Module 6 - Project Management

项目管理(英文版)课件Project Management: Introduction to the CourseWelcome to the Project Management course! In this course, we will explore the principles and practices of managing projects from start to finish. We will cover topics such as project planning, team management, budgeting, risk management, and project monitoring and control.The course is designed for professionals who work on projects in various industries, including construction, engineering, software development, marketing, and others. It is also suitable for students who want to learn about project management as a career path.Through the course, you will learn how to initiate a project, define its objectives and scope, create a project plan, allocate resources, track progress, and evaluate results. You will also develop essential skills such as communication, leadership, problem-solving, and decision-making.The course consists of lectures, case studies, group discussions, and practical exercises. You will have the opportunity to apply the concepts and tools learned in the course to real-world projects. You will also interact with other students and learn from their experiences andperspectives.By the end of the course, you will be able to:- Understand the project management framework and terminology- Define project objectives, scope, and deliverables- Develop a project plan and schedule using appropriate tools- Estimate project costs and allocate resources- Identify and manage project risks- Communicate effectively with stakeholders- Lead and motivate project teams- Monitor project progress and control deviations from the plan- Evaluate project success and lessons learnedWe hope you will find the course informative, engaging, and useful in your professional and personal development. Let's get started!。

项目管理(英文版)课件Project Management (English Version) CoursewareIntroduction:Project management is a crucial process that involves planning, organizing, and managing resources to achieve specific goals and objectives within a defined timeline. It is an essential aspect of any business or organization, and it can help to ensure successful project delivery while optimizing the use of resources. This course will teach you the fundamentals of project management, including the key concepts, principles, and techniques used in this field.Course Objectives:The main objectives of this course include:1. Understanding the key concepts and principles of project management.2. Learning the different project management processes and how they work together.3. Developing the skills needed to plan, organize, and manage projects effectively.4. Understanding the importance of risk management and how to mitigate risks.5. Learning how to measure project performance and trackprogress.6. Developing effective communication and leadership skills for project management.Course Outline:The course will cover the following topics:1. Introduction to project management2. Project initiation3. Project planning4. Project execution5. Project monitoring and controlling6. Project closure7. Risk management8. Team management9. Communication and leadership skillsCourse Methodology:The course will be delivered through a combination of lectures, case studies, group discussions, and practical exercises. Participants will be required to work on a project throughout the course to apply the concepts and techniques learned in class. They will also be provided with access to project management tools and software to aid in project planning and management.Learning OutcoAfter completing this course, participants will be able to: 1. Understand the key concepts and principles of project management.2. Apply project management techniques to plan, organize, and manage projects effectively.3. Identify and mitigate project risks.4. Measure project performance and track progress.5. Develop effective communication and leadership skills for project management.6. Work effectively in a team environment.Conclusion:This course is designed to provide participants with the knowledge and skills needed to manage projects effectively. It is suitable for anyone who is involved in project management or interested in pursuing a career in this field. By the end of the course, participants will have a solid understanding of project management concepts and be able to apply them to real-world projects.。

项目管理Project Management Gary R.Heerkens Mcgraw Hill 3Maintaining Control During Project Execution 161This means that overall project control requires an eye onthe future, as this formula shows:Calculated Present Variance + Estimated Future Variance= Final Project VarianceMaintaining proper control really requires that you considerthree parameters: (a) where you are, compared with whereyoure supposed to be; (b) what lies ahead that can affect you;and (c) where youre going to end up, compared with whereyou said you would end up. Bear in mind that (a) and (b) areused primarily as internal control functions (although you maychoose to report them outside the team). Theyre used for eval-uating (c). At the risk of being repetitive, your primary focusshould always be on evaluating where you think youre goingto end up.There are two reasons for this.First, you must take intelligent and meaningful correctiveaction with the end point in mind. Guiding the ship must includemore than just steering it back on course; it must also includerecognizing that theres an object up ahead that youre going tohave to steer around or winds around the upcoming point ofland that have kicked up since you started your voyage.1/ 2Thefuture will always be different than expected at the outset of theproject. Assumptions will be revised, operating conditions willchange, and new things will be thrown in your path. Sometimes,actions you take now must compensate for future sources ofvariance as well as variances created though past performance.The second reason you need to focus on the end point per-tains to management reporting. In most cases, what will proba-bly interest them most is a prediction of where you think youregoing to end up: this is the type of information they need to runthe business. Being able to report to your management thatyoure two weeks behind schedule or $10,000 over budget rightnow may or may not be of value to them. Reporting that youexpect the project to be completed three weeks late or $15,000over budget is much more likely to be of value.Project Management 162W...。

