英美文学常识课程考核重点(精)

Introduction: Old and Medieval English Literature1. source of the rise and growth of English literature: the cultural influences of the Anglo-Sexons conquest and the Norman conquest.盎格鲁撒克逊征服与诺曼征服2. Old English literature: 450—1066medieval period in English literature: with the Norman Conquest starts,covers about 4 centurries,3. Beowulf主题分析:Beowulf,a typical example of Old English poetry,is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.4. In the second half of the 14th century,English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer (the greatest writer){Canterbury Tales}, William Langland (religious and social issues){Piers Plowman},John Gower (produces the best romance of the period){Sir Gawain and the Green Knight},and others.5. 骑士文学Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs(主题) of the quest,the test,the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.6. Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era to come.7. 乔叟,押尾韵及英雄双韵体.Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.And in The Canterbury Tales,Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm toe the first time in the history of English literature.8. 最早的现代小说: Chaucer’s Troilous and CriseydeJohn Dryden called Chaucer “the father of English poetry”. The English Homer.Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.RenaissanceIt refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th .It first started in Italy,with the flowering of painting,sculpture,and literature.The Renaissance,shich means rebirth or revival,is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events.Therefore,in essence,it is a historical period in which the European hunanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England.2.HumanismRenaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection,and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question,explore,and enjoy.Thus,by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beautiful of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.3.人文主义者代表(best English humanists): Thomas More, Chistopher Marloweand William Shakespeare.4.By the middle of Elizabeth’s reign,Protestantism had been firmly established,witha certain compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism.5.引进印刷术的英国第一人: William Caxton.印刷了The Canterbury Tales(Chaucer), Morte Darthur(Malory)6.Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers..7. Wyatt and Surrey engraved the forms and graces of Italian poetry. (Petrachan sonnet, blank verse)8.John Donne and George Herbert.(玄学派诗人)9. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.10.Lively,vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latincomedies of Plautus and Terence.Tragedies were in the style of Seneca.11. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance in England: Chistopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare,and Ben Jonson.12.Francis Bacon,the first important English essayist,was also the founder of modernscience inEngland.A.2 Shakespeare’s drama career:a.The first period,one of apprenticeship.5 histoty plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus.4 comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Tamingof the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.b.The second period,Shakespear’s style and approach became highlyindividualized.5 histories: Richard II, King John,Henry IV, Parts I, II, and Henry V.6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much AdoAbout Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor.2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, and Julius Caesar.c.The third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.Tragedies: Hamlet(most popular), Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus.2 comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure.d.The last period of Shakespeare’s(there’s a prevalent Christian teaching ofatonement [赎罪] ) work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest.2 final place: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.A.3 历史剧:Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the priciple that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. The first and second parts of Henry IV are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays.A.4 The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes(赞美)the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.A.5 四大悲剧的共性:(Greatest tragedies have some characteristic in common) Each portrays some noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a dufficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero,we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.A.6 The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.He affirms the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold social order. A.7 莎士比亚的学观Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. The end of the dramatic creation is to give faithful reflection of the social realities of the time. Shakespeare also states that literary words which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.A.8 莎士比亚的物刻画Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types.Each character has his or her own personailities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.Shakespeare also protrays his characters in pairs.Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.A.9 莎士比亚的节设计Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit (巧妙的)plot constraction.He seldom invents his own plots.In order to play more lively and compact, he would shorten the time and intensify the story.A.10 莎士比亚的语言特色Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic forms.He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom.His coinage of new words and disortion of the meaning of the old ones also create stricking effects on the reader.B.1 米尔顿的三类文学成就Three groups:the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.B.2 Lycidas(early period)Lycidas is composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King.It begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepen by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet.With this bitter sense of loss,Milton asks why the just and good should suffer.The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy,who are corrupted by self-interest.B.3 Areopagitica(middle period)is a great plea for freedom of the press.B.4 three major poetical works:Paradise lost, Pparodise regained and Samson AgonistesB.5 Paradise regained shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands thetemper and is established once more in the divine favor. Crist’s temptation in the wilderness in the theme, and Milton follows the account in the fourth chapter of Matthew’s gospel(福音).B.6 米尔顿的艺术特色a. Milton’s style is distinguished by its rich and complex texture, the multiplicityof its classical references, its wealth of ornament and decoration.b. Milton’s subjects are lofty and magnificent. The theme of Samson Agonistes istragic and sublime.c. The great epic, which resounds with the grandear and multiplicity of the world,is also a poem, the central actions of which take place inwardly.d. Finally, his endinds are lifelike.13.玄学派诗人MetaphysicalIt refers to the school of poets that appeared in the Revolutionary period in England by using quite unconventional and often surprising conceits; the metaphysical poets wrote poems full of wit and humor. John Donne and Andrew Marvell are the representative metaphysical poets.14. 十四行诗SonnetIt is a basic lyric form, consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns. Milton made a new kind of use of the Petrarchan form, and the Romantic poets continued in the Miltonic tratition.。

