requiring proof of a negative COVID-19 test or documentation of having recovered from COVID-19 for all air passengers arriving from a foreign country to the US.21.Who can legally board a Frontier Airlines flight without wearing a face covering?A. senior manager of Frontier Airlines.B. A blind man in a wheelchair.C. A one-year-old baby.D. A high school student.22. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?A. Passengers without proper face coverings may be banned from flying with Frontier Airlines in the future.B. Passengers can take off their face coverings when they pick up their checked baggage.C. Passengers with a high fever don’t have to have their flights rescheduled.D. Passengers without proof of a negative COVID-19 test can’t enter the US on January 26, 2021.23. Where is this text most likely from?A. A brochure.B. A website.C. A guidebook.D. A newspaper.BIf history doesn't quite repeat itself, it certainly rhymes. With demand for bicycles rocketing, and nations preparing to spend billions of dollars to redesign their cities with a new focus on cycling and walking, it's worth remembering how the invention of the bicycle in the late 19th century transformed societies the world over. It was a hugely revolutionary technology, easily equal to the smartphone today. For a few heady years in the 1890s, the bicycle was the best must-have—swift, affordable, stylish transportation that could take you anywhere you cared to go, anytime you liked, for free.Almost anyone could learn to ride, and almost everyone did. The sultan of Zanzibar (a former Muslim country) took up cycling. So did the king of Russia. But it was the middle and working classes around the globe that truly made the bicycle their own. For the first time in history, the masses were mobile, able to come and go as they pleased. No more need for expensive horses and carriages.Society was transformed. Women were especially enthusiastic, abandoning their burdensome Victorian skirts, adopting reasonable clothes, and taking to the road in groups. “I think bicycling has done more to liberate women than anything else in the world,” Susan B. Anthony, the American champion of women’s suffrage said in an interview with The New York Sunday World in 1896. “I stand and feel thrilled every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel...the picture of unrestricted womanhood.”By 1898 cycling had become such a popular activity in the United States that The New York Journal of Commerce claimed it was costing restaurants and theaters more than $ 100 million a year in lost business. Bicyclemanufacturing became one of America's biggest and most advanced industries. A third of all patent applications were bicycle-related—so many that the US patent office had to build a separate building to deal with them all.The arrival of the bicycle touched virtually every aspect of life—art, music, literature, fashion, and even the human gene pool. English songwriter Henry Dacre scored a huge hit on both sides of the Atlantic in 1892 with Daisy Bell and its famous refrain A Bicycle Built for Two.24.Why did the author consider the bicycle as a revolutionary technology?A.It cost its owner too much money.B. It harmed the cyclists' health at first.C. It had a huge influence on the society.D. It made people redesign their city buildings.25. What did Susan think of women cycling?A. It changed public morals.B. It offered women more freedom.C. It made women more united.D. It made Victorian skirts more popular.26. What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to?A. Bicycle-related patent applications.B. Interviews with cyclists.C. Bicycle management charges.D. Broken restaurants and theaters.27. What section of a newspaper can the text be taken from?A. Business and economy.B. Environment and energy.C. Entertainment and sports.D. History and culture.CWhen memory began for me, my grandfather (“Gramp”) was past sixty. The little marks of laughter at the corners of his eyes were the product of a kindly and humorous nature. The years of work which had bent his shoulders had never reduced his humor or his love of a joke. Everywhere he went, Gramp made friends easily. At the end of half an hour you felt you had known him all your life. I soon learned that he hated to give orders, but that when he had to, he tried to make his orders sound like suggestions.One July morning, as he was leaving to go to the cornfield, he said: “Edwin, you can pick up the potatoes in the field today if you want to do that.” Then he drove away with his horses. The day passed, and I did not have any desire to pick up potatoes. Evening came and the potatoes were still in the field. Gramp, dusty and tired, led the horses to get their drink.“How many potatoes did you pick up?” Gramp inquired. “I didn’t pick any.” “Not any! Why?” “You said I could pick them up if I wanted to. You d idn’t say I had to.” In the next few minutes, I learned a lesson I will not forget: when Gramp said I could if I wanted to, he meant that I should want to.My grandmother (“Gram”) worked hard all day, washing clothes, cleaning the house, making butter, and even working in the field when help was scarce. In the evening, though, she was not too tired to read books from the community library. For more than forty years, Gram read aloud to Gramp almost every evening. In this way, she and Gramp learned about all the great battles of history and became familiar with the works of great authors and the lives of famous men.She also had a deep love of beauty. When she was almost seventy-five and had gone to live with one of her daughters, she spent a delightful morning washing dishes because, as she said, the beautiful pattern on the dishes gave her pleasure. The birds, the flowers, the clouds –– all that was beautiful around her –– pleased her. She was like the father of the French painter, Millet, who used to gather grass and show it to his son, saying, “See how beautiful this is!”In a pioneer society it is the harder qualities of mind and character that are of value. The softer virtues are considered unnecessary. Men and women struggling daily to earn a living are unable, even for a moment, to forget the business of preserving their lives. Only unusual people, like my grandparents, managed to keep the softer qualities in a world of daily struggle.28.Which of the following is TRUE about Gramp according to the passage?A. He wouldn’t listen to others.B. He was difficult to get along with.C. He gave his suggestions in the form of orders.D. He was eager to learn.29. According to the author, “softer qualities” DON’T include the ability ________.A. to earn a living.B. to find beauty in everyday life.C. to stay curious about new things.D. to stay positive in a world of daily struggle.30. In the days of the writer’s grandparents ________.A. “softer qualities” were thought necessary but often ignored.B. “harder qualities” were much harder to keep than “softer qualities”.C. average people found it a piece of cake to earn a living.D. not all people understood how to appreciate beauty in life.31. What’s the most suitable title for the passage?A. Life of My Grandparents.B. Harder Qualities VS Softer Qualities.C. Stay Soft in a Hard World.D. An Unforgettable Person.DThere is evidence that just counting money can produce valuable psychological benefits. According to a new study published in the journal Psychological Science, thumbing through your cash can reduce emotional and physical pain as well as increase feelings of internal strength, fearlessness and confidence.Focusing on the symbolic power of money, researchers started with a simple hypothesis: reminders of money can alter how people experience social interactions — especially social acceptance and rejection.To test the idea, the researchers took the following approach: 84 students at a Chinese university were divided into two groups. One group counted 80 large-denomination bills: the other group parceled out 80 pieces of plain paper. All participants then played an online video game in which, using game controls, they could throw a ball and play catch with other Internet players. But the game was rigged so that after 10 throws, half the students would no longer get the ball thrown to them, while the rest of the students continued to play catch. When the game ended, participants who had been excluded from the second round of catch rated their level of social distress and how strong they felt. Those who had counted money before being socially excluded reported lower levels of social distress than those who had counted only paper. Additionally, the participants who had counted money also reported greater feelings of inner strength and self-sufficiency.To see if counting money also reduces physical pain, the researchers repeated the earlier social-exclusion test, but this time they replaced the ball game with a pain-sensitivity task, in which half the participants were put in a moderate-pain condition (their hands were put in warm water), while the other half were subjected to a high-pain condition (hands were put in very hot water). Again, those who had counted money reported lower levels of pain.To complete their study, the researchers conducted additional experiments. They also found that reminder of having spent money aggravated feelings of social distress and that both social rejection and ideas of physical discomfort fueled participants’ desire for money as well as made them less generous.32. According to the text, which of the following behaviors can bring psychological benefits?A. Throwing coins.B. Making money.C. Counting money.D. Checking the bank account.33. Which participants reported lower levels of pain?A. Those who counted 80 large-denomination bills.B. Those who counted 80 pieces of plain paper..C. Those whose hands were put in warm water.D. Those whose hands were put in very hot water. 34. What action can cause psychological and physical distress? A. Playing ball games. B. Counting plain paper. C. Putting hands in water. D. Thinking of recent spending. 35. Which word can replace the underlined word in the last paragraph? A. reduced B. irritated C. worsened D. annoyed 21-23 CDB 24-27 C B A D 28-31 D A D C 32-35 C A D C 江苏省泰州中学2020-2021学年高二英语下学期5月月考试题第一节（共12小题；每小题2.5分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

一、信息性文本作者：本刊试题研究中心来源：《疯狂英语·新策略》2024年第01期Task 1Fantastic books you can read within a dayStarting a new book can feel like a bit of a commitment， but it doesnt have to be！ Here are four books you can read in a single day.The House on Mango StreetReleased in 1984 and written by Mexican⁃American author Sandra Cisneros， TheHouse on Mango Street is only 103 pages long. It deals with complex themes and importantsubject matters including language， race， and aging. It's a moving read but one fuelled byhope for a better future.The Midnight LibraryThe Midnight Library from the English author Matt Haig was released in 2020. It's288 pages. The novel is all about storytelling， with Nora Seed exploring the“ what ifs” ofher life. The novel asks a massive question： what makes a life worth living？The Perilous Life of Jade YeoReleased in 2012 and written by the fantastic Malaysian⁃English author Zen Cho， thepage count is an extremely manageable 76 pages. The novel is set in London in the 1920sand follows the life of another writer， Jade Yeo. What really sings here is the funny， page⁃turning dialogue，which Cho masters.Things Fall ApartThings Fall Apart debuted in 1958 by the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe. It's set inthe South East of Nigeria in a fictional town and tracks the journey of a local wrestlingchampion and Igbo man， Okonkwo. At 185 pages， the book is spaced out into three sec⁃tions， each of which offers a different snapshot of the developing situation.1. How would you feel if you read The House on Mango Street？A. Hopeful.B. Tired.C. Relaxed.D. Confused.2. What is typical of The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo？A. It's about a trip.B. It's suitable for the elderly.C. It's full of dialogues.D. It has a lot of songs.3. Which book will you read if you want to know about a sports champion？A. The House on Mango Street.B. The Midnight Library.C. The Perilous Life of Jade Yeo.D. Things Fall Apart.Task 2Since 2017， ARTogether has presented over 200 workshops， camps， events， andga?thering spaces for immigrants to meet， connect and build lasting connections in the commu⁃nity. Below are some of ARTogether's past and present community workshops and events.Water⁃coloring WorkshopOrganized in cooperation with Story Center， Water⁃coloring Workshop is a free onlinechannel accessible to immigrants. These Zoom workshops are a creative space for partici⁃pants to paint，chat， listen to music， and share stories.Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking WorkshopThis is designed to give high school participants a creative practice towards their per⁃sonal journey of self⁃acceptance and healing. Led by artist Sen Mendez， participants gatherat Oakland International High School and are given ten small blocks to create a visual storyabout themselves.Women's Craft CircleARTogether's longest⁃running workshop series， the Women's Craft Circle， seeks tobring women together through the healing power of craft⁃making. In the Oakland Asian Cul⁃tural Center， participants are able to relax in a welcoming space， connecting through a lovefor art and shared experiences.Expressive Art Class for KidsAt West Oakland Branch Library， kids aged 6⁃11 from immigrant backgrounds ex⁃plore fun interactive activities such as free drawing， painting， and free dance that will letyouth appreciate artwithout pressure or strict rules. In each class， activity leaders followthe principle of guiding， not telling， which creates a stress⁃free environment that encou⁃rages creativity.1. Which workshop is available for people living outside Oakland？A. Water⁃coloring Workshop.B. Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking Workshop.C. Women's Craft Circle.D. Expressive Art Class for Kids.2. Who can sign up for Y（our） Legacy： A Printmaking Workshop？A. A visiting teacher interested in painting.B. A female artist specializing in craft?making.C. An exchange student in an international high school.D. An experienced librarian from immigrant backgrounds.3. What do the last two workshops have in common？A. They take place at local libraries.B. They require basic drawing skills.C. They offer instructions with strict rules.D. They encourage innovation or imagination.。

