再析《关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话》

对温斯顿·丘吉尔《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》的文体分析6200字本文从分析文体的角度出发对温斯顿·丘吉尔的著名演讲《关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析,引导读者赏析中大量使用的平行、重复、押韵、比喻等修辞手法是如何使演讲稿达到音、形、义的完美结合,进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。

文体学;音位学;词汇和语法;语义学The style of writing to Winston Churchill“Speech on Hitler’sInvasion of the U.S.S.R.” is analysedLi TingThe detailed analysis the main body of a book has been carried out from angle style of writing means used by the middle starting off giving a lecture “give a lecture about that Hitler invades Soviet” to Churchillian Winston ? q famousness analysing style of writing, guides reader to award Xi paralleling in the original Da Liang Shi Yong, repeats, is in rhyme, allegory waits rhetoric gimmick has been that draft reaches the tone, the shape, righteous consummation combines how to make to give a lecture, the style of writing style has carried out brief discussion on to giving a lecture then.Stylistics; Phonemics; Vocabulary and grammar; SemanticsG89C1673-8209(2009)02-0236-02Written by Winston Churchill, Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R. is full of powerful thoughts, magnificent expressions and well-structured. At that time, the U.S.S.R. was in danger and the disaster would quickly turn to the British. The goal of this speech was to arouse British people and win the cooperation of the USA, so, this speech is persuasive as its functional tenor is concerned; so far as the personal tenor is concerned, it is formal. General features of this speech can be summarized as: this persuasive speech is the speaking of what is written to be spoken to an audience on a formal occasion, so it presents features of formal written language while exhibiting characteristics of the written mode with its highly logical organization of thoughts, closely-knit structure and formal language. Just as language is multifunctional, so style is multileveled: Stylistic features can be formed at the three distinct levels: ① The level of Phonology; ② The level of Lexis and Grammar; ③ The level of Semantics. In order to find out the items of stylistic significance in this famous speech, this paper aims at analyzing it from one level of its language to another.1 Stylistic features at the first level―phonological features.Repetition of the previous initial sound may arouse the addressees’ sensitivity to the sound quality of a text, which includes Alliteration, as in “dull, drilled, docile”, “for his hearth and home”,Assonance, as in “clanking, heel-clicking”, “cowing and tying”. Besides, when the phoneticsymbolism is concerned, explosive sounds like[b],[p],[t],[d],[g],[k]usually gives a feeling of suddenness and strength while liquids and nasals a sense of peace and harmony. Winston used a series of explosives like “dandified, dull, docile, drilled, brutish, plodding, etc.” to impress his audience with the violent aggression of the Nazi army.2 Stylistic features at the second level―grammatical and lexical features.As public speeches are intended to inform, to persuade, and to appeal, most sentences are statements, as is shown in Churchill’s speech with only one question and two commands used in the whole speech. We know that casual speech tends to use short sentences. But a glance at Churchill’s speech reveals that its sentences are mostly long and complex ones. Though there can be several clauses in a longer sentence, they mainly come after the main clause, which presents no difficulty for the audience to comprehend. There are no sentences that are incomplete or elliptical. These characteristics show the double traits of public speaking: it is formal as is required of written language, and it is yet not difficult to understand at the time of the delivery as is required of the spoken mode. Stressing the idea by using synonyms or repeating the same word impinges on the audience’s ears, adding force, clearness or balance to a sentence. Examples for this can be found in Winston’s speech, e.g. “We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.” “…for we must speak out now at once, without a day’s delay.”3 Stylistic features at the third level―semantic features.The level of semantics concentrates on how the cohesive devices, paragraphing, discourse patterning, rhetorical devices and role structures contribute to the meaning of the text as a whole. Here, we will mainly focus on the rhetorical devices used in the speech. Clear organization is vital to speech making. Persuasive speeches, especially policy speeches often fall into problem-solution order. In Churchill’s speech, he showed how serious the problem was and the real intension of the Nazi regime. After having convinced the audience, Churchill called them to act with united strength. Besides, rhetorical devices are also employed by Churchill to make his speech vivid and forceful. Parallel structures are not only even in structure, but also coherent in meaning. They function not only as a kind of rhetoric device, but as a means of coherence as well. With its repetition of the sentence structure, the theme of the speech is closely connected and clearly illustrated. With so many parallel structures, the whole speech goes on smoothly and logically. The use of many parallel structures in this speech has filled the speech with strength and clear logic, e.g. “We will never parley, we will never negotiate…” “Behind all this glare, behind all this storm…” Repetition of the same word at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences helps create a strong emotional effect. For example: “ Any man or state who… Any man or state who…”In conclusion, Churchill’s Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R. is very typical of public persuasive speeches, with its stylistic characteristics on semantic, grammatical, lexical and phonological levels. As an excellent combination of sound, form and meaning, this speech has no doubt made significant contributions in the history and the present.参考文献[1] 张汉熙.《高级英语》上册[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995[2]徐有志.《英语文体学教程》[M].高等教育出版社,2005[3]徐有志.《现代英语文体学》[M].开封:河南大学出版社,1992[4]秦秋白.《英语文体和文体要略》[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社出,2006[5]霍晓军.《从文体学角度看FROST的诗》[J]. 太原:太原教育学院学报,2004。