选择10X2分填空10X3分名词解释5X4分简答5X4分论述1X10分选择&填空各章重要知识点：包扌臣各历史时期的文学流派特点标志，重要的代表作家及主要作品，作品的主要情节和主要人物。

名词解释&简答BeowulfepicalliterationballadRomanceHeroic CoupletsBlank VerseChaucer and The Canterbuiy Tales WilliamShakespeare&his great works SonnetMetaphysical PoetsThe RenaissanceEnlightenment RomanticismCritical RealismImagismModernismThe Stream of Consciousness 诗歌格律韵式辨析John Milton and Paradise LostJohn Bunyan and The Pilgrim? sProgress HumanismEnlightenmentNeoclassicismSentimantalism浪漫主义的重要诗人和代表作Byronic HeroesDramatic MonologueCritical RealismOedipus Complex 论述ChaucerShakespeareJohn MiltonHenry FieldingCharles DickensJane AustenThomas HardyRenaissance特点：1. There was a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.2eHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Representative Figures1） Thomas More Utopia2） Thomas Wyatt He was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.3） John Lyly the novel Eupheus gave rise to the term "euphuisrrT（绮丽体）euphuism refers to an affectedly elegant literary style of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, characterized by elaborate alliteration, antitheses（对照）,and similes（明喻）•4） Christopher Marlowe Timur （《巾占木丿L》）he is known for his magnificent blank verse,《帖木儿》是一部英雄剧，塑造了一个叱咤风云却又野心勃勃的征服者形象，充分体现了文艺复兴时期的巨人精神。

外国文学一、填空1、《荷马史诗》是由战神导演的《伊利昂记》和有命运之神导演的《奥德修记》。

2、《神曲》：原名《喜剧》，后来的版本以《神圣的喜剧》为名，中译本为《神曲》。

中世纪特有的幻想文学艺术形式——继《荷马史诗》之后第二个文学历史里程碑。

《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》三部分，每部33歌，加上序曲共100歌。

作品这种这种结构来自“三位一体”的神学概念。

3、公元前12世纪至公元前8世纪，史称“荷马时代”或者“英雄时代” 。

主要成就：神话和史诗。

*4、公元前8世纪至公元前6世纪（确切时代）：史称“大移民时代”。

主要成就：抒情诗、寓言。

*5、公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪，史称“古典时期”，主要成就：戏剧、散文和文艺理论。

*6、公元前4世纪至公元前2世纪中叶，史称“希腊化”时期。

主要体裁：新喜剧、田园诗、拟剧、史诗、激论。

7、莎士比亚四大悲剧：《哈姆莱特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》。

8、《变形记》是奥维德的代表作，是一本神话诗集，有“神话辞典”之称。

9、赫西俄德的《工作与时日》是一部教诲诗。

802行，是古希腊流传下来的第一首以现实主义为题材的创作。

10、萨福被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”。

11、品达是合唱抒情诗的代表，有“白天鹅”的称号。

12、“历史之父”是希罗多德，他著有《希腊波斯战争史》。

13、柏拉图：“客观唯心主义的始祖”，提出文艺必须服务于政治。

著作：《理想国》《斐德若》《会饮》《法律》14、亚里斯多德：《论工具》，奠定了形式逻辑的基础，欧洲第一部逻辑学。

《诗学》意即《论诗的艺术》，欧洲美学史上第一篇极端重要的文献。

15、米南德：古希腊最著名的新喜剧作家，作有105部喜剧。

重视人物性格，结构紧凑，语言口语化《恨世者》《萨摩斯女子》《公断》16、田园诗又称“牧歌”，忒俄克里托斯是田园诗之父。

17、古希腊神话是欧洲最早的文学形式。

18、《伊利亚特》中的阿喀琉斯：亚里斯多德称他是“希腊悲剧英雄的先驱”黑格尔热情洋溢的称《荷马史诗》创造了西方文学史上的第一个真正的人——在西方文学史上第一个阿喀琉斯。