Unit 17All things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难。

P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1The United States Interstate Highway System is an infrastructure feat of unprecedented proportions. Not only does it join all fifty states in the union together allowing for rapid transport of goods and people, but it also has legitimate claim to the title of the largest public worker program in history. The project was motivated by both military and economic goals. Interest in the project existed since the early 1940s, but was delayed by the outbreak of World War II, followed by the postwar recovery. Although approved by Congress in 1944, the building did not actually begin until 1956.The postwar prosperity in America accentuated the need for such a massive infrastructure project. After America’s success in World War II and recovery of its economy from the Great Depression, the population’s disposable income soared, allowing most families to purchase automobiles, previously thought of as luxury items. With the sudden boom of cars, a more efficient road on which to travel was desperately needed, and the interstate highway system provided that, allowing travelers to safely and reliably visit other states or destinations closer to home.The same surge in car ownership that created the need for the interstate highway system also provided the means by which to pay for the project. A new tax on gasoline provided 90 percent of the funding for the project, and state taxes covered the remaining 10 percent. With the new highway system in place, not only could travelers visit previously unfeasible destinations on their holidays and vacations, but businesses could transport their products to markets in other states, increasing competition across the country, to the benefit of consumers and product quality alike.The military had a keen eye on the system as well. Troop transport was now possible to all corners of America in a rapid and efficient manner, and the long stretches of straight highways instantly provided runways for military aircraft in times of emergency. The country, linked together by a network, of roads that greatly reducedtravel time, could now more efficiently be defended.In the last forty years alone, 17 trillion miles have been traveled on the US Interstate Highway System. Those miles can be equated to three trips around the world for every American, a trip to the moon for 75 million people, or three light years in space. No matter what figure is used, the numbers are stunning. The interstate highway has gotten and continues to get people where they need to go in America, and at a fraction of the time it would otherwise take.1. The outbreak of World War II[A] wasted precious time by delaying the Interstate Highway project.[B] had a positive impact by contributing to the means by which the Interstate Highway System was built.[C] delayed the start of the project but resulted in more money by which to fund it.[D] spurred the military to throw their support in favor of the Interstate Highway project.2. The US Interstate Highway System was built mainly[A] to respond to urgent needs that had arisen.[B] in order to better defend a country in a time of war.[C] with economic and businesses in mind.[D] from state taxpayer dollars.3. What can we infer from the Paragraph 3?[A] The tax on gasoline was the most efficient way by which to fund the building of the interstate highway system.[B] The interstate highway system was an immense financial burden that required huge amounts of resources to complete.[C] Without the postwar surge in car ownership, funding for the interstate highway system would have been insufficient.[D] Those who stood to benefit most from the interstate highway system provided the majority of the funding for its construction.4. By “Those miles…in space”(Line 2-3, Para.5), the author intends to[A] stress the effects of the interstate highway system that continue to this day.[B] highlight the incredible distances that have been traveled on the interstate highway system.[C] state the distances traveled on the interstate highway system in more comparable terms.[D] make a final statement attesting to the greatness of the interstate highway system.5. The author views the United States Interstate Highway System with[A] whole-hearted approval.[B] a judgment of the good outweighing the bad.[C] positive feelings on its economic impact.[D] critical support.Text 2The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.6. We may simply define science as[A] the study of unrelated subjects.[B] an attempt to explain natural phenomena.[C] the study of related fields.[D] labelled knowledge.7. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach[A] applied science.[B] agriculture science.[C] pure science.[D] environmental science.18. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope,[A] may lead to antiscientific, “impure” results.[B] necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cell.[C] is not always as pure as we suppose.[D] necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell.9. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.[B] Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.[C] In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.[D] Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The Nature of Science and Scientists[B] Biology and the Science and Scientist[C] Hypotheses and Theories[D] On Distinguishing Fact from FictionText 3Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoon, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarreling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity; hence the elementary principle: anything may be said.The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage, This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness as is denied to mere sworn enemies.For all that some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, likewriters, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honor are quarrelling, like jealousy, is an ail-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreler’s very self hood is on the line. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel, rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent’s feet.11. The expression“rainy afternoon”(Line 3，Para.2) implies a time when[A] brothers and sisters had to play at home.[B] brothers and sisters felt depressed.[C] family members need money.[D] it is raining in the afternoon.12. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is[A] the former involves individual pride.[B] the former concerns strong points of view.[C] the latter has well-established rules.[D] the latter concerns trivial issues.13. During the quarrel, either among children or between spouses[A] brutality is apparent.[B] politeness is used as a weapon.[C] skillful tactics are employed.[D] feeling is exaggerated.14. The word “register” (Line 5，Pra.6) means[A] show. [B] enroll. [C] conceal. [D] reconcile.15. What does the passage mainly talk about?[A] The reason why quarrel is bitter.[B] How to mind your words while arguing.[C] The characteristics of a quarrel.[D] How to make a good quarrel.Text 4After their 20-year-old son hanged himself during his winter break from the University of Arizona five years ago, Donna and Phil Satow wondered what signs they had overlooked, and started asking other students for answers.What grew from this soul searching was Ulifeline (www. ulifeline, org), a website where students can get answers to questions about depression by logging on through their universities. The site has been adopted as a resource by over 120 colleges, which can customize it with local information, and over 1.3 million students have logged on with their college IDs.“It’s a very solid website that raises awareness of suicide, de-stigmatizesmental illness and encourages people to seek the help they need,” said Paul Grayson, the director of counseling services at New York University, which started using the service nearly a year ago.The main component of the website is the Self-E-Valuator, a self-screening program developed by Duke University Medical Center that tests students to determine whether they are at risk for depression, suicide and disorders like anorexia and drug dependence. Besides helping students, the service compiles anonymous student data, offering administrators an important window onto the mental health of its campus.The site provides university users with links to local mental health services, a catalog of information on prescription drugs and side effects, and access to Go Ask Alice, a vast archive developed by Columbia University with hundreds of responses to anonymously posted inquiries from college students worldwide. For students concerned about their friends, there is a section that describes warning signs for suicidal behavior and depression.Yet it is hard to determine how effective the service is. The anonymity of the offline service can even play out as a negative. “There is no substitute for personal interaction,”said Dr. Lanny Berman, executive director of the American Association of Suicidology, based in Washington.Ulifeline would be the first to say that its service is no replacement for an actual therapist. “The purpose is to find out if there are signs of depression and then direct people to the right places,” said Ron Gibori, execut ive director of Ulifeline.Mrs. Satow, who is still involved with Ulifeline, called it “a knowledge base” that might have prevented the death of her son, Jed. “If Jed’s friends had known the signs of depression, they might have seen something,” she sai d.16.The son of Mr. and Mrs. Satow is mentioned to[A] introduce the topic of a website called Ulifeline[B] show the suffering of Mr. and Mrs. Satow[C] describe the Satows’ confusion over their son’s death[D] report the suicide of a young man17. Why do many colleges adopt the website Ulifeline?[A] It provides their students with campus information[B] It offers medical treatment to students in mental disorder[C] It encourages their students to seek advice about depression[D] It gives their students various help they may need18. Which of the following is true of Go Ask Alice?[A] It is a kind of side effect caused by some prescription drugs.[B] It counsels college students on mental problems[C] It is a collection of medical responses from students the world over[D] It describes the various signs of mental disorders19. The sentence “Yet it is…the service is.”(Line 1, Para. 6) shows that[A] a therapist’s office is the first place for the depressed to go.[B] the help given by the web service is doubtful.[C] doctors have expressed a negative view of the service.[D] only actual therapist can ensure adequate treatment.20. To which of the following is Mrs. Satow likely to agree?[A] J ed’s friends can prevent her son’s death[B] H er son’s suicide i s unavoidable[C] Ulifeline is a worthwhile website[D] Depression is the final cause of suicidesPart BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about City Onwards and Outwards. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] The vague future situation of city sprawl[B] Tax-base competition encourages city sprawl[C] Reasons for city sprawl[D] The drawbacks of city sprawl[E] The continuing process of city sprawls[F] The government’s role in the process of city sprawl.Even on paper, urban sprawl looks ugly. It looks more so from the 110th floor of Chicago’s Sears Tower. From there you can survey, into the misty distance, a metropolitan area that now encompasses no fewer than 265 separate municipalities and covers 3,800 square miles in six northeastern Illinois counties. The expansion of the region is sometimes described as growth. More accurately, Chicago has simply spread out. Between 1970 and 1990 the population of the metro area increased by only 4%, while land used for housing increased by 46%. More telling, land used for commercial development increased by a whopping 74%.21.A recent series in the Chicago Tribune, “The Graying of Suburbia”, documented the population decline of inner-ring towns ranging from dilapidated Dolton and Harvey to relatively up market Elmhurst and Skokie. In the harder-hit cases, population loss has been compounded by falling property values along with rising crime and unemployment. Less mobile and poorer groups live isolately in the inner cities, and the city’s infrastructure is abandoned. Worse, these problems are now overtaking the very suburbs that were once supposed to escape them.22.The expanding towns on the edges make no apology for their prosperity. Sprawl is natural, they argue; Americans live in smaller households and they want bigger houses. Businesses in turn follow the outwardly mobile workers. They also appreciate the cheaper land and better roads. As a case in point, ask Sears. The very company that built the magnificent downtown skyscraper relocated 5,000 workers to the outer suburb of Hoffman Estates in 1992.23.An article published this summer by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago shows that various incentives in the federal tax code, including the deductibility of mortgage payments, promote over-consumption of housing. The code also allows taxpayers to defer capital-gains taxes if they buy a new home of equal or greater value, which pushes buyers towards higher-priced houses—most of them on the edges of cities. Another subsidy is provided for cars, the sine qua non of suburban life. By some estimates, existing taxes on motorists cover only 60% of the real costs of government road-related services.24.Far from expanding under one central authority, almost all metro areas are tended by a hotch-potch of city, town and other smaller governments. The quality of the services provided by these governments depends on the quality of the local property that they have to tax; so aggressive jurisdictions offer rebates or subsidies to win juicy new developments. The outcome, on one front, is often the premature development of new land. Towns on the outskirts, armed with subsidies and plenty of space, lure development away from the center.25.Over the long term, there is a chance that sprawl will not go unmanaged for ever: that the price of inner-city decline will eventually become too high. But it has not reached that point yet. The inner areas would like to see a regionally coordinated effort to pursue economic development (to diminish tax-base competition), or a region-wide sharing of commercial tax revenues, as has been tried to good effect in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area. But the deeper incentives to sprawl will still remain. Subsidies for home ownership are well guarded by lobbyists in Washington, and local governments are rightly jealous of their self-determination. For the time being, metropolitan areas like Chicago will just keep expanding.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.In the late 20th century, information has acquired two major utilitarian connotations. On the one hand, it is considered an economic resource, somewhat on a par with other resources such as labor, material, and capital. 26)This view stems from evidence that the possession, manipulation, and use of information can increase the cost-effectiveness on many physical and cognitive processes. The rise in information-processing activities in industrial manufacturing as well as in human problem solving has been remarkable. Analysis of one of the three traditional divisions of the economy, the service sector, shows a sharp increase in information-intensive activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labor force of the United States, giving rise to the so-called information society.As an individual and societal resource, information has some interestingcharacteristics that separate it from the traditional notions of economic resources.27)Unlike other resources, information is expansive, with limits apparently imposed only by time and human cognitive capabilities. Its expansiveness is attributable to the following: (1) it is naturally diffusive; (2) it reproduces rather than being consumed through use; and (3) it can be shared only, not exchanged in transactions. At the same time, information is compressible, both syntactically and semantically.28)Coupled with its ability to be substituted for other economic resources, its transportability at very high speeds, and its ability to impart advantages to the holder of information, these characteristics are at the base of such societal industries as research, education, publishing, marketing, and even politics. Societal concern with the husbanding of information resources has extended from the traditional domain of libraries and archives to encompass organizational, institutional, and governmental information under the umbrella of information resource managementThe second perception of information is that it is an economic commodity, which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth of a new segment of national economies —the information service sector. 29)Taking advantage of the properties of information and building on the perception of its individual and societal utility and value, this sector provides a broad range of information products and services. By 1992 the market share of the U. S. information service sector had grown to about $ 25 billion. This was equivalent to about one-seventh of the country’s computer market, which, in turn, represented roughly 40 percent of the global market in computers in that year. 30)However, the probably convergence of computers and television which constitutes a market share 100 times larger than computers and its impact on information services, entertainment, and education are likely to restructure the respective market shares of the information industry before the onset of the 21st century.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.infrastructure n.基础结构，基础设施2.feat n.业绩，功绩3.unprecedented a.无前例的；空前的4.legitimate a.合理的；法定的5.accentuate v.强调，使更突出6.disposable a.可支配的；一次性的7.surge n.急剧上升，猛增；(感情等的)洋溢8.unfeasible a.不能实行的，难实施的9.stunning a.令人震惊的；出色的难句突破1.[With the sudden boom of cars], (a more efficient) road (on which to travel) was[desperately] needed, and the interstate highway system provided that, [allowing travelers to safely and reliably visit other states or destinations closer to home]. 【分析】本句是由and引导的并列句。

英文回答：The subject of the husky epasses a wide range of characteristics, primarily pertaining to the distinctive canine breed recognized for its abundant fur and visually captivating attributes. Huskies are renowned for their resemblance to wolves and aremonly bred for the purpose of sled-pulling and racing. They are a remarkably energetic and astute breed, necessitating substantial physical activity and cognitive engagement to maintain their well-being and contentment. Regarding their physical appearance, huskies typically possess a dense double coat, erect ears, and captivating eyes that may be of a blue, brown, or abination of both hues. Their unparalleled appearance and amiable disposition render them a favored choice for individuals seeking a faithful and dynamicpanion.胡斯基族主题具有广泛的特征，主要涉及因其丰富的毛皮和视觉吸引性特征而得到认可的独特犬种。