CSPC NANHAI PETROCHEMICALS PROJECTFOCN SDH SYSTEMDESIGN SPECIFICATION: SP-8540-0000-0024Project Management Contractor (PMC)NO DATE REVISION BY CHK’D APPR.A 21-Dec-01 Issued for comment JDP JDP JDP00 19 Feb 02 Issued for ITB JDP JDP JDP01 28-Feb-02 Re-Issued for ITB MM JDP DP02 06/Dec/02 Re-Issued for ITB R Wilson D Pethers M CowleyFOCN SDH SYSTEMTABLE OF CONTENTS1.0SCOPE OF WORK 4 1.1G ENERAL4 1.2S OFTWARE6 1.3C ABINETS6 1.4D OCUMENTATION62.0DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 6 2.1D EFINITIONS: 6 2.2A BBREVIATIONS83.0APPLICABLE DOCUMENTATION 9 3.1S HELL DEP’S9 3.2C HINESE S TANDARDS. 9 3.3I NTERNATIONAL S TANDARDS 10 3.4P ROJECT D OCUMENTATION 114.0ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DOCUMENTS 115.0ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 12 5.1G ENERAL126.0GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 12 6.1G ENERAL12 6.2S YSTEM D ESIGN L IFE AND R ELIABILITY 13 6.3A PPROVALS14 6.4E LECTROMAGNETIC C OMPATIBILITY 14 6.5E LECTRICAL S AFETY 14 6.6S OFTWARE147.0SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 14 7.1G ENERAL14 7.2T ERMINALS17 7.3I NTERFACES21 7.4S YSTEM R EQUIREMENTS 23 7.5S OFTWARE S YSTEM R EQUIREMENTS 257.6S YSTEM M ECHANICAL R EQUIREMENTS 25 7.7M AINTENANCE S YSTEMS E XPANSION 26 7.8AC P OWER268.0MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 26 8.1M AINTENANCE P HILOSOPHY 26 8.2S YSTEM A LARMS 27 8.3L OCAL M AINTENANCE T ERMINALS 289.0DOCUMENTATION 28 9.1E NGINEERING D ESIGN D OCUMENTATION 29 9.2C ONSTRUCTION D RAWINGS AND D OCUMENTATION 29 9.3C OMMISSIONING P ROCEDURES 30 9.4A S-B UILT D RAWINGS 30 9.5S YSTEM O PERATION D OCUMENTATION 3010.0INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING 31 10.1I NSTALLATION 31 10.2Q UALITY31 10.3M ATERIAL I NCLUDED 32 10.4S YSTEM O PERATION 32 10.5E QUIPMENT T AGGING 33 10.6F ACTORY A CCEPTANCE T EST (FAT) 33 10.7M ECHANICAL C OMPLETION 33 10.8S ITE A CCEPTANCE T EST (SAT) 34 10.9C OMMISSIONING 3411.0SPARES, TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENT 34 11.1C OMMISSIONING S PARES 34 11.2T OOLS34 11.3O PERATIONAL S PARE P ARTS. 3512.0TRAINING 351.0 SCOPEWORKOF1.1 G ENERALThis Design Specification document describes the requirements for the provisionof a complete, fully operational, integrated, and maintainable turn-keySynchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Fibre Optic Transmission System(hereinafter known as the “System”), to provide Plant Wide communications atthe CSPC Nanhai Petrochemical Complex.The System shall comprise a Fibre Optic Cable Network (FOCN) at STM-4(622.08 Mbps) and shall use a two (2), six (6), twelve (12), twenty-four (24),thirty-six (36) or forty-eight (48) core, single-mode, G.652 grade, fibre cable.Twenty-Five (25%) percent of the cores shall be dark fibres for future expansion.The fibre routes shall be both above and below ground in accordance withproject Drawing 80-8540-0000-0041 – Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram. Limitednumbers of cores are assigned to the transmission of the SDH system signals.The SDH STM-4 System shall provide for, but not limited too, the services of: PABX Voice SystemsPA/GA System controlAccess Control SystemMarine Communications DataTelecommunications Maintenance Alarms SignalsMovements Automation SystemAny other signals as determined necessary during detailed design CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for the supply and installation of the FibreOptic Cable, Optical Fibre Patch Frames (OFPF), Digital Distribution Frames(DDF), cabinets, wiring and all associated hardware with the System.CONTRACTOR shall design, supply, install and Commission a turn-key System comprising of SDH fibre optic, add and drop MUX equipment, Digital Cross Switches (DACS) and E1 - E0 multiplexers at the following locations which shall include, but not be limited to, the following items of equipment:Locations:o Central Office Building – STM 4o Control Centre Building CC1 – STM 4/1o Control Centre Building CC2 – STM 4o Logistics Office Building – STM 4o Technical Centre Building – STM 4o Central Workshops – STM 4o Field Auxiliary Room (FAR) 3-05 – STM 4o FAR 3-02 Ma Bian Zhou – STM 1Each SDH terminal shall include, but not be limited to:The Optical Line Terminating Equipment (OLTE), Multiplex (MUX) Equipment, Digital Cross Connect Switch (DACS), Engineer's Order Wire (EOW), Analogue Main Distribution Frame (MDF), Digital