英美文学复习材料Geoffrey ChaucerFather/founder of English PoetryMajor works:•The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》•The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》•Troilus and Criseyde《特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德》•The Legend of Good Women《好女人传》•The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury Tales•The story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.• A rich, tapestry (织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes, fromnobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.London dialect•The General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group thatis going to CanterburyThe Canterbury Tales•Some of the characters•The Knight :the first story teller•The Prioress女修道院副院长•The Merchant•The Wife of Bath巴斯妇: the first female figure in British literature•Poor PriestWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)Renaissance•Meaning: rebirth or revival•Time: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century. •Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.• A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greeceand Rome were being born again after long years of neglect. •Essence: humanismWilliam ShakespeareWorks•37 plays• 2 long narrative poems•154 sonnetsWilliam ShakespeareDrama:•Tragedies- Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet •Comedies-As You Like It, The Merchants of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, AMidsummer Night’s Dream，The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night •Histories-Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III,•Romances/tragicomedie s: Cymbeline, The TempestRomeo and Juliet•Characters: The Montagues/ The Capulets•Plot•Theme•Act II, Scene II•The balcony scene•One of the romantic peaks of the play.•In this scene, Romeo has employed three comparisons to express his admiration for Juliet: the sun, twinkling stars, a bright angelWilliam Shakespeare :SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律 .•Three types of sonnet1) Petrarchan sonnet (彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2) Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3) Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗Shakespearian Sonnet• 3 quatrains + a couplet•abab cdcd efef gg•Sonnet 18•―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖•Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love. •Sonnet 29•Theme: The power of love can overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in one’slifetime.RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) and ends with the death of SirWalter Scott(1832).•Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert Burns•Active romantic poets: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats •Passive romantic poets/Lake Poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.Robert BurnsFarmer poet/national poet of Scotland•Write in Scottish dialect•Themes of poetry are life of the common Scotch, love, friendship, etc.•―A Red, Red Rose‖: four stanzas; a ballad form; love; figures of speech•―Auld Lang Syne‖: friendship, parting-songWilliam Wordsworth•Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人•Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads: a declaration of romanticism •Define Poetry as ―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility‖.• A worshipper of nature•―I Wandered Lonely as Cloud‖: four six-line stanzas; iambic tetrameter; rhyme scheme: ababcc; theme: the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/ Nature' s beauty uplifts the human spirit.•―Composed Upon Westminster Bridge‖: a Petrarchan sonnet; abbaabba cdcdcd ;describing London in an early morning; figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personificationPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)•one of the leading romantic poets•loved people and hated the oppressors and exploiters•His wife: Mary Shelley Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》•Major works:•The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》•Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》•Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》•Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》•Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》• A Defense of Poetry 《诗辩》•The Masque of Anarchy 《暴政的行列》Ode to the West Wind•Ode: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject, elevated in style, and elaborate in its structure.Is is written to praise and glorify somebody or to eulogize something.•Form: 1.Every stanza is a sonnet; five stanzas of iambic pentamenter.• 2. Every stanza consists of 4 terza rima（三行诗隔句押韵法）+ couplet. •Structure: stanza 1-3: activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea.Stanza 4-5: the poet’s wish to be free like the wind.Ode to the West Wind•Theme: 1. Revolutionary spirit; 2. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new world. •The art of language:• 1. The use of alliteration, capitalization, end rhyme, etc.• 2. many figures of speech: simile/metaphor/personification/allusion/symbolTo—•One word is too often profaned•For me to profane it,•One feeling too falsely distain'd•For thee to distain it;•One hope is too like despair•For prudence to smother,•Love lyric; repetition/parallel; understatement（含蓄陈述）Jane Austen (1775-1817)•The first important English woman novelist•Writing style:•Theme: mostly about love and marriage•Language: simple, humorous, witty, ironic•Plot: straightforward, little action•Characters: like real living persons•Dialogues: true to life•She called her work ―a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square‖ (―两寸牙雕”)• A very narrow literary field•But within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realisticand colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rural England of her timeJane Austen•Major works:•Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》(1818)•Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》(1811)•Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》(1813)•Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》(1814)•Emma 《艾玛》(1816)•Persuasion 《劝导》(1818)Pride and Prejudice•―It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.‖•Main characters/plot/theme•Dialogues•Character analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. Bingley •Pride/prejudiceCharles Dickens (1812 –1870)•Victorian novelist•Representative writer of critical realism•critical realism:• 1. Objectivity :truly reflected the life of theCapitalist Society• 2. Criticalness: deeply exposed and criticized Feudal aristocracy and the capitalists；advocated humanism &pursue the truth• 3. Typicality :Use typical characters in a certain environment.Charles Dickens•Major works:•《匹克威克外传》（The Pickwick Papers）•《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）•《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop）•《美国纪行》（American Notes）•《圣诞颂歌》（A Christmas Carol）•《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son）•《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）•《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）•《艰难时世》（Hard Times）•《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）•《我们共同的朋友》（Our Mutual Friend）A Tale of Two Cities•Two cities: Paris and London•Set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution•Three groups of people:•The feudal aristocrat：Marquis（侯爵）Evremond封建贵族•The revolutionary masses：Ms Defarge 革命群众•Ideal persons: Doctor Manette; Lucy Manette; Charles Darney; Sydney Carton 理想化人物A Tale of Two Cities•It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, iit was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us, we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way。