名校课堂外研版英语九年级上册听力材料全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Famous Schools Listening Course: My Struggles and TriumphsAh, the dreaded listening section of our English textbook - it has been both my greatest foe and an unexpected ally in mastering the English language. As a ninth grader at one of the top schools, the expectations for English proficiency are sky-high. Little did I know that those seemingly innocuous audio clips would become ingrained in my memory, shaping my journey like an unpredictable roller coaster ride.The very first unit threw me a curveball - a lively conversation between two native speakers, their words blending together like a well-choreographed dance. I strained my ears, frantically scribbling down what I could decipher, only to be met with a sense of bewilderment when the answers were revealed. How could they speak so rapidly without pausing for breath? It felt like an impossible code to crack.Determined not to be deterred, I devised a strategy - listening to each clip multiple times, dissecting every syllable until the language began to untangle itself. Gradually, I trained my ears to discern the nuances, the rhythms, and the subtle inflections that brought the recordings to life. It was akin to learning a new language within a language, and the rewarding "aha" moments made it all worthwhile.The variety of accents and dialects presented a whole new challenge. One moment, I'd be immersed in the clipped tones of a British speaker, and the next, a lilting Southern drawl would throw me for a loop. But with each new voice, I gained a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of the English language. It was as if I was traversing a vast linguistic landscape, each region offering a unique linguistic flavor.Then came the bane of my existence - the dreaded monologues. Lengthy passages delivered at breakneck speed, covering topics ranging from history to science, philosophy to pop culture. I found myself frantically pawing through my notes, struggling to keep up with the rapid-fire delivery. It was a true test of endurance, both mentally and aurally. But with perseverance (and perhaps a few rewinding sessions), I slowlybut surely learned to extract the essential information, like a linguistic archaeologist unearthing buried treasures.Of course, no listening experience would be complete without the occasional curve ball - those deliberately obscured words or phrases designed to challenge even the most seasoned listener. It was as if the textbook authors delighted in our collective frustration, reveling in our furrowed brows and exasperated sighs. Yet, these very moments taught me the art of deduction, of piecing together clues from context and relying on my ever-expanding linguistic intuition.As the year progressed, I found myself not just improving but actively enjoying the listening exercises. What had once been a source of dread transformed into a thrilling puzzle, a linguistic maze that challenged me to push the boundaries of my comprehension. I began to appreciate the nuances of intonation, the subtle shifts in emphasis that could alter the entire meaning of a phrase.By the time the final unit rolled around, I felt like a seasoned veteran, eagerly awaiting the next auditory adventure. The once-intimidating native speakers now sounded like old friends, their cadences and idiosyncrasies as familiar as a well-worn book.I could navigate the twists and turns of their conversations withease, savoring the linguistic journey like a connoisseur appreciating a fine wine.Looking back, those listening materials were more than just a means to an end; they were a gateway into the rich tapestry of the English language. Each clip, each accent, each idiomatic expression wove itself into the fabric of my understanding, shaping my perception and broadening my linguistic horizons.To my fellow students, I say this: embrace the challenges posed by these listening exercises. Revel in the diversity of voices, the intricacies of pronunciation, and the nuances that breathe life into the language. For it is through these struggles that true mastery is achieved, and the English language reveals itself in all its glorious complexity.And who knows? Perhaps one day, we'll be the ones leaving our linguistic imprint on future generations, our voices echoing through the hallowed halls of language learning, inspiring others to embark on their own auditory odysseys.篇2Listening Lessons from New Horizon 9th Grade Vol. 1Hey there! Jessica here, and I'm super stoked to share my thoughts on the listening materials we've been covering in our9th grade English class. We're using this textbook called "New Horizon College English" which is pretty popular at a lot of the top schools around here. I've got to be honest, at first I wasn't too thrilled about having to do all these listening exercises. I kind of thought it would be a snoozefest, you know? But man, was I wrong!The great thing about these materials is how engaging and relevant they are. The dialogues and passages we listen to cover such a cool variety of topics - everything from technology and pop culture to environmental issues and philosophical questions about life. It's not just some boring person droning on about nothing. These are realistic conversations and talks that really make you think.I especially love how many different accents we get exposed to. There are speakers from the US, UK, Australia, India, and more. It's awesome prep for understanding all the various ways English is spoken around the world. My listening comprehension skills have leveled up so much already. Who knew just a few months ago I would struggle to catch thick regional accents and idioms? Now I'm like a pro!The exercises themselves are clever too. It's not just the typical "listen and answer comprehension questions" stuff,although we do get plenty of practice with that. But there are all these other cool activities mixed in that work on specific skills. Some exercises have us focus on recognizing tone, emotions, and implied meanings behind what's said. Others zeroin on tricky idioms, slang, and cultural references.篇3Outside of Class Listening Practice with the Kechuang TextbookHey everyone! For this assignment, I wanted to share my thoughts on the listening materials we've been using from our 9th grade Kechuang English textbook. As someone who has always struggled a bit with listening comprehension, I've found these materials to be really helpful for building my skills.One thing I like about the listening exercises is that they cover such a wide range of topics and accents. We've listened to conversations about everything from school life to travel to environmental issues. And the speakers come from all over the world - America, Britain, Australia, India, and more. It's great practice for understanding different pronunciations and ways of speaking.Of course, some of the accents are definitely trickier for me than others. I have to really concentrate to catch everything when we're listening to someone with a thick regional accent, whether it's a Scottish person or someone from rural Texas. But I know exposing myself to that variety is so valuable. The real world is full of diverse accents, so learning to understand them now will serve me well later.As challenging as it can be, I appreciate how the listening exercises gradually increase in difficulty over the units. The early ones start out pretty straightforward - shorter dialogues between two people without too many idioms or cultural references to trip me up. But as we progress, suddenly there are more speakers, tougher vocabulary, and more abstract or metaphorical language use. It's a great way to build up my skills step-by-step.My favorite types of listening activities are the ones where we get a transcript or some background context before listening. Having that extra support to orient me to the situation makes it so much easier to comprehend everything being said. The exercises where we go in totally blind are a lot harder for me. I find myself constantly rewinding and feeling lost a lot of the time.I've noticed the exercises with videos or visuals are my personal strong suit. For some reason, having those images to connect the words to just clicks for my brain. The fashion show dialogue from Unit 6 was hands-down my best performance because I could anchor what I was hearing to those runway scenes and modeling visuals. Pure audio-only conversations are tougher.In terms of applying strategies, I'm still working on my skills there. Trying to just absorb and understand a whole listening at once is brutal for me. I have more success when I break it into smaller chunks - listening for the gist first, then going back for details. Taking notes helps a ton too. If I can jot down quickly key names, numbers, or other verbal cues, it really anchors my comprehension.Another major area for improvement for me is dealing with unfamiliar vocab or cultural references that come up in listenings. If I blank on comprehending a certain word or phrase, it's so easy for me to get hopelessly derailed and lost. I'm trying to get better at just noting what I missed and moving forward, but it's difficult. Making vocabulary my top priority for preparation would help a lot, I think.Overall, I have to say I'm a big fan of how the Kechuang listening program is structured. The progression is perfect for gradually leveling up my skills. The variety of accents and topics keeps it engaging and applicable to real life. Having associated videos, images, or transcripts provides awesome scaffolding for stronger comprehension. There's no doubt I still have plenty of room for improvement when it comes to listening, but I'm making solid progress.I know building this critical skill will pay major dividends, not just on tests and in the classroom, but anywhere English is spoken. The listening practice may be challenging sometimes, but I'm grateful our textbook is giving me incremental,high-quality reps to work on it. The more extensive my "listening flexibility," the more doors it will open for me to connect and communicate effectively. I'm staying diligent with these exercises to expand my comprehension abilities. Listening is the first step towards communication - wish me luck!。

propagandatechniquesintodaysadvertising原文翻译广告人想从你那里得到生意，他们会用各种各样的聪明的广告标语去得到它。

如果你曾经回应过广告，你就已经对有效的宣传摇摆不定。

你可能把宣传和政府使用的强有力的策略联系起来。

但Ann McClintock提供了证据表示我们每天都是宣传的目标，并且它塑造了我们很多的观点和决定。

似乎无论是孩子还是成年人的美国人都在被怂恿。

他们正在被洗脑。

而且几乎没有人反抗。

为什么？因为怂恿者和洗脑者是我们乐意地邀请他们到我们家里的，我们是受害者，我们满足地，甚至迫切地渴望被害。

我们在报纸和杂志上阅读广告人的宣传文章，我们观看他们极具诱惑力的电视影像。

我们将他们的信息和图像吸收进我们的潜意识里。

我们所有人都在这样做——即便是那些自我感觉看穿了广告人的把戏并且对其魅力有抵抗力的人们。

广告人极其依赖于宣传来销售，无论这产品是牙膏品牌，一个候选人，或者是一个特别的政治观点宣传是为了赢得人们确定的意见和支持而用来影响人们观点的一种系统的努力。

宣传不必要在意对错，好坏。

宣传者只是想让人们相信他们发出的信息。

通常，宣传者将会完全使用谎言或详细的描述去动摇人们的观点，在宣传战中，任何的策略都是公平的。

当我们听见“宣传”这个词，我们常常想到一种异常的恐吓：极权主义政权播放反美广播节目或者对人质实行洗脑策略。

虽然宣传可能看似仅仅与政治领域有关系，但是，这种理念可以广泛的被采用到产品和理念销售中去。

事实上，绝大多数人都是广告宣传战中的目标。

每天，我们都被标语，宣传报和弹窗广告，商广告，包装报道，广告牌，商标，标志和设计品牌——宣传的所有形式炮轰。

一份调查显示，我们每一个人，平均每天被五百条不同类型的广告所侵染。

这种浸透可能在未来还会增长，因为当前的倾向是电影荧幕，商品车，音频磁带甚至公用电视都充斥着广告。

广告宣传技术有哪些类型？这儿有七种基本的类型。

对骂：对骂是一种宣传策略中带用消极的名字打击对方一侧或竞争对手。

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the country, and emphasized the true relationships between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South, Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains, and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that portrayed local life in the California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the countrys most outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a crueland merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainlydiscuss?(A) The influence of science on literature(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism2. The word prevailed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) dominated(B) transformed(C) entered(D) generalized3. The word they in line 8 refers to(A) authors(B) dialects(C) stories(D) relationships4. According to the passage , a highly significant factor in the development of realist andnaturalist literature was(A) the Civil War(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech(D) an economic depression5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT(A) human relationships(B) characteristics of different regions(C) the idealization of life(D) social and historical theories6. The word depicted in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) emphasized(B) described(C) criticized(D) classified7. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style8. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?(A) Ellen Glasgow(B) Sarah Orne Jewett(C) Hamlin Garland(D) Mark Twain9. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he(A) was the first realist writer in the United States(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach(C) wrote humorous stories and novels(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech10. The word foremost in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) most difficult(B) interesting(C) most focused(D) leading11. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage ?(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C托福阅读真题2The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady sellerbecause their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Laws governing the printing industry.(B) Competition among printers(C) Types of publications produced(D) Advances in printing technology2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle majorprojects.(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly(B) were in great demand in European markets(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists4. The word they in line 17 refers to(A) chapbooks(B) tales(C) jokes(D) pages5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) predecessor(B) format(C) imitation(D) component6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by(A) fine paper(B) cardboard covers(C) elaborate decoration(D) a large number of pages7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) dependable(B) respectable(C) enduring(D) attractive8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) topic(B) season(C) interest(D) place10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) Broadsides (line 6)(B) catechisms (line 15)(C) chapbooks (line l6)(D) Almanacs (line 25)PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB托福阅读真题3Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland, in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who settled in New Amsterdam (todays Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642 described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers gardens. They were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tatehams Great and Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the journey between Europe and North Americacreated many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa, they established a regular demand for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.1. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?2. The word integral in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) interesting(B) fundamental(C) ornamental(D) overlooked3. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?(A) Central Asia(B) Western Europe(C) India(D) North America4. The word flourished in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) were discovered(B) were marketed(C) combined(D) thrived5. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in order toillustrate how(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another6. The word grumbled in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) denied(B) warned(C) complained(D) explained7. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in theirgardens was that tulips(A) were easy to grow(B) had become readily available(C) made them appear fashionable(D) reminded them of home8. The word they in line 20 refers to(A) tulips(B) plains(C) immigrants(D) plants9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred in English gardens duringthe European settlement of North America?(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.10. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation oftulips into North America?(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.(B) They often failed to survive the journey.(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB。

Unit 1 Pub Talk and the King's English1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1)Conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings。

2.Conversation is not for making a point。

(para 2)Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view。

3.In fact， the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose 。

（para 2)In fact ，a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives。

（para 3）People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives。

5.it could still go ignorantly on （para 6）The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef （boeuf). （para 9) These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat , we call their meat beef。

马丁路德金Where_do_we_go_from_here我们向何处去？马丁.路德.金1．为了回答“我们向何处去”这一问题，我们现在必须明确我们的现状。

当初拟定宪法时，一个不可思议的公式规定黑人在纳税和选举权方面只是一个完整人的60%。

如今又一个匪夷所思的公式似乎规定黑人只盂交纳一个人应交税的50%，只享受一个人应享受的选举权利的50%。

对于生活中的好事，黑人大约只享有白人所享受的一半；而生活中的不愉快，黑人却要承受白人所面对的两倍。

因此，所有黑人中有一半人住着低标准的住房。

并且黑人的收入只是白人的一半。

每当审视生活中的负面经历时，黑人总是占双倍的份额。

黑人无业者是白人的两倍。

黑人婴儿的死亡率是白人的两倍，从黑人所占的总人口比率上看，在越南死亡的黑人是白人的两倍。

2．其他领域也有同样惊人的数字。

在小学，黑人比白人落后一至三年，并且他们的被白人隔离的学校的学生人均所得到的补贴比白人的学校少得多。

20个上大学的学生中，只有一个是黑人。

在职的黑人中75%的人从事低收入、单凋乏味的非技术性工作。

3．这就是我们的现状。

我们的出路在哪里?首先，我们必须维护自己的尊严和价值。

我们必须与仍压迫我们的制度抗争，从而树立崇高的不可诋毁的价值观。

我们再不能因为是自已黑人而感到羞耻。

几百年来灌输黑人是卑微的、无足轻重的，因此要唤起他们做人的尊严绝非易事。

4．甚至语义学似乎也合谋把黑色的说成足丑陋的、卑劣的。

罗杰特分类词典中与黑色相关的词有120个，其中至少60个微词匿影藏形，例如。

污渍、煤烟、狰狞的、魔鬼和恶臭的。

而与白色相关的词约有134个，它们却毫无例外都褒嘉洋溢，诸如纯洁、洁净、贞洁和纯真此类词等。

白色的(善意的)谎言总比黑色的(恶意的)谎言要好。

家中最为人所不齿的人是“黑羊”，即败家子。

奥西．戴维斯曾建议或许应重造英语语言，从而教师将不再迫不得已因教黑人孩子60种方式蔑视自己而使他们继续怀有不应有的自卑感，因教白人孩子134种方式宠爱自己而使他们继续怀有不应有的优越感。