Distribution Frame (DDF) and Optical Fibre Patch Frames (OFPF), cable trays, equipment racks, connectors, patch cables, cabling etc., and other equipment and materials so as to form a fully functioning and complete System.CONTRACTOR shall undertake all jumpering, and termination of cables to OFPF's, DDF’s and MDF’s as required at all intermediate sites identified during detailed design.CONTRACTOR shall integrate the signals into the intended termination equipment, and programme and /or configure the equipment so that the signal may be processed and routed correctly.CONTRACTOR shall provide a Network Management System for the monitoring and control of the System. The System shall also provide a remote modemaccess monitoring and diagnosis for manufacture remote diagnostics andprogramming as required.CONTRACTOR shall also undertake a number of ancillary tasks to ensureconformity of the equipment and System to the overall intent of the Projectrequirements.Further specific details pertaining to the General System Requirements, futureExpansion Capabilities and the Technical Requirements for the main items ofequipment are given in this specification.1.2 S OFTWARECONTRACTOR shall supply all software licences and all associateddocumentation, programming manuals required to operate, configure andprogramme the System, and all individual equipment, cards and modules withinthe Distribution System.The software shall be delivered in a format compatible with and suitable foroperation with the System.1.3 C ABINETSAll equipment shall be supplied and installed in cabinets in accordance with theInstrumentation Control System Panel Specification SP-8550-0000-0006.1.4 D OCUMENTATIONCONTRACTOR shall provide the following documentation:• A Systems Design Manual• Construction Drawings and Documentation• As-Built Drawings• Equipment Manuals and HandbooksFurther specific requirements for the deliverable documentation are given inSection 11.0.2.0 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS2.1 D EFINITIONS:The following defines the meaning of specific words used in this specification: Contractor Shall mean the party, which has contractual responsibilityfor the design, engineering, procurement, supervision ofinstallation and Commissioning of the System for theComplex.Vendor Shall mean any person, firm or company having apurchase order with the Contractor for the performance ofany item of work.Company - Shall mean CPSC Nanhai Petrochemicals who wishes torealize at Quangdong Province, Daya Bay, China a projectcomprising a integrated chemical plant including steam andelectricity generation, other utility provisions, effluenttreatment, storage, handling and shipping facilities referredto as the complex. CSPC will be further referred to as thecompany, and references to "principal" shall also mean thecompany.Project Management Contractor (PMC) Shall mean the party that has the responsibility to manage the Project development and the preparation of the CONTRACT packages.Shall Refers to a requirement.Should Refers to a recommendation.May Refers to one acceptable course of action.“Equipped” Means equipment provided with all relevant modules tocreate a fully functional entity and is fully wired to theterminal panels“Wired” Means shelf space provided is capable of acceptingadditional modules or cards without the need for additionalwiring to make these modules or cards operational. Theshelf is to be fully wired out to the terminal panels andsupport hardware and software systems and facilities areprovided such that the addition of these modules or cardsonly is required to equip these circuits.“Expansion” Means the system can be expanded to the indicatedcapacity with the addition of shelves and necessary supportcapacity with the addition of shelves and necessary supporthardware and software systems, but without therequirement to change the basic system configuration.2.2 A BBREVIATIONSWithin this document, the following abbreviations are used which shall have thecorresponding interpretation:Abbreviation DescriptionBDEP Basic Design and Engineering PackageBEDD Basic Engineering Design DataCCR Central Control RoomCPU Central Processor UnitCSPC CNOOC and Shell Petrochemicals Company LtdDDF Digital Distribution FrameDEP Design and Engineering PracticeEMC Electro Magnetic CompatibilityFAR Field Auxiliary RoomMutualFM FactoryFOCN Fibre Optic Cable networkIEC International Electrotechnical CommitteeIEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronic EngineersProtectionIP IngressISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkITB Invitation to BidITU International Telecommunication UnionKbps KilobitssecondperSystemMAS MovementAutomationMbps Mega Bits Per SecondMDF Main Distribution FrameMHz MegahertzMTBF Mean Time Between FailureMTTR Mean Time To RepairOFPF Optical Fibre Patch FramePA/GA Public Address/General AlarmPCM Pulse Code ModulationPRC Peoples Republic of ChinaRTU Remote Terminal UnitSDH Synchronous Digital HierarchyUPS Uninterruptible Power SupplyDOCUMENTATION3.0 APPLICABLEExcept where indicated otherwise in this specification, the design and installationof materials shall conform to the requirements of the latest edition of thefollowing codes and standards where applicable.3.1 S HELL DEP’SDEP 32.71.00.10-CSPC Plant TelecommunicationDEP 32.37.20.31-CSPC System CablingDEP 32.71.00.30-CSPC Structured Cabling Systems forTelecommunicationsDEP 32.71.00.11-CSPC Telecommunication StandardsDEP 33.65.50.31-CSPC Static DC Uninterruptible Power Supply Unit(Static DC UPS Unit)3.2 C HINESE S TANDARDS.GB 3836.1 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive AtmospheresRequirements GeneralGB 4208 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)GB 7611 Parameters of Digital Interface for PCM Systemsover Telecommunication NetworksYD/T 926.1 Telecommunication Generic Cabling Systems forBuilding Part 1YD/T 926.2 Telecommunication Generic Cabling Systems forBuilding Part 2YD/T 926.3 Telecommunication Generic Cabling Systems forBuilding Part 33.3 I NTERNATIONAL S TANDARDSIEC 60 331 Fire Resisting Characteristics of Electrical CableIEC 60 332 Tests on Electrical Cables under Fire ConditionsIEC 60364 Electrical Installations of BuildingsIEC 60617-1 Guide for Graphical symbols for Electrical PowerTelecommunications and Electronic Diagrams ISO 9000 Quality Management SystemsITU-T G.652 Recommendations for single mode optical fibres.ITU-T G.662, G.663 Recommendations for optical amplificationITU-T G.703 Physical/Electrical Characteristics of HierarchicalDigital InterfacesITU-T G.704 Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312,2048, 8448 and 44 736/s hierarchical levelsITU-T G.707 Recommendations for SDH frame and multiplexerstructureITU-T G.711 Pulse Code Modulation, (PCM), of VoiceFrequenciesITU-T G.712 Transmission performance characteristics of pulsecode modulation channelsITU-T G.732 Characteristics of Primary PCM MultiplexEquipment Operating at2048kbpsEquipment Operating at 2048 kbpsITU-T G.783, G.841 Recommendations for network protectionarchitectureITU-T G.784, G.774 Recommendations for systems managementfunctionsITU-T G.826 Recommendations for transmission qualityITU-T G.957, G.958 Recommendations for single mode opticalinterfaces3.4 P ROJECT D OCUMENTATION80-8540-0000-0008 Fibre Optic Cable Routing Layout80-8540-0000-0014 Overall Telecommunications Block Diagram80-8540-0000-0040 FOCN SDH System Block Diagram80-8540-0000-1041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 180-8540-0000-2041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 280-8540-0000-3041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 380-8540-0000-4041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 480-8540-0000-5041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 580-8540-0000-6041 Fibre Optic Cable Block Diagram Sheet 680-8550-0000-0070 Block Diagram Movements AutomationSystem (MAS)SP-8520-0000-0001 Basic Engineering Design DataSP-8540-0000-0014 Plant Radio System SpecificationSP-8540-0000-0015 Public Address System SpecificationSP-8550-0000-0006 Control System Panel SpecificationSP-8550-0000-0026 Movements Automation System4.0 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DOCUMENTSDocumentation shall be in the following order of precedence:• Contract Parts• Project Specific Equipment Data Sheet• Project Specifications• DEP’s• Other Referenced Specifications• Codes and StandardsCONDITIONS5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL5.1 G ENERALThe telecommunications facilities equipment shall be designed to withstand theenvironmental conditions detailed in the BEDD SP-8520-0000-0001.REQUIREMENTS6.0 GENERAL6.1 G ENERALCONTRACTOR shall undertake a number of ancillary tasks to ensure conformityof the equipment and System to the overall intent of the Project requirements.These additional tasks shall include, but not be limited to, the following:• Analyse system capacity and performance.