英国文学—The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗)of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨）of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods 1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’spoetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on theGerman legend of a magician aspiringfor knowledge and finally meeting histragic end as a result of selling his soulto the Devil. The play’s dominantmoral is human than religious. Itcelebrates the human passion forknowledge, power and happiness; italso reveals man’s frustration inrealizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order. And theconfinement to time is the cruelest factof man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the playis to praise the friendship betweemAntonio and Bassanio, to idealizePortia as a heroine of greate beaulity,wit and loyalty, and to expose theinsatiable greed and brutality of theJew. Tody, many people tend to regardthe play as a satire of the christians’hypocrisy and their false standards offrindship and love, their cunning wayof pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气)and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is themost successful religious allegory inthe English language. Its purpose is tourge people to abide by Christiandoctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their ownweakness and all kinds of social evils.Its predominant metaphor —life as ajourney — is simple and familiar. Theobjects that Christian meets arehomely and commonplace, and thescence presented a typical Englishones, but throughout the allegory aspiritual signifiance is added to thecommonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizeshuman world, for “All that cometh isvanity.”Everything and anything inthis world is “vanity”, having no valueand no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a“marcket selling nothingness” of allsorts, is a dirty place originally built upby devils, but, this town “lay” in theway to the Celestial City, meaningpilgrims had to resist the tempatationsthere way through. So, the depiction ofthe “Fair” in selling things worldly andin attracting people bad, representsJohn Bunyan’s rejection of the worldlyseekings and pious longing for the pureand charming “Celestial City” hisChristian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: atypical eighteenth-century Enlishmiddle-class man, with a greatcapacity for work, inexhaustible energy,courage, patience and persistence inovercoming obstacles, in stugglingagainst the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empirebuilder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnmland, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of themost effcetive and devastatingcriticisms and satires of all aspects inthen English and European life —socially, politically, religiously,philosophically, scientifically, andmorally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods 1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景)of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbeenergies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows thecontrast between the permanence of artand the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriageprovide the major theme in all JaneAusten’s novels, in which femalechatacters are always playing an activepart. In their pursuit of a marriage,they ate usually categorize into threetypes according to their differentattitudes: those who would marry formaterial wealth and social position,those who would marry just for beautyand passion, and those who wouldmarry for true love with aconsideration of the partn er’s personalmerit as well ad his economical andsocial status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tellsof the love story between a rich,pround young man Darcy and thebeautiful and intelligent ElizaethBennet. None of the daughters caninherit the estate of the family for ithas been entailed upon the nearestmale heir, Willian Collins, Collinsintends to marry and he decides toshoose Elizabeth as a way of makingamends for inheriting the family’sestate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects theproposal. Another young man calledDarcy proposes her, but she hasprejudice against him because shethinks that he has nothing but pride.After many twists and turns, they arehappily united. This book tells us agreat deal about attitude towardmarriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriageprovide the major themes in all hernovels, Jane Austen tries to say that itis wrong to marry just for money or forbeauty, but it is also wrong to marrywithout it.as it is said in the book that it is a truthuniversally acknowledged that a singeman in possession of a good foutunemust be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。

2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。

其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。

2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。

浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。

2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。

代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。

现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。

2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。

3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。

他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。

她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。

3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。

他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。

一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。

这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。

Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。

（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。

1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。

2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。

3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。

英美文学鉴赏重点英美文学鉴赏导读一单选题10个10分二文学术语翻译，10中，10英10分三2篇诗歌的分析，写出作家名，诗名，格律metrical pattern，韵律rhyme scheme，诗节stanza from，诗歌类型genre of the poem，修辞figures of speech，主题theme等20分四默写学过的两首诗。

20分五简答题两个questions 20分六论述题两个20分I. Each of the statements below is followed by 4 alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. (10*1℅=10) ?II. Translate the following former 10 English literary terms into Chinese and the later 10 Chinese literary terms into English.(20*0.5℅=10%)III. Please fill in the missing blanks and answer questions below. (2*12℅=24%)IV. Write down 2 poem you’ve learned from the textbook except the above-cited poems in III. (2*8℅=16%)V. Give brief answers to the following questions. (2*10℅=20%)VI. Short essay questions. （1*15+1*5=20%）1）熟悉Part1 (6-7)，part 2 (2-7), part 3 (2)的专业术语，会互译。

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf (national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。