英国文学考前复习笔记English LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks (15 points)1. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions,Pagan and Christian.2. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest survivingepic in the English language.3. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth are generally regarded asShakespeare’s four great tragedies.4. The full nam e of T. S. Elliot is Thom as Stearns Eliot.5. The rhym e schem e of Shakespearean Sonnet is m ade up of three quatrains withdifferent rhym es, followed by a couplet. The rhym e schem e is ababcdcdefefgg. 6. The Canterbury Tales ----Geoffrey ChaucerThe father of English poetry, heroic couplet英雄双韵体7. Francis Bacon—写什么出名，代表作Essays《论说文集》（Of Studies ,Of Marriage and Single Life）Advancem ent of Learning《学术的推进》New Instrum ent《新工具》New Atlantis《新大西岛》8. Thom as More---Utopia, 开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河Book I: dialogue between More and a traveler, Rapael HythlodayBook II: (the em phasis)9.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》---Christopher MarloweTamburlaine（the Great ）《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》10. William Wordsworth and Sam uel Taylor Coleridge—Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wandered Lonely as a CloudLines Com posed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》Ode: Intim ations of Imm ortality《不朽颂》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割女》Lucy Poem s《露茜》11. The Pilgrim’s Progress--John Bunyan12. Robert Burns---an excellent native poet of Scotlandhis poem s written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects1) Political poem s --- The Tree of Liberty自由树;2) Satirical poem s讽刺诗--- Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷, The Twa Dogs两只狗3) Lyrics 抒情诗--- My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在高原, A Red, Red Rose,Auld Lang Syne13. Metaphysical形而上学，玄学派John Donne& Sam uel JohnsonMetaphysical PoetryThe basic features of Metaphysical poetry are its “wit”or “conceit”.“Wit” m eans being clever at “yok[ing]” the m ost heterogeneous 混杂的，不同的ideas together by violence so as to impress people“conceit”denotes a fantastic fancy or way of thinking in the form of peculiar 特有的, ingenious巧妙的, knotty费解的, m any-sided多种意思的m etaphors.①Sam uel Johnson---London《伦敦》The History of Rasslelas, Prince of Abyssinia《阿比尼亚王子刺塞拉斯的故事》②John Donne“The FleaHoly Sonnet 1014. Alexander Pope新古典主义的代表—Pope’s major contributions to English literatureHe perfected the heroic couplet.He weeded除去feeling and em otion successfully out of poetry.major worksThe translation of Hom erEssay on Criticism (1711)《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1712) 《卷发遇劫记》An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)《与阿布斯诺博士书》The Dunciad (1743) 《愚人志》Essay on Man (1733) 《论人》An “ethic道德的work”Epistle I --- a summary of the basic concepts of wide currency in England and Europe at the tim e;Epistle II --- the nature of human and the condition of hum anEpistle III --- man’s role in societyEpistle IV --- man’s happinessThem e--- conveys a dialectical concept of human nature and life；--- duality through an analysis of the divinity as well as lim itation of hum an beings；--- emphasis of the Comm on Road, or balance between ration and passion.Poetic pattern: heroic couplet15. Thom as Gray--Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园哀歌》● a m asterpiece of lyric●Them e: a sentimental m editation upon life and death, esp. of the comm onrural people, whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and m eaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentam eter lines rhy m ing ABAB●Mood: m elanc holy, calm●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---m usical/rhythm ic,---controlled and restrained,---polished language16. Thom as Hardy（1840-1928）19世纪末20世纪初十九世纪90年代完成的两部作品Tess of the D’Urbervilles1891Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Novels of Char acter and Environm ent◆The m ost pastoral田园式的of Hardy’s novelsHow does Hardy portray the tragic destiny of Tess?◆Language features1. Dialects of the Villagers2. Ungrammatical Sentences◆Structural featuresThe Division of Seven PhasesRepetition of Sim ilar Incidents◆The description of the nature◆The description of the landscape 1 Fire2 Sun 3 Valley 4 Woods◆The description of the animals1 BirdsJude the Obscure1895◆Hardy’s last novel◆The m ost urban novel◆Jude, Arabella, Sue Bridehead, Phillotson, Father Tim e◆17. John Milton—◆Paradise Lost◆Paradise Regained◆Samson Agonistes18. George Gordon Byron—Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan a l ong but great epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present stateof society”.She Walks in BeautyThe poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef”rhym e.Byronic heroByron’s chief contribution to English poetry.heroic of noble birthpassionaterebelliousindividualII. Choose the best answer for each blank. (40 points)1. The story of is the culm ination of the Arthurian rom ances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Story of BeowulfC. Piers the plowmanD. The Canterbury Tales2. The m ost fam ous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called .A. Morte d’ArtherB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers the plowman3. The first complete English Bible was translated by , “the m orning star of the Reform ation”, and his follows.A. William TyndalB. Jam es IC. John WycliffeD. Bishop Lancelot Andrewes4. English Renaissance Period was an age of .A. prose and novelB. poetry and dram aC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs5. Alexander Pope6. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of pre-rom anticism were .A. Alexander PopeB. William BlakeC. Robert BurnsD. Joseph Addison7. Which poet belongs to the Lakers? .A. George Gordon ByronB. William WordsworthC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. John Keats8. Which of the following writers belong to English critical realists? .A. Charles DickensB. John KeatsC. Charlotte BronteD. Thomas Hardy9. John Keats—Ode on a Grecian UrnEndym ion《恩底弥翁》长诗Isabella《伊莎贝拉》The Eve of Saint Agnes《圣阿格尼斯之夜》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》one of the greatest English poets and a m ajor figure in the Rom antic m ovem ent 10. Great Expectations 1860 ---Charles DickensDickens’m asterpiecea novel of growth or developm entThe them eThe basic thematic pattern is surprisingly Rom antic in nature, i.e. country vs.city, and innocence vs. experience.The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)Oliver Twist (1838)The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店(1840-1841)Dombey and Son 董贝父子(1846-1848)David Copperfield (1849)Bleak House (1852)A Tale of Two Cities (1854)A great Victorian novelistOne of the m ost popular writers in the world of literature11. The Bronte SistersCharlotte BronteJane Eyre (1847)Shirley (1849)Villette维莱特(1853)The professor (1857)她与艾米丽，安妮诗歌合集Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton BellEm ily BronteWuthering Heights (1847)Anne BronteAgnes Grey (1847)The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》12. Oscar Wilde—19世纪唯美主义Aesthetic [i?s?θet?k] Movem ent在英国的代言人The Picture of Dorian Gray道林格雷的画像Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫The Importance of Being EarnestSalomeThe Happy Prince and Other Tales13. novelists of the “stream of consciousness”schoolJam es Joyce--Araby 《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf--Mrs. Dalloway14. David Herbert Lawrence--English novelist, poet, and short story writer.NovelsThe White Peacock白孔雀—---第一部小说Sons and LoversThe RainbowWomen in LoveLady Chatterley's LoverThe Rocking-Horse Winner木马赢家15. Jane Austen●English writer, who first gave the novel its m odern character through thetreatment of everyday life.●Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists.Works:●Sense and Sensibility (1811)●Pride and Prejudice (1813)●Mansfield Park(1814)●Emma(1815)●Northanger Abbey(1818) 诺桑觉寺●Persuasion(1818) 劝导16. My Last Duchess is a dramatic m onologue戏剧独白Robert Browning----Browning is rem embered for a couple of things he did for m odern poetry: His experim ent and use of the dramatic m onologue and his contribution to the discoveryof the m ythical m ethod and sym bolism in the writing ofpsychological poetry.17. Alfred TennysonBreak，Break，Breakthe poet laureate 桂冠诗人after the death of Wordsworth in 1850维多利亚时期主要诗人18岁时和其兄出版Poem s by Two Brothers《两兄弟诗集》The Princess公主(1847),In Memoriam悼念(1850),Maud毛黛(1855),Enoch Arden (1864),伊诺克阿登Idylls of the King (1869-1872)国王之歌III. Find the relevant m atch from colum n B for each item in colum n A (10 points) Francis Bacon，见选择7William Blake，The Songs of Innocence，The Songs of Experience，The Lamb，The Tyger，The Sick RoseSam uel Taylor Coleridge，The Rim e of The Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan忽必烈汗, Christabel克里斯塔贝尔，Biographia Literaria文学传记Percy Bysshe Shelley，Ode to the West Wind，Queen Mab, The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛，Prom etheus Unbound，The Cenci钦契，Adonais阿多尼，England in1819.，A Defence of Poetry《诗变》William Shakespeare，Henry IV(1590-91)Love’s Labor’s Lost (1590)Richard III (1593)Rom eo and Juliet (1595)A Midsumm er Night’s Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)the Merry Wives of Windsor (1597),As You Like It (1599)Julius Caesar(1599?)Hamlet (1601)Othello (1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth (1606)Antony and Cleopatra (1607)and Tim on of Athens (1607All’s Well That Ends Well (1603)Measure for Measure (1603Cym beline(1609)Winter’s Tale(1610-11)The Tempest(1611).Thom as Hardy，◆Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵林下◆Far from the Mad ding Crowd远离尘嚣◆The Return of the Native还乡◆The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureWilliam Butler Yeats叶芝The Second Com ing，The Celtic Twilight，Four Years，The Countess CathleenThe Hour Glass ，The Land Of Heart's DesireRosa Alchem ica ，Stories of Red Hanrahan ，Synge And The Ireland Of His Tim e ，Out of the Rose ，The Heart of the Spring ，The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows ，The Old Men of the Twilight ，Where There is Nothing, There is God ，Of Costello the ProudPoetry A Prayer For My Daughter Aedh Wishes For The Clothes Of Heaven Against Unworthy PraiseLapis LazuliLeda And The SwanNo Second TroyThe Crucifixion Of The OutcastThe DollsThe MaskThe Second Com ingThe Secret RoseThe Shadowy WatersThe Song of the Happy ShepherdThe Stolen ChildThe Three BeggarsThe T owerThe Two TreesThe WheelThe Wild Swans At CooleThe Wisdom Of The KingTo A Young BeautyTo The Rose Upon The Rood Of Tim e Towards Break Of DayWhat Was LostWhen You Are OldT. S. Elliot--Thom as Stearns EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Gerontion (1920) 《小老头》The Waste Land荒原The Hollow Man空心人Ash WednesdayFour QuartetsSweeney Agonistes 《力士斯维尼》Murder in the Cathedral《大教堂谋杀案》The Cocktail Party《鸡尾酒会》The Confidential Clerk《机要秘书》Paradise Lost----John MiltonPride and Prejudice---Jane AustenJane Eyre---Charlotte BronteGreat Expectations----Charles DickensSons and Lovers---D. H. LawrenceThe Merchant of Venice--- William ShakespeareRobinson Crusoe---Daniel DefoeTess of the D’Urbervilles---Thom as HardyPygmalion皮哥马利翁-----George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳还要注意作品中人物ⅣV. Answer questions according to the given passage. (21 points)Break, Break, Break,1哗啦，哗啦，哗啦，冲上阴冷的礁石，啊海浪！愿我的语言能够表达埋藏心底的惆怅。

雅思阅读素材累积： Hustling spires雅思阅读：Hustling spiresA psychological leap is—both in British academia needed and inWestminsterEMO OF FRIESLAND was O arket, second only to America.But the business is changing. In addition tothe traditional Anglophonecompetitors for foreign students, many continentalEuropean places now teach inEnglish. Countries that once consumed internationaleducation now provide it ：Singapore is well on its way to becoming a regional hub. Universities (includingBritish ones) are setting up campuses across borders.In short, students havemore choice than ever; they are less likely to toleratebeing fee fodder tosubsidise Britons' education just because a brochureboasts an ancient-lookingcrest.To flourish, British universities and theirpolitical masters must make ahost of small changes and one huge one. The formermostly involve marketing.There is remarkably little differentiation now：Oxbridge colleges and formerpolytechnics all seem to have the same blurbs, which canlead foreign studentsto think they have been sold a pup. Too many universitiesthink their job isdone after the last exam ： in fact forging strong alumninetworks overseas isgood for recruitment, good for ex-students and good fortheir alma maters' bankbalances.A geographic bias must be corrected too. China has been the big story, itsstudents flooding Western campuses. Britain targetedthat market well. But asthat one-child country ages, India is the place to go for.Britain is belatedlytrying to fix a change to the visa regime that angeredmany Indian students inparticular by appearing to lump them in withsubcontinental terrorists. There istalk of British universities teaming up with Indian ones. But more could bedone.The huge change is psychological：stop thinking of foreign students as mugsto be overcharged to subsidise poor Britons. That has never worked in anybusiness and it is not going to work in this one.Rather concentrate on makingBritish universities as good as possible. That aboveall means allowing them tocharge domestic students something close to the real cost of theireducation.This is fair ：the average value of an education to the recipient exceeds thedirest estimates of the fees involved. It also creates a virtuous circle.Better-funded universities can hire more good professors and build more modernlaboratories. Britons will get a better education, and itwill attract moreforeign students too—who can help pay for more.The man with the chequebook is your studentWith their famous names and skilled workers,Britain's universities are inthe same state as its motorbike-makers and banks were half a century ago. Oneclung to state handouts and the idea that people hadno choice ： it disappeared.The other decided to sell to the world and deregulated.For all the City ofLondon's recent travails, it is surely a better model for Oxford, Cambridge etal than the likes of the BSA Triumph.。