• Conduct factory acceptance tests.• Deliver accessories, equipment, installation and other materials, andCommissioning spares to site• Conduct site and System acceptance tests.• Provide installation drawings, wiring and cabling schedules, and equipment location plans.• Provide Commissioning test plans, test procedures, test schedules,test reports and a cut over / integration plan.• Provide documentation.• The logistics associated with the Installation• The provision of all materials tools, test equipment, and other itemsof equipment to effect the installation and Commissioning• Project ManagementCONTRACTOR shall obtain PURCHASER approval for the design prior toimplementation.All common and/or critical sub-systems shall be duplicated with automaticchangeover in the event of sub-system failure.The System shall be designed to accommodate specific requirements as well asfuture developments, a wired spare capacity of 25% shall be allowed for duringdetailed design.The System shall be modular in design so that should the System requireexpansion, units can be added without substantial system changes.6.2 S YSTEM D ESIGN L IFE AND R ELIABILITYCONTRACTOR shall design the System for a minimum field operating life of 20years minimum.CONTRACTOR shall provide full MTBF and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)figures for all cards, units and modules.CONTRACTOR shall provide system availability information based on theindividual MTBF and MTTR figures for the components of the system.Availability calculations shall be based upon the formula:A = MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR) x 100 %Where A = Availability percentage and MTBF is in hours.For the purpose of this calculation, MTTR shall be assumed 4 hours.CONTRACTOR shall ensure that a system availability of 99.99% or greater isachieved.6.3 A PPROVALSCONTRACTOR shall ensure that the equipment provided is type approved andlicensed with the relevant department of the China Telecom.CONTRACTOR shall provide the necessary support to obtain the necessity forlicenses.6.4 E LECTROMAGNETIC C OMPATIBILITYAll system components shall comply with GB 15540 – EMC Specification andTest Methods for Land Mobile Communication Equipment.6.5 E LECTRICAL S AFETYAll system equipment shall comply with YD/T965: 1998 – The SafetyRequirement and Test Method for Telecommunication Terminal Equipment.6.6 S OFTWARECONTRACTOR shall supply all software licenses, associated documentationand programming manuals required to operate, configure and programme thetelephone system together with all individual equipment, cards and moduleswithin the System.The software shall be delivered in a format compatible with and suitable foroperation with the proposed telephone system.REQUIREMENTS7.0 SYSTEM7.1 G ENERAL7.1.1 Overall Design ObjectivesCONTRACTOR shall undertake a System analysis to confirm the followingpreliminary calculations with the particular models of equipment offered.The Systems analysis shall include investigation of any potential dispersionproblems at 622.08 Mbps. All studies and calculations shall be reviewed andapproved by PURCHASER.7.1.2 Bit Error RateCONTRACTOR shall ensure the required minimum performance of eachindividual link shall yield a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 1 x 10-10 or better.For E1 to E1 testing the error rate shall be 1 x 10-9 or better.The error rate as measured at the active interface cards shall be 1 x 10-6 orbetter.7.1.3 Fibre Optic Cable CharacteristicsThe project shall use a non-zero dispersion shifted Fibre Optic Cable with anattenuation optimised at 1550 nm in accordance with ITU-T G.652Unless otherwise specified or advised, the system design shall be based uponthe following criteria:Cable attenuation < 0.25 dB / KmSplice loss < 1.0 dB / SpliceConnector loss < 0.50 dB / ConnectorPatch-cord < 1.00 dB / Patch-cordThe Fibre Optic Cable (F.O.C.) shall be direct buried in open areas and/or onoverhead cable tray in accordance with drawing 80-8540-0000-00087.1.4 Equipment ConnectorsUnless otherwise noted, CONTRACTOR shall provide Optical Line TerminatingEquipments and Fibre Distribution Frames equipped with “SC” type Fibre OpticConnectors.7.1.5 AbbreviationsThe abbreviations for protective methods of multiplexers shall have followingmeanings:• 1+1 An operational spare (optical or electrical aggregate, tributaryor power supply) dedicated to replace a particular aggregate,tributary or power supply. Can be carrying the same traffic asthe primary, as in a ring or in an automatic protection switching,APS, arrangement.