3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。

seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体4、Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.5、代表作：The Canterbury Tales (英国文学史的开端)内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. The story was endowed with what medieval romancelacked-interest of character as well as incident.观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.主要故事: ①The Knight’s Tale ②The Pardoner’s Tale ③The Merchant’s Tale④The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪)1、背景：14-17century,a period of the breaking of feudal relations and the establishing the foundations of capitalism. New monarchy. It is a revival of classical arts and sciences.2、主要文学成就：Poetry: Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Sidney Spenser: the poet’s poet.Drama: Marlowe: blank verse(无韵诗) the principal vehicle of expression in drama. . William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Novels:John Lyly Thomas Loge Thomas NasheEssays /prose: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)3 works of shakespeare:37palys ,tow narrative poems and 154sonnetsFirst period (1590-1600):comdies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Second period(1601—1608):tragedies<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Third period(1609—1612)historiesLyric poem:Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggSonnet 18:Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Sonnet 29:Theme：①The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. ②Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.The character of Hamlet:①Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.②Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.③His intellectual genius is outstanding.④Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C)1、文学特点concerned with the tremendous social upheavals, influence by puritan. 光荣革命意义the supremacy of parliament, beginning of modern England,final triumph of the political liberty2、代表人物：①John Donne“metaphysical poets玄学A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: verbal wit, irregular rhythms, ingenious structure and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two different things.B. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)union of body and soul,physically and spiritually②John MiltonThe indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园freedom knowledge oppose to monarchy Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: L‘Allegro Il Penseroso ;Lycidas ComusPrincipal pamphlets: Areopagitica: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklaste: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People: a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His Blindness③John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrim’s Progress④John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪)1、文学特点：The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. The 18th century was an age of prose. Novel writing made a big advance in this century. In thisstage,staire was much used in writing.2. classicism(neoclassicism), (pre-romanticism), (modern novel and sentimentalism)3.emphsis on reason,order ,balance and harmony.4、文学名人及作品：①classicism/neoclassicism Richard Steele：The Spectator Addison Pope johnson②pre-romanticismWilliam Blake:Song of Innocence. London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Poetical Sketches 诗的素描The Book of Thel 塞尔书The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, ,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 <A Red, Red Rose> My Heart’s in the n Highlands> <The Tree Of Liberty>③modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe、Henry Fielding、Jonathan SwiftB. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey Tristram ShandyThomas Gray :Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌5、Daniel Defoe①英国小说之父②Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.③Captain Singleton Colonel Jack Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year Roxana6、Henry Fielding: comic Epic 喜剧史诗The History of Tom Jones, a foundling主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidiousJoseph Andrews the journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia7、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)A Tale of a Tub 桶The battle of the Books 书之战The Drapier’s Letter 信A Modest Proposal建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms七、1.The romantic period(1798-1832):beginning of with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads,ending with Walter Scott’s death.2.Theme:sensibllity,love of nature,interest of past,mysticism,individualism,exoticpicture,strong-willed heroes,sometimes the romantics resort to symbolism.And symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas and concepts.3.emphaize on emotion4.historical backgrounds:It was greatly influenced by the industrial revolution and the french revolution.5.romantuc writersThe first generation romantic writersBurns Blake----------pre-romantisWordsworth Coleridge--------negtiveThe second generation romantic writersByron Shelley and Keats-----active romanticsHistorical novelist-----Walter Scott6.WordsworthA..style:simplicity and purity of language and love of natureB.poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> / Daffodils/ The DaffodilsTheme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.②Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode: Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⑤Lucy Poems 露西⑥<The Prelude>序曲The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老水手之歌The Excursion 漫游7.Lord ByronA.Byron’s language is moody and vicid,and he covers vast ares,both geographically and moyionally.B.Byronic hero:dark romancesC.works①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<Don Juan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty>8.ShelleyA.the mask of anarchy 暴政的化的装游行B．the finest lyric poets in the English languageC．works<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂To a Skylark>致云雀9.ScottA. a historical novelistB.worksIvanhoe 艾凡赫waverly 威弗利the lady of the lake 湖畔湖人Rob Roy罗布.罗衣10.Jane Austen作品：① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺。

英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。

它具有以下几个特点：1.多元化：英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。

从古典主义到浪漫主义，从现代主义到后现代主义，英美文学不断演变和发展，展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。

2.自由和开放性：英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考，在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。

自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。

3.注重个人感受和情感表达：英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达，通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑，展示了人性的复杂和多样性。

二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑，代表作品有：•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。

•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写，揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。

2. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末至19世纪初）浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段，代表作品有：•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》，强调对自然和个人感受的表达，展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。

•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》，通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写，呈现了封建社会的弊端。

3. 现代主义时期（20世纪初至中期）现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期，代表作品有：•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》，以流动的意识流体式叙述，探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。

•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》，通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索，反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。

三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，代表作品有：•《哈姆雷特》：探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常，是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。

1.The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ___?A 200 B.CB 55 A.DC 55 B.CD 410 A.D2.The capital of Northern Ireland is ___?A BlefastB BirminghanC EdinburghD Cardiff3.The statement “You can not step twice into the same river”was said by___?A AristotleB HeracletusC SocratesD Pythagoras4.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, ___, and Aristotle, who are active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B.C.A PythagorasB HeracleitusC HerodotusD Plato5.Between 1337 and 1453 the ___ took place in Britain.A Wars of RosesB Black DeathC Hundred Years’WarD Peasants Uprising6.William, Duke of Normandy, fought King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings in___.A 1066B 1086C 1381D 10357. The first Civil War in Britain lasted from ___ to ___.A 1600 --- 1604B 1640 --- 1644C 1642 --- 1646D 1646 --- 16508. ___ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A CynicsB StoicsC ScepticsD Epieureans9.James Watt created a ___ in 1769?A Spinning MuleB Steam EngineC Power LoomD Spinning Jenny10.Most of the land belonging to the Saxons was confiscated by William and given to ___.A The DanesB the IrishC The Norman baronsD The Scots答案:1. 选C。