the tools stutz phil 英文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Tools - Stutz Phil (English edition)Introduction:"The Tools" is a self-help book by Phil Stutz and Barry Michels that provides readers with practical tools and strategies to overcome self-doubt, fear, and other obstacles that may be holding them back in life. The book offers a unique approach to personal development, using a blend of psychological techniques and spiritual principles to help readers tap into their inner strength and unlock their full potential.Chapter 1: The Reversal of DesireThe first tool discussed in the book is "The Reversal of Desire," which involves turning your negative emotions and desires into positive motivations for change. By recognizing and acknowledging our negative thoughts and feelings, we can learn to transform them into sources of inspiration and fuel for growth.Chapter 2: Active Love"Active Love" is the second tool presented in the book, which encourages readers to cultivate a sense of unconditional love and compassion for themselves and others. By practicing active love, we can transcend our own self-centeredness and connect more deeply with the people around us, fostering a sense of unity and understanding.Chapter 3: Inner AuthorityThe third tool, "Inner Authority," focuses on developing a sense of inner strength and confidence that allows us to navigate life's challenges with grace and resilience. By tapping into our inner authority, we can overcome self-doubt and fear, and cultivate a sense of empowerment that enables us to take control of our lives.Chapter 4: The Grateful Flow"The Grateful Flow" is the fourth tool discussed in the book, which emphasizes the importance of gratitude and appreciation in cultivating a positive mindset and outlook on life. By practicing gratitude regularly, we can shift our focus away from negativity and scarcity, and instead embrace abundance and joy in our daily lives.Chapter 5: JeopardyThe fifth tool, "Jeopardy," challenges readers to confront their deepest fears and insecurities, and take bold risks that push them outside of their comfort zones. By facing our fears head-on, we can break free from limiting beliefs and behaviors, and open ourselves up to new possibilities and growth.Conclusion:"The Tools" offers readers a practical and transformative guide to overcoming self-doubt, fear, and other obstacles that may be hindering their personal growth and success. By implementing the tools and strategies presented in the book, readers can tap into their inner strength, cultivate a sense of empowerment, and unlock their full potential. With its blend of psychological techniques and spiritual principles, "The Tools" provides a holistic approach to personal development that can help readers navigate life's challenges with grace and resilience.篇2The Tools by Stutz and Phil is a self-help book that focuses on providing readers with practical strategies to overcome obstacles, improve mental health, and achieve personal growth. In this book, the authors introduce five essential tools that canhelp individuals navigate through life's challenges and unlock their full potential.The first tool introduced in the book is "the reversal of desire." This tool emphasizes the importance of embracing discomfort and facing fears in order to grow and evolve. By learning to lean into discomfort and face challenges head-on, individuals can cultivate resilience and develop a greater sense of self-awareness.The second tool discussed in the book is "active love." This tool centers around the concept of unconditional love and acceptance of oneself and others. By practicing compassion and forgiveness, individuals can cultivate stronger relationships, create emotional intimacy, and foster a sense of connectedness with those around them.The third tool presented in the book is "inner authority." This tool focuses on empowering individuals to trust their instincts, listen to their intuition, and make decisions that align with their values and beliefs. By reclaiming their inner authority, individuals can develop a greater sense of self-confidence, autonomy, and authenticity.The fourth tool introduced in the book is "the grateful flow." This tool highlights the importance of practicing gratitude andappreciating the blessings in life. By cultivating a mindset of gratitude, individuals can shift their focus from scarcity to abundance, enhance their overall well-being, and attract more positivity into their lives.The fifth tool discussed in the book is "the no-complaint tool." This tool focuses on eliminating negativity and fostering a mindset of positivity and optimism. By reframing negative thoughts, practicing mindfulness, and choosing to focus on solutions rather than problems, individuals can cultivate a more resilient mindset and enhance their overall mental health.Overall, The Tools by Stutz and Phil offers readers a practical and actionable guide to overcoming obstacles, improving mental health, and achieving personal growth. By implementing the strategies outlined in this book, individuals can develop the resilience, self-awareness, and emotional intelligence needed to navigate through life's challenges and unlock their full potential.篇3Stutz Phil is a highly popular and widely used tool in the field of data analytics. It has gained immense popularity due to its advanced features and capabilities that make data analysis easier and more effective. In this article, we will explore the variousfeatures and benefits of Stutz Phil, as well as some tips and best practices for using this tool effectively.One of the key features of Stutz Phil is its user-friendly interface, which makes it easy for both beginners and experienced professionals to navigate and use the tool. The dashboard is well-organized and provides easy access to all the necessary functions and tools for data analysis. Users can easily import their data sets, perform various analyses, and generate insightful visualizations with just a few clicks.Another important feature of Stutz Phil is its powerful data manipulation capabilities. Users can easily filter, sort, and transform their data sets to extract valuable insights and make informed decisions. The tool also provides a wide range of statistical functions and algorithms for advanced data analysis, such as regression analysis, cluster analysis, and time series analysis.Stutz Phil also offers a variety of visualization options to help users better understand their data and communicate their findings effectively. Users can create interactive dashboards, charts, graphs, and maps to visualize their data in a clear and engaging way. The tool also provides customization options,allowing users to personalize their visualizations to suit their specific needs and requirements.In addition to its advanced features, Stutz Phil also offers excellent performance and scalability. It can handle large and complex data sets with ease, allowing users to analyze massive amounts of data quickly and efficiently. The tool is also highly reliable and stable, ensuring that users can trust their results and make confident decisions based on their findings.To make the most of Stutz Phil, it is important for users to follow some best practices. Firstly, users should ensure that their data is clean and well-organized before importing it into the tool. This will help prevent errors and ensure the accuracy of the analysis results. Users should also take the time to explore all the available functions and tools in Stutz Phil to fully leverage its capabilities.Overall, Stutz Phil is a powerful and versatile tool that offers a wide range of features and benefits for data analysis. Itsuser-friendly interface, advanced data manipulation capabilities, and excellent performance make it an ideal choice for professionals in various industries. By following best practices and utilizing the tool effectively, users can unlock the full potential of their data and make more informed decisions.。

2025年研究生考试考研英语(二204)模拟试卷及答案指导一、完型填空（10分）In the following passage, there are 20 blanks. For each blank, choose the most appropriate word or phrase from the options given. Write the corresponding letter (A, B, C, D, or E) in the blank.The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives, and its influence on society is both vast and far-reaching. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. However, this digital transformation also brings about numerous challenges and ethical issues.1.The Internet has transformed the way we ______________, making communication more convenient and efficient.A. interactB. travelC. studyD. workE. exercise2.Social media platforms have______________our lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family across the globe.A. enrichedB. constrainedC. isolatedD. interruptedE. diminished3.The Internet has made access to information ______________, enabling us to find answers to our questions within seconds.A. limitedB. expensiveC. overwhelmingD. effortlessE. inaccessible4.E-commerce has______________the traditional retail industry, leading toa shift in consumer behavior.A. enhancedB. weakenedC. diversifiedD. disruptedE. stabilized5.However, the______________of the Internet also raises concerns about privacy and security.A. innovationB. popularityC. complexityD. accessibilityE. diversity6.Cyberbullying has become a significant issue, affecting the mental health of many ______________.A. individualsB. companiesC. organizationsD. governmentsE. schools7.The______________of the Internet has made it easier for people to spread false information, leading to misinformation and confusion.A. decentralizationB. centralizationC. globalizationD. localizationE. isolation8.Many______________argue that the Internet is a double-edged sword, with both positive and negative impacts on society.A. expertsB. politiciansC. economistsD. journalistsE. educators9.To mitigate the negative impacts of the Internet, it is crucial to promote______________and ethical behavior.A. innovationB. regulationC. freedomD. technologyE. diversityernments around the world are working on______________policies to address the challenges posed by the Internet.A. economicB. socialC. environmentalD. educationalE. healthcare11.The Internet has______________the way we consume media, with video streaming services becoming increasingly popular.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized12.Online shopping has______________the retail sector, with more consumers opting to purchase products online.A. revitalizedB. diminishedC. diversifiedD. stabilizedE. disrupted13.The Internet has______________the speed of information dissemination, making it easier for news to reach a wider audience.A. slowed downB. acceleratedC. limitedD. diversifiedE. stabilized14.Cybersecurity is a critical concern, as______________pose a threat to the privacy and security of individuals and organizations.A. hackersB. virusesC. regulationsD. algorithmsE. consumers15.The Internet has______________the way we learn, with online education becoming more prevalent.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized16.Many______________believe that the Internet has a positive impact on education, making learning more accessible and engaging.A. expertsB. politiciansC. economistsD. journalistsE. educators17.The______________of the Internet has made it easier for people to share and exchange knowledge.A. decentralizationB. centralizationC. globalizationD. localizationE. isolation18.Online communities have______________the way we interact with others,allowing us to connect with like-minded individuals.A. enrichedB. constrainedC. isolatedD. interruptedE. diminished19.The Internet has______________the way we conduct business, making it easier to reach a global audience.A. revolutionizedB. preservedC. duplicatedD. diminishedE. stabilized20.Despite the challenges, the Internet remains a powerful tool that can______________our lives and society as a whole.A. enhanceB. limitC. disruptD. isolateE. diminishAnswer: AThe correct answer for the first blank is “interact,” as it is the mostappropriate word to describe the transformation of communication brought about by the Internet.二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）First QuestionPassageIn the heart of the bustling city of London, there stands an old library known for its vast collection of rare books and manuscripts. Established in the early 19th century, the London Literary Society Library has been a beacon of knowledge and a sanctuary for scholars from all over the world. Its wooden shelves groan under the weight of centuries-old wisdom, preserved within the yellowed pages of countless volumes.In recent years, however, the library has faced a significant challenge. With the advent of digital technology and the internet, fewer people visit the physical space, opting instead for the convenience of online resources. The library’s trustees have had to make some tough decisions about how to preserve the library’s heritage while also ensuring its relevance in the modern age.One innovative solution proposed by the librarian, Ms. Amelia Thompson, w as to digitize the collection. This would not only make the library’s treasures accessible to a wider audience but would also help preserve the fragile materials by reducing the need for physical handling. The proposal met with initial resistance from some purists who feared that the charm and experience of turningthe pages of a centuries-old book would be lost forever. However, after a successful pilot project where a few hundred texts were digitized and made available online, the benefits became clear, and support for the initiative grew.Today, the London Literary Society Library stands as a testament to the power of blending tradition with innovation. It continues to welcome visitors eager to explore its physical collection, while also serving a global community through its digital platform.Questions1、What is the main challenge faced by the London Literary Society Library? Answer: The main challenge faced by the library is the decrease in physical visits due to the preference for digital and online resources.2、Who proposed the idea of digitizing the library’s collection? Answer: The idea was proposed by the librarian, Ms. Amelia Thompson.3、What concern did some purists raise about the digitization plan? Answer: Some purists were concerned that the charm and experience of handling centuries-old books would be lost.4、How did the library address the concerns raised by the purists? Answer: The library addressed the concerns by conducting a successful pilot project which demonstrated the benefits of digitization.5、What does the passage suggest about the current state of the library? Answer: The passage suggests that the library now successfully blendstraditional methods with modern innovations, serving both local visitors and a global online community.第二题Reading PassageIn the small town of Willow Creek, nestled between rolling hills and a serene lake, there stood an old, ivy-covered library that had been a cornerstone of the community since the late 19th century. The Willow Creek Library was more than just a repository of books; it was a place where dreams were nurtured, knowledge was shared, and memories were made.The library was founded by a group of visionary citizens who believed in the power of education and the importance of preserving cultural heritage. Over the years, the library had seen many changes, but its core mission remained the same. It was a place where people of all ages could come to learn, grow, and connect.One of the most beloved features of the Willow Creek Library was its children’s section. Here, young readers discovered the magic of storytelling through the pages of beloved classics and the latest chapter books. The children’s librarian, Mrs.Thompson, was known far and wide for her engaging storytelling sessions and her ability to connect with the young minds that visited her corner of the library.The library also had a strong commitment to the local community. It hosted a variety of events, from book clubs and author readings to educational workshopsand art exhibitions. These events brought people together and fostered a sense of community pride.However, as the years passed, the Willow Creek Library faced new challenges. The rise of digital media and the shift towards online learning threatened the traditional role of the library. Many feared that the library might fade into obscurity, becoming just another relic of the past.Despite these challenges, the Willow Creek Library remained resilient. It adapted to the changing times by offering new services, such as e-books, online research databases, and technology workshops. It also continued to be a beacon of hope and a source of inspiration for the community.One summer afternoon, a young girl named Emily visited the library for the first time. She had always been fascinated by books and stories, but she had never found a place that felt like home. That day, as she wandered through the aisles, she stumbled upon the children’s section. She was immediately drawn to Mrs. Thompson, who was leading a storytelling session. The session was magical, and Emily knew she had found her sanctuary.The Willow Creek Library had a profound impact on Emily’s life. It sparked her love for reading, encouraged her curiosity, and provided her with a safe space to explore the world beyond her small town. She grew up to become a librarian herself, inspired by the legacy of the Willow Creek Library.Questions1、What was the original mission of the Willow Creek Library?2、Which section of the library was particularly beloved by young readers?3、What events did the library host that brought the community together?4、How did the Willow Creek Library adapt to the changing times?5、What impact did the Willow Creek Library have on Emily’s life?Answers1、The original mission of the Willow Creek Library was to provide a place for education, knowledge sharing, and cultural heritage preservation.2、The children’s section was particularly beloved by young readers.3、The library hosted events such as book clubs, author readings, educational workshops, and art exhibitions that brought the community together.4、The Willow Creek Library adapted to the changing times by offering new services like e-books, online research databases, and technology workshops.5、The Willow Creek Library had a profound impact on Emily’s life by sparking her love for reading, encouraging her curiosity, and providing her with a safe space to explore the world beyond her small town.Third QuestionPassage:In the heart of Africa lies a vast rainforest known as the Congo Basin. It is the second-largest tropical forest in the world, covering approximately 3 million square kilometers and supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna. The Congo Basin is home to more than 10,000 plant species, over 400 mammal species, and countless insects. However, the Congo Basin faces numerous threats,including deforestation due to agricultural expansion, logging, and mining activities. Conservation efforts have been ongoing, but they require international cooperation to be truly effective.Questions:1、What is the Congo Basin primarily noted for?A. Its vast desert landscapesB. Its extensive tropical forestC. Its large urban areasD. Its mountainous terrainAnswer: B2、How many plant species are mentioned as being native to the Congo Basin?A. Over 100B. Less than 1,000C. More than 10,000D. Exactly 5,000Answer: C3、Which of the following is NOT listed as a threat to the Congo Basin?A. Agricultural expansionB. LoggingC. Mining activitiesD. OverpopulationAnswer: D4、What does the passage suggest is necessary for successful conservation of the Congo Basin?A. Local government policies aloneB. Only financial support from non-governmental organizationsC. Efforts led exclusively by African nationsD. International cooperationAnswer: D5、Based on the information provided, which of the following best describes the C ongo Basin’s biodiversity?A. Limited and unremarkableB. Rich and varied with numerous plant and animal speciesC. Dominated by a few species of plants and animalsD. Focused primarily on marine lifeAnswer: BThis is a simulated section of the exam designed for practice purposes. Each question is followed by its correct answer to facilitate self-assessment. Please note that this passage and questions are fictional and not taken from any actual exam.第四题The rise of the Internet has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, access information, and even conduct business. This technological revolution has not only transformed our daily lives but alsoreshaped the traditional media landscape. In this article, we will explore the impact of the Internet on the media industry and its implications for society.The Internet has revolutionized the way we consume news and information. Traditional media outlets, such as newspapers and television stations, have faced increased competition from online platforms. Websites like Google, Facebook, and Twitter have become the primary sources of news for many people. However, this shift has raised concerns about the quality and accuracy of information disseminated online. The rapid spread of false news and the difficulty in verifying information have become significant challenges in the digital age.Moreover, the Internet has changed the dynamics of media ownership and control. In the past, a few large media conglomerates held significant power over the content that was distributed to the public. Today, the Internet has democratized information, allowing individuals and small organizations to create and share content with a global audience. This shift has given rise to a diverse range of voices and perspectives, which can be both beneficial and problematic.1、What is the main topic of the article?A. The advantages of the Internet in the media industryB. The impact of the Internet on traditional mediaC. The challenges of the digital ageD. The role of social media in shaping public opinion2、Which of the following statements is true about the Internet’s impact on news consumption?A. It has increased the quality and accuracy of news.B. It has decreased the importance of traditional media outlets.C. It has made it easier to verify the accuracy of information.D. It has increased the control of media conglomerates over information.3、What is the author’s attitude towards the democratization of information on the Internet?A. He is optimistic about its potential benefits.B. He is concerned about the lack of quality control.C. He believes it is a threat to traditional media.D. He is indifferent to the changes in media ownership.4、According to the article, what are the main challenges of the digital age regarding information?A. The difficulty in verifying the accuracy of information.B. The loss of privacy and personal data.C. The spread of false news and misinformation.D. The decline of traditional media outlets.5、How has the Internet changed the dynamics of media ownership and control?A. It has increased the power of media conglomerates.B. It has decreased the influence of traditional media outlets.C. It has allowed individuals and small organizations to create and sharecontent with a global audience.D. It has made it easier for governments to control information.Answers:1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Postgraduate Entrance Examination English (II)Part III: New Type Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passage carefully. The passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.PassageIn recent years, the impact of technology on education has become a subject of intense debate among educators and policymakers. With the advent of digital tools such as tablets, laptops, and online learning platforms, students have unprecedented access to educational resources. However, critics argue thatthese technological advances may not necessarily lead to better educational outcomes. They point out that while technology can enhance the accessibility of information, it does not guarantee improved comprehension or retention of material. Moreover, there is concern that reliance on technology might undermine the development of essential skills like critical thinking and problem-solving.On the other hand, proponents of integrating technology into the classroom believe that it is a necessary step towards modernizing education. They claim that digital literacy is becoming increasingly important in today’s job market, and thus schools should prepare students accordingly. Furthermore, technology can be used to personalize learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and paces, which traditional methods often fail to achieve effectively.The debate also extends to the issue of equality. While some argue that technology can help bridge the gap between different socio-economic groups by providing equal access to quality education, others worry about the digital divide, where those without access to these tools are at a disadvantage.Ultimately, whether the integration of technology in education is beneficial depends on how it is implemented and the broader educational goals it serves.Questions:1.According to the passage, what is one concern raised by critics regarding the use of technology in education?A) It distracts students from their studies.B) It reduces the need for physical textbooks.C) It may hinder the development of critical thinking skills.D) It increases the cost of education for students.2.What do supporters of technology in education claim?A) Technology ensures equal educational opportunities for all.B) Digital literacy is irrelevant in today’s workforce.C) Personalized learning cannot be achieved without technology.D) Technology can adapt to the individual needs of learners.3.Which of the following is mentioned as a potential benefit of using technology in education?A) It guarantees better academic performance.B) It enhances the memorization of facts.C) It helps in preparing students for the current job market.D) It eliminates the need for teachers.4.What does the passage suggest about the relationship between technology and equality in education?A) Technology has no impact on educational equality.B) Technology ensures that all students receive the same quality of education.C) There is a risk of creating a digital divide.D) All students prefer learning through digital means.5.The author concludes that the effectiveness of technology in education is contingent upon:A) The age of the students using it.B) The brand of devices used.C) How it is integrated into the curriculum.D) The number of hours spent on technology daily.Answers:1.C) It may hinder the development of critical thinking skills.2.D) Technology can adapt to the individual needs of learners.3.C) It helps in preparing students for the current job market.4.C) There is a risk of creating a digital divide.5.C) How it is integrated into the curriculum.四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题3分，共15分）第一题Translate the following paragraph into English.“随着科技的飞速发展，人工智能已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面。