对丘吉尔的《就希特勒入侵苏联演讲》的纯理功能分析本文将以深入探讨英国首相丘吉尔就希特勒入侵苏联演讲的纯理功能分析为研究对象，旨在深入分析该演讲的纯理功能，从而更好地诠释丘吉尔的政治思想。

首先，首先介绍了演讲的背景，即1941年6月4日，纳粹德国在欧洲实施侵略政策，全面侵入苏联，当时英国的政治形势十分棘手，当时的丘吉尔是英国的首相。

丘吉尔对这一发展状况深感担忧，因此发表了关于希特勒入侵苏联的演讲。

接下来，本文将聚焦丘吉尔在演讲中使用的纯理功能，这些纯理功能可以归纳为引发政治自治感，表达清楚立场和激励政治行动三个大类。

首先，丘吉尔在演讲中引发了政治自治感。

在演讲中，他用激昂的语气告诉听众，要让每个人明白，只有我们的共同努力才能取得胜利，甚至可以拯救人们免受更大的诅咒。

这一呼吁可以使听众产生共同反抗的政治自治感，以保卫自己的社会主义理想。

正如丘吉尔所说的“穿上服装，走上街头，叫喊着英雄的名号！”其次，丘吉尔在演讲中表达了明确的立场和主张。

他告诫听众，现在“是联合起来，还是一个个被吞噬”，唯一的出路就是“联合起来，而不是分裂”。

这种明确的主张，使听众明白丘吉尔政治立场，即反对分裂和联合的立场。

最后，丘吉尔在演讲中激励政治行动。

他呼吁听众向德国抵抗，不要对英国乃至全世界发出“实施死刑的法令”，否则，“你们会落得可怕的下场。

”此外，他还强调要积极行动，“我们要维护自由，应该采取行动，而不是吹嘘。

”通过这些手法，他激励了听众采取行动，以保护英国与全世界的自由。

综上所述，通过对丘吉尔就希特勒入侵苏联演讲的纯理功能分析，可以看到，丘吉尔的演讲激发了政治自治感，表达了明确的立场，同时也激励了政治行动，从而表达了丘吉尔的政治思想，希望所有的人都能团结起来，保护英国与全世界的自由。

再析《关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话》摘要：文章拟对丘吉尔《关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话》再次进行批评性语篇分析，以发现其借助独特措辞来表达强烈的人际情态意义，进而揭示作者的心理以及社会意识形态。

关键词：批评话语分析情态意识形态1 引言批评话语分析(CDA)，也称批评性语篇分析，认为语言是一种社会实践，与社会结构密不可分。

费尔克劳提出了一个三维的批评性语篇分析框架：(1)“描写”(describe)语篇的形式结构特征；(2)“阐释”(interpret)语篇与生成、传播和接受它的交际过程的关系；(3)“解释”(explain)交际过程和它的社会语境之间的关系[1]。

《关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话》（以下简称《讲话》）为英国首相丘吉尔发表于二战时期的全国演说，已有不少文章对其进行过分析。

笔者也曾分析过其人际修饰语的使用，阐释了其隐藏的意识形态[2]。

现在继续采用功能语言学和CDA 理论，对《讲话》再次进行分析，重点分析其中采用高低值两极情态措辞所表达的人际情态意义，意在揭示作者的心理和社会意识形态。

2 分析工具首先，我们简要了解韩礼德的归一性和情态理论。

根据韩礼德[3]的观点，归一性（polarity）是指对肯定（positive）和否定（negative）两极所作出的选择，而处于肯定和否定两极之间的中间程度统称为情态（modality）。

韩礼德认为，情态判断量值可分高、中、低三级。

相应地，情态助动词和情态副词亦可相应分为三类。

但是，即使是一个高量值的情态词也不如极性形式肯定，如he’s certainly right就没有he’s right肯定。

此外，在传统语法中，情态只由情态动词来体现，而在韩礼德功能语法中，广义的情态则既可以用限定性情态动词、情态副词、被动动词词组以及形容词来表达，还可以由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及相应的结构（如小句）来表达[4]。

3 语篇特点英国首相丘吉尔在全国《讲话》中多处用到负载高低值情态的语言结构和表达。

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