英美文学期末复习Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period 中古时期An Introduction ：❖最早的英国居民：Celts❖In 43AD , Roman conquered Britain, making the latter a province of Roman Empire.公元43年，罗马征服英国，将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。

❖In 449 Jutes came to Britain to settle there. Following the Jutes came Angles and Saxons. 449年，朱特人定居英国，紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。

❖Germanic means the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes.日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。

❖Anglo-Saxon poetry is bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit.安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力，悲伤且忧郁。

❖These tribes from Northern Europe together created the united kingdom--Anglo-Saxon England ("Angle-land").这些来自北欧的部落创建了联合王国--安格鲁撒克逊英格兰(in 449)❖Their dialects naturally grew into a single language called Angle-ish or English, the ancestor of the present-day English.他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言--盎格鲁语或者英语。

❖The old English were divided into two groups: ①religious group ②secular group古英语诗歌被分成两类：①宗教②世俗❖The religious group is mainly on biblical theme.宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。

英美文学复习资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。

主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。

文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。

选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。

三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。

Part1EnglihLiteratureAnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglihLiterature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．GeoffreyChaucer的文学贡献二．练习：1.Chooethebetanwerforeachblank.1).Theperiodof______Englihliteraturebeginfromabout450to1066, theyearof______.A.Old----RenaianceB.Middle----theNormanConquetofEnglandC.Middle----RenaianceD.Old----theNormanConquetofEngland2)..TheMedievalperiodinEnglihliteraturee某tendfrom1066uptothe______century.A.mid-13thB.mid-14thC.mid-15thD.mid-16th3).Beowulf,atypicale某ampleofOldEnglihpoetry,iregardedtodayathenational______oftheAngl o-Sa某on.A.onnetB.eayC.epicD.novel6).Aftertheconquetof1066,threelanguageco-e某itedinEngland.Theyare______,______and______.A.OldEnglih,Greek,LatinB.OldEnglih,French,LatinC.OldEnglih,G reek,FrenchD.Englih,Greek,FrenchA.coupletB.blankvereC.heroiccoupletD.epic8).Thematicallythepoem“Beowulf”preentavividpictureofhowthe primitivepeoplewageheroictruggleagaintthehotileforceofthe______w orldunderawieandmighty______.A.manB.theoryC.doctrineD.era10).GeoffreyChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedtanzaofvario utypetoEnglihpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglih______vere.A.rhymedB.alliterativeC.ocialD.viionary2.E某plainthefollowingliteralterm.1).Romance2).HeroicCouplet3).Epic3.Anwerthefollowingquetion.1).HowmanygroupdotheOldEnglihpoetrydividedintoWhataretheyWhi chgroupdoeBeowulfbelongtoWhy2).WhatithecontributionofGeoffreyChaucertoEnglihliteratureChapter1.TheRenaiancePeriod一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：RenaiancePeriod1.Chooethebetanwerforeachblank.1).TheRenaiance,ineence,iahitoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropean_ _____thinkerandcholarmadeattempttogetridofthoeoldfeudalitideainmedievalEuro pe,tointroducenewideathate某preedtheinteretoftheriingbourgeoiie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheea rlychurchformthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.A.GreekandRomanB.humanitC.religiouD.loyal2).Generally,the______refertotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturie.ItfirttartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,culp tureandliterature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetheretofEurop e.A.MedievalPeriodB.RenaianceC.OldEnglihPeriodD.RomanticPeriod3).______itheeenceoftheRenaiance.ThomaMore,ChritopherMarloweand_ ______arethebetrepreentativeoftheEnglihhumanit.A.Humanity----WilliamShakepeareB.Humanim-----FranciBaconC.Humanity----GeoffreyChaucerD.Humanim----WilliamShakepeare4).TheElizabethan______itherealmaintreamoftheEnglihRenaiance .ThemotfamoudramatitintheRenaianceEnglandareChritopherMarlowe,Wi lliamShakepeare,and______.A.novel---GeoffreyChaucerB.poetry----FranciBaconC.drama----BenJononD.drama----GeoffreyChaucer5).Humanimprangfromtheendeavortoretoreamedievalreverencefort heantiqueauthorandifrequentlytakenathebeginningoftheRenaianceoni tconciou,intellectualide,fortheGreekand______civilizationwabaedo nuchaconceptionthat______ithemeaureofallthing.A.Roman----moralB.French----reaonC.Roman----manD.French----God6).OneofthemajorreultoftheReformationinEnglandwathefactthatt heBibleinEnglihwaplacedineverychurchandervicewereheldinEnglihint eadof______othatpeoplecouldundertand.tinB.FrenchC.GreekD.Anglo-Sa某on7).Wyatt,intheRenaianceperiod,introducedthePetrarchan______i ntoEngland,whileSurreybroughtin______vere.A.drama----freeB.onnet----blankC.terzarima----blankD.couplet----free8).IntheearlytageoftheEnglihRenaiance,poetryand______werethe motouttandingformandtheywerecarriedonepeciallybyWilliamShakepeareandBenJo non.A.fictionB.dramaticfictionC.poeticdramaD.novel9).Byemphaizin gthedignityofhumanbeingandtheimportanceofthepreentlife,______voi cedtheirbeliefthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthi life,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimelfandtoperformwonder.A.humanitB.ProtetantC.CatholicD.playwright10).______wathefirtimportantEngliheayit.Hewaalothefounderofm oderncienceinEngland.A.EdmundSpenerB.ChritopherMarloweC.FranciBaconD.BenJonon2.E某plainthefollowingliteralterm.1).theRenaiancePeriod2).blankvere3) .Humanim3.Anwerthefollowingquetion.3).WhatarethetypicalcharacteriticofliteraryworkproducedinRen aianceEngland文艺复兴时期的主要作家。