• N+1 A spare (electrical interface, card or internal unit) which canreplace one of N identical units automatically, by remotecontrol or manually.7.1.6 Timing:The System shall permit timing and synchronisation to be derived from any lineaggregate, via Phased Locked Loop (PLL), or from direct clock input at 2.048MHz (G.703), or from one of the tributaries.• The Clocking subsystem can operate in a synchronized, holdover, orfree running mode.• The Free running mode shall be a minimum of Stratum 3 level.• The System shall have a Synchronization Status Message Capability.The Revertive or non-Revertive mode for each clock interface shall be softwareselectable.7.2 T ERMINALSThe STM-4 terminal shall comprise of Optical Line Terminal Equipments(OLTE’s) and multiplexers providing a combination of STM - 1 and E1 tributaries.The terminal may either comprise of a single composite unit providing directinterface from the STM - 4 aggregate line and the STM -1 and E1 tributaries, orseparate terminals and multiplexers for STM - 4 to STM – 1.The equipment shall have the capability for the tributaries at STM - 1 levels tohave either an electrical interface or be equipped with optical tributaries,Compliance with ITU recommendation G.957 with medium range and long rangecapability (S 16.2,L 16.3) is needed. At 155Mbps in accordance with ITU-TG.957 S 1.2 or L 1.3 (STM-1)The required capabilities are:• SDH Architecture• Access to overhead channels for Network Management, Order-wireand Service Data• Interfaces (F and QB3) for local and remote control• Point to point line terminal, single and dual• Line Add/drop or drop and insert multiplexer• Dual ring configuration or single ring configuration with re-route capability• 1+1 line protection• N+1 tributary protection• Full Matrix (Cross-connection) capability at STM-1 level.• Full Matrix (Cross-connection) capability at E1 level.a) Cross-connection capabilityThe STM -4 Multiplexer shall be able to cross-connect at least VC4, VC3 and VC12 data streams in following manner:Aggregates to Tributaries• Aggregate to Aggregate, both on opposing sides and same side• Tributaries to TributariesA minimum of three x STM -1s and 21 x E1s shall be switch-able in abovemannerBroadcast style mapping shall be available, i.e. one E1 shall be mappable into two or more E1s and higher-level data streams.b) Tributaries:The multiplexer shall be capable of being configured to offer tributaryinterfaces at the following levels:• STM - 1, three of which can be equipped with optical aggregates.• 63 x E1 connections or any mixture thereof.c) OLTE Technical Specification• STM - 4 OLTEOptical Line Aggregate Rates STM - 4 (622.08 Mbps)Fibre Type(s) Dispersion shifted or non-zerodispersion shifted fibre opticsingle mode cable.Optical Source 1550 nm Fabry-Perot ILD orDistributed Feedback Laserdepending upon required launchpowerOptical Receiver APD (InGaAs APD preferred)Launch Power -5 to 2 dBm depending upon linkbudgetMinimum Receiver Sensitivity(at BER=1x10-10 )(ITU-T Recommendation G.957)-28 dBm for STM - 4Receiver Overload >-10 dBmPower penalty for dispersion andLaser Diode (LD) Reflectionnoise< 2.5 dB.Automatic laser shutdown To ITU-T G.958.Revertive or non-Revertiveswitchover to be softwareselectable.• STM-1 OLTEOptical interfaces (G.707 and G.958) 1+1 APSLine coding CMIOptical Interface Capability 155,520 Kbps Transmit and Receive interfaces (2 primary, 2 backup), STM1 long-haul(G.957/L1.2/3, G.707, G.958). CONTRACTOR shall verify that equipment shall transmit/receive a minimum distance of 60 km over quality single mode, dispersion shifted 1550 nm fibre cable with 4db safety margin for restoration splices and 3db light for light source (after deductions for splices, connectors and cable attenuation).Clock interfaces STM1 or tributary derived (phase locked loop) andpass-through to outgoing STM1 or tributaryExternal input 2048 kHz, G.703-10, andSynchronization Status Message Capabilitypreferred. Revertive or non-Revertive for eachclock interface shall be software selectable Jitter on STM1 line G.921/G.823/G.958/G.825, G.957/G>0.15UIJitter tolerance ofreceiverEMC/ESD Compliance with ETS 300 