第五册第11课新闻如何变成意见，意见又如何遭到禁止萨尔曼拉什迪1 那天，我正在想，不知道小说家和新闻工作者有没有什么共同之处，如果有，又在哪一点上。

这个时候，眼前一家英国全国报纸下面这条简短的声明突然引起了我的注意：2 “在昨天的独立报上, 我们说安德鲁劳埃德韦伯爵士在饲养火鸡。

他没有。

”3 人们只能猜想掩盖在这些简洁得实在令人赞叹的句子背后的舆论哗然的情况：有人肯定为此苦恼，也有人要为此抗议。

正如你们大家所知道的, 英国最近正好经历了一段也许可以称之为牲畜不安全的高发时期。

除了那些精神上受到严重质疑的牛群（这是作者对“疯牛病”的戏言---译者注），还有令人吃惊的火鸡养殖泡沫或骗局的案件。

在这舆情汹涌的时候，一个不是饲养火鸡的人被控告饲养了，肯定不会对这种指控无动于衷。

他甚至会认为他的名誉受到了冒犯。

4 很清楚，独立报说安德鲁劳埃德韦伯爵士在饲养火鸡是相当不对的。

他当然是一个闻名的音乐败作的出口商。

但是如果我们此刻同意让据说是秘密的而且是欺骗性的火鸡饲养作为世界上所有据说是秘密的而且是欺骗性的活动的一个比喻，那么，我们不也应该同意必须找到这些火鸡饲养者，公布他们的名字，让他们为他们的行为负责吗？这难道不是一份自由报纸的宗旨所在吗？难道不会遇到这种情况，每个编辑都会从国家利益考虑，决定采用这种内容的报道，尽管证据还不够扎实、充分，透露消息的来源也许只是哪个不敢面对事实的“深喉”？5 我说到现在的意思是想说明：从事新闻和小说写作的人面临的大问题都是确定，然后公布真相。