英语专业英美文学史复习要点I. Some Historical Facts ★★★The earliest inhabitants: Britons (a tribe of Celts)Britain: ―the land of Britons‖Now, the Three Famous Conquests:A. The Roman Conquest (55BC-410AD)1. Britain was invaded by the Romans under the leadership of Julius Caesar in 55 BC, and was completely subjugated to the Roman Empire in 78 A.D.2. Roman mode of life came across to Britain:Conqueror s→theaters; bathsnative Briton s→slaves3. Roman Empire began to decline at the beginning of the 5th C.In 410 A. D. all the Roman troops withdrew and never returned.B. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066)In 449 A.D., Britain was invaded by three Germanic tribes from the Northeast of Europe:Angles（盎格鲁人）Saxons（撒克逊人）Jutes（朱特人）C. The Norman Conquest (1066-1485)French-speaking Normans, under the leadership of Duke William (William the Conqueror) came in 1066.After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as the King of England. In the Anglo-Norman period, the prominent kind of literature, Romances, were at first all in French.At the end of the 14th century, English became dominant once more.II. Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon Poetry★★1. Pagan Poetry（世俗诗）Also called secular poetry, it does not contain any specific Christian doctrine. It was represented by Beowulf (贝奥武甫).2. Religious Poetry（宗教诗）Also called Christian poetry, it is mainly on biblical stories and sa ints’ lives. Butsometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan（异教徒）ideas. It is represented by Caedmon （凯德蒙）and Cynewulf (基涅武甫）.National epic（民族史诗）★★National epic: epic written in vernacular（本国的）languages, namely, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Poetic Features of ―Beowulf‖ (贝奥武甫)★★★i. The use of alliteration (头韵) is one of its most striking features.In alliterative verse, certain stressed or accented words in a line begin with the same consonant. There are 4 stresses in a line generally, of which three or two show alliteration.ii. The use of kennings:Kenning (代喻）: compound words that serve as metaphor, used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry.For example: ―storm of swords‖ is a kenning for ―battle‖.iii. The use of understatements(抑言陈述) or euphemism (委婉语) , e.g.:―not troublesome‖ > very welcome―need not praise‖ > a right to condemniv. The basically pagan poem has an evident Christian overlay.e.g.:(1) ―God‖ or ―Lord‖ is frequently mentioned as the omnipotent supreme being, along wit h such Christian concepts as the belief in ―future life‖.(2) Grendel is said to be descendant of the errant biblical figure, Cain.The Religious Poetry ★★The religious poetry is also called Christian poetry. It is mainly on biblical stories and saints’ lives. But sometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan ideas in these poems. It is represented by Caedmon and Cynewulf.Anglo-Saxon Prose（散文）★★Prose literature did not show its appearance until the 8th century.There were two famous prose writers:V enerable Bede （比德）Alfred the Great （阿尔弗烈德大王）Anglo-Norman Literature★★1066, the year of the Norman conquest, marks the beginning of Anglo-Norman period (1066-1485).Ca. 1200: the beginning of the Middle English Literature.A. Romance ★★★Romance (骑士文学), mostly in French, is the dominant kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period.It is a long composition in verse or prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting a s well as a number of miscellaneous adventures.E ssential features of the Romance★★★1. It lacks general resemblance（相似）to truth or reality.2. It exaggerates the vices（罪恶）of human nature and idealizes the virtues.3. It contains perilous（危险的）adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.4. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to lady.5. The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.The Matters of Britain★★★This Cycle mainly deals with the exploits（功绩）of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（高潮）of the Arthurian romances.