386-1Protection 1+1 for fibre interface aggregateEnvironmental -10° to + 55° CDesign Modular to facilitate field maintainabilityd) Tributaries: - STM – 1 (155.520 Mbps) (nominal rate)Line coding CMIBit Rate 155.520 KbpsClock interfaces STM1 or tributary derived (phase locked loop) andpass-through to outgoing STM1 or tributaryExternal input 2048 kHz, G.703-10, andSynchronization Status Message Capabilitypreferred. Revertive or non-Revertive for each clockinterface shall be software selectableJitter on STM1G.921/G.823/G.958/G.825, G.957/Gline>0.15UIJitter tolerance ofreceiverEMC/ESD Compliance with ETS 300 386-1Protection 1+1 for fibre interface aggregateEnvironmental -10° to + 55° CDesign Modular to facilitate field maintainabilitye) Tributaries - E1, 2.048 MbpsBit Rate 2.048 Mbps +/- 50 ppm to ITU-T G.703, G.704Line Impedance 75 Ohms unbalanced. (Coaxial cable) or 120 Ohmsbalance. (Symmetrical wire pair)Code Format HDB32. 37V0-p + 0.237V(75 ohms unbalanced.)Output PulseAmplitudeResidual0V + 0.237V (75 ohms unbalanced.)Amplitude ZeroG.823/G.825Jitter ontributariesProtection N+1 for a minimum of 16 E1sSee figure 15, G.703 for further detailsVoltage DC -36V to -66V and DC -21V to -29VOperating+5° C to +55° CTemperatureRangef) Engineer's Order Wire (EOW) and Service ChannelsCONTRACTOR shall provide Engineer's Order Wire (EOW) equipment forthe Fibre Optic Terminals. This shall be of an Omnibus Architecture andbe directly modulated onto the aggregate optical line signal.7.3 I NTERFACESThe System shall provide the following interfaces as required:a) E1 System parametersBit rate 2.048 Mbps +/- 50 ppm ITU-T G.703, G.704No. of channels per system 30Channel sampling rate 8 kHzEncoding law 8 bits/sampleA law companding to G.711.Clock source Line derived, external, or internalSignalling format Channel associated signallingSignal scanning frequency 500 Hz for a signalling pathImpedance 75 ohms unbalancedCode format HDB3Output pulse amplitude 2. 37V 0+ 0.237V(75 ohms unbalanced.)Residual amplitude, zero 0V + 0.237V (75 ohms unbalanced.) Seefigure 15, G.703 for further detailsE1 cards shall be Dual E1 types.b) 2W VF channel interface G.713Impedance 600 ohms balancedMinimum transmit level -2dBrMaximum receive level 0 dBrReturn Loss Comply with ITU-T G.713Adjusting range 15.5 dB in 0.5 dB stepsRinging generator Required for FXS cardsc) 4W VF channel interface, G.711, G.712, G.714Ohms Impedance 600Minimum transmit level -16 dBrMaximum receive level + 7 dBrAdjusting range 15.5 dB in 0.5dB stepsReturn loss Comply with ITU-T G.712d) 64Kbps data channel interface, ITU-T G.703Bit rate 64 Kbps + 100 ppmInterface type Contra- and co-directionalImpedance 120 ohms balancedNominal peak voltage 1.0V (Mark)Peak voltage 0V +/- 0.1 V (Space)CONTRACTOR shall indicate all possible configurations of sub-rate data cards. An N x 64 kbps capability must be available, i.e. N number of 64 kbps channels could be combinable into one larger channel, 128 kbps, 256 kbps etc.e) VF interfaceE&M Type I, II, III, IV and V signallingPulse Link Repeater (PLR) capability Interface type 2W/4W International VersionAttenuation range Adjustable in 0.1 dB steps4W TX/RX Levels +7 to -16 dBm2W TX TLP Levels +6 to -12 dB2W RX TLP Levels +6 to -10 dBf) Foreign Exchange Interface (FXO/FXS)FXO Voice Card Loop or ground start, 600 or 900 ohmsFXS Voice Card Loop or ground start or Private Line Automatic Ring-down (PLAR)Transmit range +4 to -3 dBmReceive range +1 to -6 dBmRinging Current Generator Each E1 multiplexer containing FXS cards shall be equipped with a Ringing Current Generator generating nominal 20 Hz 80-150V ringing tone.ISDN Interface 2B1Q Individual and multiple In accordance withITU-T Series Recommendations I.430,I.441, I.451G.960 and G.961g) Data Interface CardsRS 232 Sync-Async/V.24. Individual and multiple interfacesper cardRS 422 Individual and multiple interfaces per cardprogrammable for V.35, X.21, RS449 or RS530 X.21 Individual and multiple interfaces per cardV.35 Individual and multiple interfaces per cardRS 485 OptionalGroup 3 FAX Individual and multiple interfaces per card7.4 S YSTEM R EQUIREMENTS7.4.1 Timing/SynchronizationThe equipment shall derive its timing and synchronisation from the MasterClock System – SP-8540-0000-00025.7.4.2 Timing and Synchronisation Interface SpecificationClock input/output Compliant with G.703Timing Line derived, external clock input and internal clockoutput.。