因为真实的和虚构的写作最终的目的都是真相，不论这句话听起来可能有多矛盾。

然而真理难以把握，难以确定，所以可能出错误，就像劳埃德•韦柏事件那样。

如果说真相能使你获得解放，它也能使你陷入困境。

这个词听起来好听，但往往也会令人不快、使人难堪棘手、而且往往离经叛道非正统。

正统观念会被调集起来组成大军反对它；无数能从有用的谎言得益者会向其发起攻击。

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION:There is a new In the News feature on "Higher Education as an Investment" and values and tables have been updated.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:how wages compensate for differences in job characteristics.the human-capital and signaling theories of education.why a few superstars earn tremendous incomes in some occupations.why wages rise above the level that balances supply and demand.why it is difficult to measure the impact of discrimination on wages.when market forces can and cannot provide a natural remedy for discrimination.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:Chapter 19 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence that addresses the economics of labor markets. Chapter 18 developed the markets for the factors of production. Chapter 19 goes beyond the supply-and-demand models developed in Chapter 18 to help explain the wide variation in wages we find in the economy. Chapter 20 addresses the distribution of income and the role the government can play in altering the distribution of income.The purpose of Chapter 19 is to extend the basic neoclassical theory of the labor market that was developed in Chapter 18. Neoclassical theory argues that wages depend on the supply and demand for labor and that labor demand depends on the value of the marginal productivity of labor. To address the wide variation in the wages that occurs in the real world, it is important to examine more precisely what determines the supply and demand for various types of labor.340Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination ❖341 KEY POINTS:∙ Workers earn different wages for many reasons. To some extent, wage differentials compensate workers for job attributes. Other things equal, workers in hard, unpleasant jobs are paid more than workers in easy, pleasant jobs.∙ Workers with more human capital get paid more than workers with less human capital. The return to accumulating human capital is high and has increased over the past several decades.∙ Although years of education, experience, and job characteristics affect earnings as theory predicts, there is much variation in earnings that cannot be explained by things that economists can measure.The unexplained variation in earnings is largely attributable to natural ability, effort, and chance.∙ Some economists have suggested that more educated workers earn higher wages not because education raises productivity but because workers with high natural ability use education as a way to signal their high ability to employers. If this signaling theory were correct, then increasing theeducational attainment of all workers would not raise the overall level of wages.∙ Wages are sometimes pushed above the level that brings supply and demand into balance. Three reasons for above-equilibrium wages are minimum-wage laws, unions, and efficiency wages.∙ Some differences in earnings are attributable to discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or other factors. Measuring the amount of discrimination is difficult, however, because one must correct for differences in human capital and job characteristics.∙ Competitive markets tend to limit the impact of discrimination on wages. If the wages of a group of workers are lower than those of another group for reasons not related to marginal productivity, then nondiscriminatory firms will be more profitable than discriminatory firms. Profit-maximizing behavior, therefore, can reduce discriminatory wage differentials. Discrimination persists in competitive markets, however, if customers are willing to pay more to discriminatory firms or if the government passes laws requiring firms to discriminate.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Some Determinants of Equilibrium WagesA. Compensating Differentials1. Definition of compensating differential: a difference in wages that arises to offsetthe nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs.342 ❖ Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination2. Jobs that are easy, fun, or safe will pay lower wages than jobs that are difficult, dull, ordangerous.B. Human Capital1. Definition of human capital: the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training.2. Workers with more human capital earn more on average than those with less human capital.3. Firms are willing to pay more for highly educated workers because highly educated workers have higher marginal products.4. Case Study: The Increasing Value of Skillsa. Table 1 compares the average earnings of college graduates with the average earnings of high school graduates with no additional education.b. We can see that there has been an increase in this difference over time.c. One possible reason that this has occurred is that international trade has changed the relative demand for skilled and unskilled labor.d. Another possible reason is that changes in technology have changed the relative demand for skilled and unskilled workers.5. In the News: Higher Education as an Investment a. In light of increasing costs of attending college, some people question the returns tocollege attendance relative to other investments.b. This article from The Hamilton Project at The Brooking Institution confirms the value ofattending college.C. Ability, Effort, and Chance1. Because of heredity and upbringing, people differ in their physical and mental attributes. This will affect their productivity level and therefore their wage.2. People also differ in their level of effort. Those who work hard are more productive and earn a higher wage.3. Chance also plays a role in determining wages.4. Case Study: The Benefits of BeautyChapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination ❖343a. Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle used data from surveys conducted in the UnitedStates and Canada to try to determine how wages are affected by physical appearance.b. They found that people who are considered to be more attractive than average earned5% more than people of average looks. People of average looks earn 5% to 10% morethan people considered to be less attractive than average.c. One possible reason for this is that good looks are important for workers who have closedealings with the public.d. Another possible reason is that a person who is successful in making him or herselfattractive may be equally successful in other tasks.e. A third possible reason for this difference in the wages is discrimination.D. An Alternative View of Education: Signaling1. Some economists have suggested that firms may use education as a way to sort high-abilityworkers from low-ability workers.2. This implies that when people earn a college degree, they do not become more productive,but instead signal their high ability to prospective employers.3. This occurs because it is easier for high-ability people to get college degrees; therefore, morehigh-ability people get college degrees.E. The Superstar Phenomenon1. Superstars arise in markets that have two characteristics.a. Every customer in the market wants to enjoy the good supplied by the best producer.b. The good is produced with a technology that makes it possible for the best producer tosupply every customer at a low cost.2. This is why we see superstars in some markets (entertainment, professional sports) and notin others (plumbing, carpentry).F. Above-Equilibrium Wages: Minimum-Wage Laws, Unions, and Efficiency Wages1. For some workers, wages are set above the level that brings supply and demand into balance.2. There are three reasons why this may be the case.a. Minimum-wage laws that generally apply to the least skilled and least experiencedworkers.b. Definition of union: a worker association that bargains with employers overwages and working conditions.c. Definition of strike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union.344 ❖Chapter 19/Earnings and Discriminationd. Definition of efficiency wages: above-equilibrium wages paid by firms toincrease worker productivity.e. These higher wages often reduce worker turnover, increase worker effort, and raise thequality of workers who apply for jobs at the firm.3. Above-equilibrium wages raise the quantity of labor supplied and lower the quantitydemanded, creating a surplus of labor.II. The Economics of DiscriminationA. Definition of discrimination: the offering of different opportunities to similarindividuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personalcharacteristics.B. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination1. Table 2 reports median annual earnings by race and gender for 2011.a. The median black man was paid 21% less than the median white man.b. The median black woman was paid 11% less than the median white woman.c. The median white woman was paid 25% less than the median white man.d. The median black woman was paid 15% less than the median black man.groups can be attributed to discrimination.a. For example, the quantity of education often differs between blacks and whites.b. It is also likely that the quality of education may differ as well.c. Women generally have less labor market experience than men.d. It may also be true that women take more pleasant jobs than men, leading to acompensating wage differential.3. Because the differences in median earnings among groups in part reflect differences inhuman capital and job characteristics, they do not by themselves say anything about howmuch discrimination there is in the labor market.4. Case Study: Is Emily More Employable than Lakisha?a. Economists Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainatham answered more than 1,300help-wanted ads run in Boston and Chicago newspapers by sending in nearly 5,000 fakeresumes.Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination ❖345b. Half of the resumes had names that were common in the African-American community,while the other half had names that were more common among the white population.Otherwise, the resumes were similar.c. Job applicants with “white” names received about 50% more calls from interestedemployers than applicants with “African-American” names.C. Discrimination by Employers1. It may be incorrect to blame employers for discrimination because each firm has a profitmotive.2. Example: Two types of people, blondes and brunettes. Both groups have the same skills,experience, and work ethic. But employers prefer to hire brunettes.a. This implies that the demand for blondes is lower than it otherwise would be.b. This also means that blondes will earn a lower wage than brunettes.3. In this economy, there is an easy way for a firm to beat out its competitors: hire all blondes.a. This firm would pay lower wages and therefore have lower costs.b. Over time, we would expect more firms to follow this example.c. The existing firms still hiring brunettes would be forced out of business due to theirhigher labor costs.d. The demand for blondes increases (increasing the wage that blondes earn), while thedemand for brunettes falls (decreasing the wage that brunettes earn). This will continueuntil the wages of the two groups are equal.4. Businesses that care about earning a profit are at an advantage when competing againstthose that also care about discriminating.5. Case Study: Segregated Streetcars and the Profit Motivea. Studies of the streetcar industry suggest that streetcars were never segregated until thefirms were required to do so by law.b. In fact, many firms that ran the streetcars protested these laws because of the increasein the firms' costs from the law (which meant lower profits).D. Discrimination by Customers and Governments1. Customer preferences may limit the ability of the profit motive to eliminate discriminatorywage differentials.a. If customers do not care whether they are being waited on by a blonde or a brunette,the profit motive will work and both groups will eventually be earning the same wage.b. If customers prefer brunettes, the entry of firms that hire blondes will not succeed ineliminating the wage differential between blondes and brunettes.346 ❖Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination2. Also, if the government mandates discriminatory practices, then the wage differentialsbetween the groups will continue to exist.3. Case Study: Discrimination in Sportsa. Studies of sports teams suggest that racial discrimination is common and that much ofthe blame lies with the customers.b. One study found that black basketball players earned 20% less than white players ofcomparable ability did. Attendance at basketball games was also higher for teams with alarger proportion of white players. So even if the team owners cared only about profit,the customer discrimination makes hiring black players less profitable than white players.c. The same situation was found in baseball in the 1960s, but more recent studies suggestthat the wage differential in baseball no longer exists.d. Even the value of baseball cards has been affected by discrimination. A 1990 study foundthat the cards of black hitters sold for 10% less than the cards of comparable whitehitters. The cards of black pitchers sold for 13% less than the cards of comparable whitepitchers.E. In the News: Gender Differences1. Economic research is shedding light on why men and women often choose different careerpaths.2. This article from The New York Times describes experimental research aimed at explainingwhy females are less likely to choose occupations that involve high levels of competition.Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination ❖347348 ❖Chapter 19/Earnings and DiscriminationSOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. A compensating differential is a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetarycharacteristics of different jobs. Examples include coal miners who earn extra wages tocompensate them for dangerous working conditions, workers on the night shift who get paidmore than day-shift workers, and professors who are paid less than lawyers and doctors.More educated workers earn more than less educated workers because they are moreproductive, so employers are willing to pay them more, and because more education maysignal greater innate ability.2. It is hard to establish whether a group of workers is being discriminated against becausethere are many reasons other than discrimination for wages to differ across workers, such asdifferences in human capital and job characteristics.Profit-maximizing firms tend to eliminate discriminatory wage differentials because if someset of workers were being discriminated against, it would be in the interest of profit-maximizing firms to hire those workers with lower wages. But that, in turn, would raise thewages of those workers until the wages of all similar workers were equal.A discriminatory wage differential might persist if customers are willing to pay to maintain thediscriminatory practice or if the government mandates it.Questions for Review1. Coal miners are paid more than other workers with similar amounts of education becausetheir higher wage compensates them for the dirty and dangerous nature of coal mining, aswell as their long-term health problems. As a result, they earn a sizable compensatingdifferential.2. Education is a type of capital because it represents an expenditure of resources at one pointin time to raise productivity in the future.3. Education might raise a worker's wage without raising the worker's productivity if educationworks as a signal that the worker has high ability.4. The conditions that lead to highly-compensated superstars are: (1) every customer wants toenjoy the good supplied by the best producer; and (2) the good is produced with atechnology that makes it possible for the best producer to supply every customer at a lowcost. Because one dentist could not supply every customer, you would not expect to seesuperstars in dentistry. But because copies of music can be made at low cost, you wouldexpect to see superstars in music.5. A worker’s wage might be above the level that balances supply and demand be cause: (1)minimum-wage laws raise wages above the levels that some workers would earn in anunregulated labor market; (2) unions may have market power to raise wages above theirequilibrium levels; and (3) a firm may find it profitable to pay an efficiency wage, whichexceeds the equilibrium wage, because doing so raises productivity.Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination ❖3496. Deciding whether a group of workers has a lower wage because of discrimination is difficultbecause people differ in other attributes, such as the amount of education they have, theamount of experience they have, and the possibility of compensating differentials.7. The forces of economic competition tend to ameliorate discrimination on the basis of race,because business owners who care only about making profit are at an advantage whencompeting against those who also care about discriminating.8. Discrimination can persist in a competitive market if customers have a preference fordiscrimination. For example, if customers prefer blonde waiters to brunettes, restaurants willprefer to hire blonde waiters and they will discriminate against brunettes.Quick Check Multiple Choice1. b2. a3. d4. c5. c6. aProblems and Applications1. a. The opportunity cost of taking a job as a summer intern that pays little or nothing is thewage that the student could earn at an alternative job.b. Despite the low wages, students are willing to take internships because an internshipmight help them land a permanent job with the firm or the government later. Also, theinternship enhances the student's resume. Finally, the student may gain valuable on-the-job training.c. You would expect that students who were interns earn higher incomes later in life.2. The single minimum wage might distort the labor market for teenage workers more than foradult workers because: (1) teenagers have a lower value of marginal product, so it is morelikely that the minimum wage will be above their value of marginal product; and (2) thedemand for teenage labor is more elastic than for adult labor, so the minimum-wage lawdistorts the market more. The minimum wage affects those individuals who are least skilledand least experienced and these characteristics generally apply to teenagers.3. People with more experience usually have had more on-the-job training than others with thesame formal education but less experience. Such training increases the value of the marginalproduct of their labor. Job tenure is also valuable, because people gain job-specificknowledge or a specialization in knowledge that is useful to the firm.4. a. Economics professors may receive higher salaries than professors in some other fieldsbecause they have better opportunities outside academia. For example, they could findjobs in the private sector or the government.b. Differences in teaching loads can make up for lower pay. If professors in all fields arepaid the same, the pay level is probably below what economics professors could earn350 ❖ Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. elsewhere. To attract economics professors, the university would have to offer themsome other compensation, such as a lower teaching load.5. Under the signaling theory, you would rather have the degree and not attend the university. But under the human-capital theory, you would rather attend, even though doing so wouldbe a secret.6. The development of recording devices led to a superstar phenomenon in which the bestmusicians were paid significantly more than average musicians because they could supply every customer at low cost. So the incomes of the best musicians rose and the income of the average musician fell.7. a. People respond to incentives. Merit pay provides an incentive for teachers to workharder.b. Teachers whose classes do not perform well may be opposed to a system of merit pay. Also, some teachers may not want to work harder to receive higher pay.c. A large challenge would be to accurately measure the teachers’ performance.d. Because incentives matter, it should be able to secure better teachers by offering higher wages.8. Yes, his behavior is profit maximizing. He is hiring labor at a lower cost. You might claim thatAlan is despicable because he is discriminating against men. Some might claim that Alan was admirable, though, because he is maximizing profit and giving women a better opportunity to find a job. If more employers were like Alan, the wage differential between men and women would shrink, as employers would be competing for female workers, so women would have as many job options as men. Ultimately, the wage differential could disappear. Other firms at the time may not have followed his strategy because their customers may have preferred male consultants.9. If brunette workers do not like working with blonde workers, a blonde worker's marginal product of labor is likely to be lower, because the firm's output will not be as high comparedto the case if the firm had a brunette worker instead. Thus, firms might find that blonde workers are not worth as much and may reduce their wages relative to brunette workers. A profit-maximizing entrepreneur could create a firm using all blonde workers, so there would be no frictions between brunette and blonde workers. If there were many such entrepreneurs, the wage differential between brunette and blonde workers would disappear over time.。

美英报刊阅读教程Lesson13课文Lesson 13 Ban Sparks Smoking WarSleepers are mad at bar patrons, and owners are mad at city By Charisse Jones1. NEW YORK-David Rabin doesn’t do cigarettes. In fact, he can’t stand smoke.2. But the co-owner of Lotus, one of the hottest night spots in Manhattan[1], says he now spends a good part of his time fighting a law that prohibits lighting up in bars and pushes smokers onto the street.3. “This is supposed to be the city that never sleeps,” says Rabin, 42. “It’s now the city that never sleeps because smokers are huddled beneath a four-story walk-up talking. Where else are they going to go?”4. New York City is still coming to terms with smoke-free night life[2] three months after a ban took effect outlawing smoking in nearly all work-places, including restaurants and bars.5. Five states—New York, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine and California—have passed similar smoking restrictions that include bars and taverns. Ne w York State’ s ban, which echoes the city’ s anti-smoking law, goes into effect July 24.6. Just last week, Maine’s governor signed into law a ban on smoking in taverns, pool halls, lounges and some off-track betting[3] sites that goes into effect Jan. 1. Smoking is already outlawed in restaurants. On May 23, Connecticut’s governor signed a m easure that will prohibit smoking in cafes, taverns, restaurants and public facilities by April 2004.7. On Tuesday, Florida began a smoking ban that’s slightly less restrictive. It bans smoking in all enclosed workplaces,including restaurants and bars where food sales make up at least 10% of their business.Business is off8. New York City’s law has sparked a million “butts” jokes in the tabloids and turned celebrities such as Britney Spears into alleged scofflaws for illegally puffing away.[4] And it has stirred fear and loathing among some residents and businesses that say customers don’t want to drink and nosh where they can’ t light up.9. One New York City councilman recently called on the city and state to consider amending the anti-smoking laws—a move other city officials say is unlikely. Owners and managers of cafes and bars from Queens[5] to Manhattan say that business is off as much as 40% and that they have been forced to lay off employees. Some community representatives say noise complaints have risen since pub denizens began lighting up on the sidewalk.10. “If what I’m hearing is correct, this is having a devastating effect on the city’s economic recovery,[6]” says Queens councilman Tony Avella, who says he reluctantly voted for the ban but thinks the council should revisit the issue[7].11. His office is receiving a dozen complaints a week about litter, noise and occasional rights among smokers outside nei ghborhood bars. “We need to find out if there’s a way to preserve public health and allow people to drink and smoke at the same time,” he says.12. Those who have studied the impact of anti-smoking measures say such laws protect the health of bartenders, waitresses and patrons and also bring in customers who were reluctant to socialize where smoking was allowed.[8]13. “What the data show is that no smoke-free air acts haveever hurt business,” says Tom Frieden, New York City’ s health commissioner. He says four out of five New Yorkers do not smoke.14. In a city of apartment dwellers, where people live above restaurants and pubs, some say long-standing tensions between businesses and residents have only risen since smokers were forced to congregate outside.15. “We have found that our number of complaints have increased regarding noise on the st reet, particularly when it conies to smokers,” says Kyle Merker, chairman of one of Manhattan’s community boards. “Realistically, are they going to repeal the law? N o. But maybe we can refine it.”Earlier closing time?16. Some club owners fear that anger about the excessive noise could make it harder for businesses to get liquor licenses, or it may lead to forcing businesses to close at 2 a.m. rather than 4, which Rabin fears would make New York no different than other cities.17. “This has brought about a civil war between night life and residents, both of whom have a legitimate right to exist,”[9] says Rabin, president of the New York Nightlife Association.18. Ciar an Staunton, owner of O’Neill’s in Manhattan, says business is off 20% as former patrons head home to Connecticut or New Jersey, where they can still smoke in a bar.19. I’ve met some of my patrons coming out of liquor stores with six-packs[10] saying, “We’re going to drink where we can smoke,” he says. “The original legislation was put in to he lp employees, to provide them with clean air…. Well, we’ve laid off three employees because of the smoking ban.”20. Others note that the sour economy could be one reason some bars and restaurants may be struggling.21. “These ordinances don’t have any eff ect on the hospitality business[11], and in the long term are very positive because they expand the market,” says Stanton Glantz of the University of California San Francisco, who has studied the economic impact of smoking bans.22. On the streets of the c ity, feelings about the smoking ban are mixed, but many say there’ s no more noise than before. And they appreciate the smoke-free air inside bars.23. “The noise is relatively low, and I only mind it when I’ m trying to go to sleep because of work in the morning,” says Tracy Wallach, 20, who lives next to The Coffee Shop bar and restaurant in Union Square.24. Even some bar managers have made their peace.[12]25. “The first few weeks, (fewer) people came in,” says Barry Brodsky, manager of Bar None in the East Village, “ Then they gave in.”From USA Today, June 3, 2003。