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight★★Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》), a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend. It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance.English Ballads （民歌）★★1. It is oral literature of the English people (esp. peasants).2. It is a story told in song, usu. in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.3. Its subject matters: young lovers’ struggle against patriarchy（父权制）; conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1453) between England and France.; matters of class struggle.Robin Hood Ballads: most noted.Translation of the Bible★★1. John Wycliffe (1320-1384), the first attempt to translate the Latin version of the Bible into Middle English.King James’ version (the Authorized V ersion) (1611)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）★★★Father of English poetryThe first great poet writing in Middle EnglishFounder of English realismMain WorksThe Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The House of Fame 《声誉殿堂》Troilus and Criseide 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Chaucer’s Contributions★★★i. Chaucer made the London dialect the standard for modern English language, and was the first to write in English. In doing so, established English as the literary language of the country.ii. He introduced ( from France and Italy) the rhymed stanza （诗节）of various types, esp. heroic couplet（英雄偶句诗）, to take the place of the old alliterative verse. iii. His works give a comprehensive picture of Chau cer’s time; For his true-to-life （写实的）depictions, Chaucer is generally regarded as the forerunner of English realism.iv. Chaucer’s gentle satire（讽刺）and mild irony made him a pioneering English humorist writer.The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）(1387-1400)★★★1.The outline of the storyThe story opens with a general prologue telling that on a spring evening, at the Tabard Inn (泰巴旅店), at the South end of London Bridge, Chaucer meets 29 pilgrims ready for Canterburyand he joins them.Suggested by the host of the inn, each is to tell 2 stories going and 2 returning. The best teller will be treated with a fine supper, by the host.Clearly, the structure of The Canterbury Tales is indebted to Boccaccio's Decameron （《十日谈》).As a gigantic plan, 120 stories should be told but only 24 were written.But these tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: a. romance;b. folk tale;c. beast fable (神话);d. adventures;e. saint’s life;f. allegorical tale（寓言）;g. sermon（训诫）;h. alchemical account（炼丹术）, etc.2. The General Prologue（总序言）The Canterbury Tales consists of three parts:The General Prologue,24 tales, four of which left unfinished,Separate prologues to each tale.The General Prologue was considered the best part of the whole work, which supplies a picture of people from all walks of life in the medieval England. It in essence serves as a guide.3.The charactersAll kinds of people except the highest and the lowest are represented by these thirty pilgrims（朝圣者）:The gentle class （绅士阶层）is represented by the knight, the squire （骑士扈从）, the monk, the prioress（女修道院院长）,the Oxford scholar, and the Franklin（地主）; The burgher class （市民阶层）is represented by the wealthy trademan, the haberdasher（服装店主）, the carpenter, the landed proprietor（土地业主）, the weaver, the tapestry-maker（挂毯商）, and the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）;The professionals are represented by the lawyer and the physician.Rhyme★★Alliteration（头韵）:stressed words in a line begin with the same consonant, e.g.: great, grew Assonance（谐韵）:stressed words in a line share the same vowel （谐元韵）, e.g.: great, failRhyme（尾韵）:Identity or sameness of terminal sounds in poetic lines or in words, e.g.: great, bait Feet（音步）feet: small groups of syllables（音节）, i.e. the combination of a strong stress and one or two weak stresses.simply put（简言之）:Combination of one stressed syllable（重读音节）& one or two unstressed syllables （非重读音节）e.g. hazel; to swell;The clock struck one.Four standard feet★★(1) iambic (抑扬格, n. iamb)an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable:defeat return(2) anapestic (抑抑扬格, n. anapest)two unstressed syllables → a stressed:understand with a leap(3) trochaic (扬抑格, n. trochee)a stressed → an unstressed:listen double(4) dactylic (扬抑抑格, n. dactyl)a stressed → two unstressed syllables:Here we go merrilyNumber of feet in a line★★★(1) monometer 单音步（one foot）(2) dimeter 二音步（two feet）(3) trimeter 三音步（three feet ）(4) tetrameter 四音步（four feet ）(5) pentameter 五音步（five feet ）(6) hexameter 六音步（six feet）(7) heptameter 七音步（seven feet）(8) octameter 八音步（eight feet）Meter（韵律）The meter of a line（诗行的韵律）not only includes the predominant foot of the line, but also the number of feet that it contains.rhymed stanza （押<尾>韵诗节）Rhymed: correspondence of terminal sounds of words, or of lines of verse. Stanza: a group of lines in a repeated pattern that form a unit within a larger poem. List of stanza names according to number of lines:2 lines = Couplet（对联）3 lines = Tercet（三行诗）4 lines = Quatrain（四行诗）5 lines = Cinquain（五行诗）6 lines = Sestet（六行诗）7 lines = Septet（七行诗）8 lines = Octave（八行诗）heroic couplet (英雄诗体，英雄双韵句)It is a rhymed couplet （押韵对句):a pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter.rhyming scheme（韵法）英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法。