10th period ProjectTeaching aims:Improve the students’ ability and provide practice.Give presentations to the other students.Important points & difficult points:Present the drama to the whole class.Choose the best actor, actress, director, props, and costumes. Procedure:Step 1 lead-in:Teacher shows students the rules of how to present.●planning●preparing●producing●presentingStep 2 Planning:(1). Get into groups (5-6Ss per group)(2). Decide which play to act out(3). Clear assignments:Who will be the actors/ actresses?Who will be the director?Who will find props?Who will make costumes?Step 3 Preparing :(1). Actors and actresses should recite all their lines.(2). All props needed should be found.(3). All costumes needed should be made.(4). Director should be in charge of all things related to the play.Step 4 Producing:Practice the play before performing to other classmates.Step 5 Presenting:(1). Each group should present your play to the others.(2). You decide which group’s performance is the best.(3). You decide who is the best actor and actress.(4). You decide who is the best director.(5).You decide which group’s props and costumes are the best.Step 6 Awards:Teacher values which group does a better job.Teacher also invites the students to talk about which they like best, and why. Awards will be given to the best ones.Step 7 Homework:1.Review words and phrases in this unit.2.Review the whole unit.。

ProjectManagement项目就是一个计划要解决的问题。

——约瑟夫. 朱兰项目是为创造独特的产品、服务或结果而进行的临时性事业。

它的特性明确且突出:· 有明确的开始时间和结束时间；（实际情况又不经常是这样，由于人们不停的要求变更，一些项目似乎永远不会结束。

）· 创造独特的产出，即以前没有做过的事情；纯粹重复性的任何事情都不能称作项目；每个项目都会涉及到以下四类关系人：· 利害关系者：在项目上有既得利益的任何人。

· 客户：项目所交付成果的使用者。

· 项目发起人：要求做某项目的人；负责确保项目获得合理的预算，进度安排是可以接受的以及团队拥有所需人员。

· 项目经理：在既定时间、预算、工作范围内，以预期的业绩水平完成项目，负全面责任的人。

同时，在项目发起人或客户中，同样存在这四类关系人，以促进项目的完成。

针对项目产生的项目管理则应运而生。

那么何为项目管理？在项目活动中应用各种知识、技能、工具和技术以达到项目要求，是通过项目管理过程—启动、计划、实施、监控和收尾—的应用与集成来实现的。

人际关系处理，使团队成员保持要求的绩效水平，对于稀缺资源的协商和谈判，政治问题的处理都是项目管理中不可量化的重要内容。

项目管理不仅仅是安排进度，不仅仅是工具，不仅仅是一个工作岗位或职位头衔，它甚至不是所有这些的总和。

项目管理是一种执行艺术，像外科手术一样，管理是一种实践，而不是一种理论；它追求的不是知识，而是绩效！管理的执行艺术只能在战壕中，像已经掌握它的人学习！在项目管理中存在四个重要变量：· 达到所要求的性能水平（Performance):桥梁必须达到特定负荷要求；汽车必须达到燃料经济性，速度等要求。

绩效规定了项目产品必须实现的功能要求；· 在成本或预算约束内（Cost）：包括劳动力，设备，外购服务，材料等；· 按时（Time）：项目均有时间底线；· 一定的工作范围（Scope）；这四个变量之间的关系：C=f(P,T,S)不幸的是，我们永远无法知道一个项目中这些变量之间的准确函数关系，但是根据经验我们知道，如果试图改变其中一个变量，则其他三个至少会有一个发生变化。