主旨大意推理判断和细节题专练主旨大意1). 主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:2). 目的(purpose)类主旨大意题3). 标题(topic或title)类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might be…主题句一. 文首找主题句, 提炼文章标题: 新闻报道, 说明文, 议论文二. 文尾找主题句, 提炼标题或归纳大意; 记叙文三. 首尾呼应展现主题句, 瞻前顾后归纳大意; 议论文总--分--总四. 整合每一段的主题句, 归纳大意.五. 从段落中归纳要点抓大意.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句, 只是暗示性地体现主题. 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。

干扰项具有如下五个特点：1. 以偏概全。

干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2 主题扩大。

干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

3. 张冠李戴。

命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。

考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。

4. 无中生有，似是而非。

有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

如何做主旨大意题?文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。

抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

在做主题型试题时，可先寻找主题句。

一般情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头或结尾。

但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括或归纳。

在确定文章的标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托。

但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题。

文章的中心较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明，而且通常是名词或名词短语1) If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw y our attention: “Color TV. Only ＄79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _________.A. Buying A TV SetB. A Selling MethodC. Buyer BewareD. TV On Sale2) Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.3) Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey. Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain's files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....Q : The author aims to tell us that __________.A. women’s minds perform better than men’sB. men’s minds decline more with ageC. everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get olderD. a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.4) It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr. Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS (National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases ...Q: The author of this passage intends to tell us______.A. the NHS should be reformed right away.B. more and more people are dying from diseases.C. the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D. the criticism of Mr. Brown's proposals.5) In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his n ew game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about________.A. LexicoB. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.6) Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’ (自动性).Q: The first paragraph tells us _______.A. what automaticity isB. how accuracy is acquired (获得)C. how a child learns to walkD. how an athlete is trained.7) Boston---- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt,Dagas, Manet and Verme rr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museumofficials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan. ………William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article?A.A Theft Took Place in BostonB. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major WorksD. Investigation into the Theft8) As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself” (DIY) trend in the U.S. continues to grow. ……John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q: What would be the best title for the text?A.The Joy of DIYB.You can Do it Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY9) You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.Q: What does the passage mainly tell us?A.How people stay healthyB.How sleep is necessaryC. Why dreams are importantD. When people remember their dreams10) In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.Q: What does the story mainly tell ?A.What holidays are likeB. What Halloween is like in MexicoC. What happens during Todos SantosD. What we do on Halloween推理判断1).How to infer the implied meanings(推断隐含意义)1 It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you don’t turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die.You can tell that rocks ________.A. hurt sea animalsB. protect sea animalsC. won’t be found on beachesD. can’t be found on beaches【解题技巧】 1.全面分析 2.忠实原文 3.不选表层信息2 The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people．Even if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves can’t always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm. Then the re is danger. The “big bad wolf” has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next．The last sentence“ And everyone knows what happens next” implies that in such cases.A．farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped awayB．wolves will kill people and people will in turn kill themC．wolves will find enough food sources on farmsD．people will leave the areas where wolves can live3. One day, as I was getting her food, Brownie chewed up(咬破) one of Dad’s shoes, which had to be thrown away in the end. I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was wrong. When I looked at her and said, “Bad girl.” She looked down at the ground and then went and hid. I saw a tear in her eyes.We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie __.A. would eat anything when hungryB. felt sorry for her mistakeC. loved playing hide-and-seekD. disliked the author's dad2).How to infer the author’s opinion and attitudes(推断作者观点或态度)4 Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly, I am sick of all the bad news.This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _____.A. complainB. apologizeC. amuseD. inform【解题技巧】1.注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子2.推断出作者的弦外之音3.站在作者的立场或角度【描述作者态度的词】objective; neutral; subjective; positive; negative; critical; pessimistic; optimistic; approving; disapproving; indifferent; ironic5 In the kit chen of my mother’s houses there has always been a wooden stand（木架）with a small notepad（记事本）and a hole for a pencil.I’m looking for paper on which to note down the name of a book I am recommending to my mother. Over forty years since my earliest memories of the kitchen pad and pencil, five houses later, the current paper and pencil look the same as they always did. Surely it can’t be the same pencil? The pad is more modern, but the wooden stand is definitely the original one.“I’m just amazed you still have the same stand for holding the pad and pencil after all these years.” I say to her, walking back into the living-room with a sheet of paper and the pencil. “You still use a pencil. Can’t you afford a pen?”My mother replies a little sharply. “It works perfectly well. I’ve always kept the stand in the kitchen. I never knew when I might want to note down an idea, and I was always in the kitchen in these days.”What is the author’s original opinion about the wooden stand?A. It has great value for the family.B. It needs to be replaced by a better one.C. It brings her back to her lonely childhood.D. It should be passed on to the next generation.In the author’s mind, her mother is__.A. strange in behavior.B. keen on her research.C. fond of collecting old things.D. careless about her appearance.3).How to infer the writing purpose(推断写作目的)【Sample】6 “Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and fe lt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______A. test the readers’ knowledge about wavesB. draw the readers’ attention to the topicC. show Jamie Taylor’s importanceD. invite the readers to answer them【写作目的归纳】to entertain readers 娱乐读者，让人发笑,常见于故事类的文章。

Text II: A Debt to DickensPearl S. BuckI. Teaching objectives1. Shift in tense in narration and its stylistic effect.2. Vividness in description and narration.II. Questions for discussion:1. Have you read any books by Pearl S. Buck about her Chinese experience?2. Have you ever read any novels by Charles Dickens? Say something about Dickens.Dickens (1812-1870)?⏹19th Century novelist, tradition of Realism⏹well-known for his sympathy for the poor and lower-middle classes ofEngland⏹usual criticism on Dickens characterization (In paragraph 6, toward theend): “People today say he is obvious and sentimental and childish in hisanalysis of characters” (人物简单化)⏹similarity and difference between Dickens and Makepeace Thackeray[1811-63] as novelist3. Is there any writer to whom you have owed a heavy debt in your reading experience?4. Say something about the exotic childhood of the author Pearl S. Buck.Questions for discussion1} In what way is Buck’s life experience unusual?⏹from a missionary’s family, brought up in China2)How would you describe Buck’s childhood? （paragraph 2-3）⏹intensely solitary (alien from her own culture, not accepted by theChinese culture either)⏹“solitary”, isolated, lonely, alien, foreign⏹“wonder ing” about her own folk, how they live, play etc.Draw students’ attention to vivid descriptions about the childhood (exampleof literary stylel)3)How did Buck come across Dickens works?⏹one August afternoon, (paragraph 4, detailed, vivid descriptions)4)Why did Dickens’ novels appeal so much to Buck?⏹In reading Dickens, Buck found her way into her heritage. (She wasable to identify herself with her culture, to regain her identity. 找到自我⏹Characters depicted in the novels5)Why is Buck so grateful to Dickens, regarding herself owing to Dickens agreat debt?⏹She has been reading Dickens for about 10 years (para 6)⏹“He opened my eyes to people, taught me to love all sorts of people…⏹“g av e me the zest for life, …that immense joy in life and in people.(Reading Dickens has not only satisfied Buck’s desire for identifying with her own culture, but also taught her Christian faith and shaped her morals.)More about Pearl S BuckOne of the most popular literary figures in American literature is a woman who spent almost half of her long life in China, a country on a continent thousands of miles from the Unite States. In her lifetime she earned this country's most highly acclaimed literary award: the Pulitzer Prize, and also the most prestigious form of literary recognition in the world, the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word throughout much of her lifetime because of her prolific literary output, which consisted of some eighty-five published works, including several dozen novels, six collections of short stories, fourteen books for children, and more than a dozen works of nonfiction. When she was eighty years old, some twenty-five volumes were awaiting publication. Many of those books were set in China, the land in which she spent so much of her life. Her books and her life served as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West. As the product of those two cultures she became, as she described herself, "mentally bifocal." Her unique background made her into an unusually interesting and versatile human being. As we examine the life of Pearl Buck, we cannot help but be aware that we are in fact meeting three separate people: a wife and mother, an internationally famous writer and a humanitarian and philanthropist. One cannot really get to know Pearl Buck without learning about each of the three. Though honored in her lifetime with the William Dean Howell Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in addition to the Nobel and Pulitzer prizes, Pearl Buck as a total human being, not only a famous author, is a captivating subject of study.III. Organization and development of the textSection 1: Stating the writing purpose: to express a feeling of warm gratitude to Charles Dickens (para. 1)Section 2:Telling about her special childhood, her feeling of loneliness and alienation (para. 2-3): (a circumstance that made her reading Dickens the more significant)Para. 2: living circumstance of the seven-year-old foreign childPara.3: her feeling of being foreign, and her longing to know more about her ownfolkSection 3: Telling how she came to read Dickens and what she has benefited from reading (para. 4-7):Para 4: the accidental discovery of Dickens’ works and thus the discovery of her playmatesPara 5:the extraordinary meaning of the discovery: she entered into her own heritagePara. 6-7: the ten-year reading program.IV. Language points1. ache/pain/pang: a bodily sensation that causes acute discomfort or sufferingpainPain may range in its application from a sensation that makes one uneasily aware of some bodily disturbance or injury to a sensation resulting from severe injuries or disease and of agonizing intensity: from a sensation that is purely local to one that affects the entire body. e.g.⏹ a pain in the finger⏹chest pains⏹His body was wracked with pain.acheAn ache is a steady, dull, and often generalized pain that is frequently associated with some underlying disorder. e.g.⏹the ache of an abscessed tooth⏹backache that accompanies kidney diseaseache (v.): feel a continuous, but not very sharp pain there, e.g.⏹The noise of the traffic made my head ache.⏹an aching backache to do sth/for sth: want to do or have something very much e.g.⏹I was aching to tell him the good news.pangA pang is a sharp, sudden, and usually transitory pain of great intensity,especially one that recurs in spasms. e.g.⏹Pangs have taken hold upon me.⏹Attacking them[fleas] was a waste of time, and unless a particularlysavage pang forced you into action, you just sat and let yourself bedevoured.2. obligation: a moral or legal duty to do something. e.g.⏹You can look at the books without any obligation to buy.⏹I have certain obligations to my family.⏹to meet/fulfil an obligation: to do something that is your duty⏹be under an obligation: (a) to have to do something because it is a legalor moral duty; (b) to owe someone loyalty, thanks, or money becausethey have done something for you ([+ to])⏹to place sb under an obligation: e.g.Signing a contract places you under a long-term obligation.3. perch: be perched on/upon/over etc: to be in a position on top of, or on the edge of something,e.g.⏹ A house perched on a cliff above the town.4. treacherous: (ground or situations) particularly dangerous because you cannot see the dangers, e.g.⏹There are treacherous currents in the bay.5. voracious: (a) eating or wanting large quantities of food; (b) extremely eager to read books, gain knowledge, etc.6. make off: go in a hurry7. heritage: [singular, U] important qualities, customs, and traditions that have beenin a society for a long timec.f. heritage/inheritance/patrimony: All denote something which one receives oris entitled to receive by succession (as from a parent or predecessor). Heritage is the most widely applicable of these words, for it may apply to anything (as a tradition, a right, a trade, or the effect of a cause) that is passed on not only to one’s heir or heirs but to the generation or generations that succeed .e.g.⏹our neglect of the magnificent spiritual heritage which we possess in ourown history and literature⏹…but the war had left its heritage of poverty…of disease, of misery, ofdiscontentInheritance applies to what passes from parent to children, whether it be money, property, or traits of character. e.g.⏹…my father’s blessing, and this little coin is my inheritanceInheritance, but not heritage, may also apply to the fact of inheriting or tothe means by which something passes into one’s possession. e.g.⏹…come into possession of a property by inheritance⏹…the power of regulating the devotion of property by inheritance orwill upon the death of the ownerPatrimony applies basically to the money or property inherited from one’s father, but is also used in the more general sense of ancestral inheritance. e.g.⏹…content…to leave his patrimony not worse but something better thanhe found it8. dip into: (a) to read short parts of a book, magazine etc, but not the whole thing; (b)to use some of an amount of money that you have.⏹Medical bills forced her to dip into her savings.⏹Parents are being asked to dip into their pockets for new school books.(i.e. to pay for something with your own money)9. unctuous: (fml.) too friendly and praising people too much in a way that seemsvery insincere, e.g.⏹There is something smug and unctuous about him.10. gruff: (a) unfriendly or annoyed, especially in the way you speak: e.g.⏹ a gruff reply⏹ A gruff voice sounds low and rough as if the speaker does not want totalk11. undiluted: (literary) an undiluted feeling is very strong and not mixed with anyother feelings: e.g.⏹undiluted joy.diluted⏹The effect of his speech was diluted by the speaker’s nervousness.V. Topics for further discussion1. In what sense has Charles Dickens rendered Buck an “inestimable service” both inher childhood and in her adult life?2. Why does Buck use third person narration when describing her lonely childhoodbefore her encounter with Dickens but change to the first person narration in the last part of the text? What do you think may be the reason(s) for such a shift in point of view?3. Why did Dicken s’ novels appeal so much to Buck when she was a child?4. How did Buck’s “debt” to Dickens deepen with the passage of time?。