SPICE的语法_927

1. to protest against ... 意为“抗议，反对”。

to protect ... (from ...) 意为“保护……（使之不受……）”。

to preserve 意为“保护，防护，维护”。

to prosecute 意为“对……起诉；进行，坚持下去”。

2. decline 意为“婉谢，谢绝”，指对别人的邀请、帮助等比较委婉地回绝。

refuse 意为“拒绝”，指对别人的要求、请求等比较直率的，有时比较不客气的拒绝。

refute 意为驳斥，反驳4. run down 意为“（动力等）耗尽；（身体）衰弱，疲乏；（钟表）停了，(使)失灵”。

run up 意为“升起（旗帜）；欠下（钱财）”。

run over意为“撞倒，辗过”。

run off意为“撵走，吓跑”6. superior 意为“优越的，优良的”，后接介词to，表示比较，单词本身没有比较级。

通常在前面加“far”表示“比……好得多9. see （to it ）that……意为“务必，留神，注意做到”10. call off 意为“取消”。

call out 意为“叫（请）出来；叫出（名字）”。

call to 意为“向……喊”。

call on 意为“号召，呼吁，要求”。

11. would rather 表示愿望，后接的宾语从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，用过去时；表示与过去事实相反的愿望时，用过去完成时。

13. adapt意为“改编，翻改；使适应”。

add 意为“增加，加强”。

adopt意为“采纳，采取（态度）；收养”。

adjust意为“调整，适应”。

15. limitation意为“限制，局限”。

boundary 意为“边境线，分界线”。

confinement意为“限制（在范围内），监禁”，。

restraint意为“抑制，遏制，制止”，常接介词from16. put ... up意为“留……住宿；举起；搭建”。

[改错：语法书第271页倒数第四行“它通常省略谓语”应该改为“它通常省略主语”。

]Grammar is important for you to understand scientific literature with accuracy. In writing scientific English, grammar appears more important. Some professors and Ph.D. candidates sent their papers to the well-known international technical journals, such as the American IEEE and the British IET. The reviewers’comment might often be like this: “What is described in your paper is acceptable. But your English is pretty poor. Please improve it (or: Please rewrite your paper entirely). ”As has been mentioned above, grammar is important. But it is not everything. “Overkilling”[过分] in sentence analysis is objectionable. My idea is: Emphasis should be laid on what you find most difficult and on what is different from our mother tongue—the Chinese language, which, it seems to me, is true for the study of any foreign language.T oday we’ll begin with the parts of speech[词类]. They are just like components in electronic devices[电子设备]. Before you start to learn a TV receiver, for instance, you should have a good understanding of the functions of various components. Then you will be able to learn the machine well. Otherwise, you won’t be able to do so, I’m afraid.However, this point is often ignored by the Chinese students while they are learning a foreign language. As a matter of fact, many problems arise from the misunderstanding of the part of speech of a word and its function in a sentence.Chapter 1 Parts of Speech (词类)I. Articles（冠词）We restrict our discussion to the following points.1.Their translation into ChineseThere are three possibilities: (Which one will be adopted isdetermined by the trial-and-error method“试探法”.) (1)They must be translated into Chinese.(2)They mustn’t be translated into Chinese.(3)They may or may not be translated into Chinese. Examples:A table is often made of wood.Here is an analysis. [ Here is an experiment. Here is an example. = An example follows.]θ is a parameter.The proof of the theorem is not difficult.The unit of current（电流）is the ampere（安培）.2. The basic usage of articles(1)Before a countable noun in singular form, an articlebe used.(2)Before a noun (countable or uncountable) which is“如果把电压(voltage)加到电路(circuit)的两端，在电路中就会有电流(current)流动(flow)。

英语重点词汇语法详解primeprime sb (for/with sth)事先指点；使（某人）做好准备prime sb to do sth 事先知会（交代）某人注意……They had been primed with good advice.他们事先得到了高人指点。

He had primed his friends to give the journalists as little information as possible.他已经知会他的朋友，尽量少向记者透露消息。

As a reporter, you must be well primed with facts before you start to write your article.作为一名记者，在撰稿前先要拥有充足的事实。

speak of 说（称），谈到，讲到，论及；显示出（透露出、象征着）…；说到；谈起，提及，说到，值得一提，赞扬，炫耀Reports speak of Berlin putting together an aid package for Moscow.报告称柏林正在制订一揽子的莫斯科援助计划。

Eyewitnesses spoke of rocks and shards of glass flying in the air.目击者称空中石块和玻璃碎片四溅。

Imelda spoke of her longing to return home.伊美尔达说她期望能够回家。

He spoke of his disgust at the incident.他谈到了他对这件事的厌恶。

When speaking to the seminar Mr Franklin spoke of his experience, gained on a recent visit to Trinidad.在研讨会上发言的时候，富兰克林先生谈到了他最近游览特立尼达的经历。

第三讲科技英语的语法特征（学生用）第三讲科技英语的语法特征1.科技英语中常用的时态1.1一般现在时(1)A scientist observes carefully, applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data.(2) Sound travels through the air in waves.(3)Action and reaction are opposite and equal.(4) Work is equal to the product of force and the distance through which the force moves.(5)Alternation current is usually supplied to people’s houses at 50 cycles per second.(6) The temperature rises until it reaches 100℃, but after that it remains constant.1.2 一般过去时(1)Solid layers of ice moulded the lakes and hills of Europe and North America millions of years ago.(2)By dawn, Nobel, still in his night clothes, had made a new explosive. He put together the nitroglycerine with the collodion. Now the explosive was waterproof and could be handled more safely.1.3 现在完成时(1)Cast iron is more brittle than iron that has been heated but not melted, but it is easier to shape, as it can be poured into moulds.1.4 一般讲来时(1)In time, many things now unknown will become known.2 科技英语中常用的语气2.1 虚拟语气(1)If you light a match on an airplane, no wind will blow it out.(2)If you traveled around the earth on these two dates, you would find the days and nights equal everyplace you went.2.2 祈使语气(1) These machines should be handled with great care.(2)Safety precautions should be observed at all times.(3) Hold the convex lens in front of the white paper.(4) Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.(5)Rules for Brazinga)The surface must be cleaned.b)Flux must be applied.c)The temperature of the work must be high enough to melt the spelter.d)The two surfaces must be kept at the same temperature.e)The work must cool evenly to prevent cracking.3科技英语的句法特征3.1 普遍使用被动句(1)Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the electric machine.(2)You must pay attention to the working temperature of the electric machine.(3)These products sell like hot cakes.(4)The clock winds up at the back.(5) The book is printing.3.2 较多使用长句(1)This chapter shall attempt to look at some aspects of controller synthesis for the multivariable servomechanism problem when the plant to be controlled is subject touncertainty---- in this case, a controller is to be found so that satisfactory regulation occurs in spit of the fact that the parameters of the plant may be allowed to vary (by arbitrary large amounts), subject only to the condition that the resultant perturbed system remains stable.(2) The simple fact shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of, the farther will the ball travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop.3.3 科技英语中常用的修饰成分(1)Thunder is the loud noise which usually follows a flash of lightning.(2) The discovery of radium marked the beginning of a new era in medicine.(3)The condition here is poor.(4)There is something wrong with the motor.(5)There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.(6)Only three natural substance can be magnetized, that is, can be made into magnets.(7)People use a language in one of three ways: as a native language, as a second language oras a foreign language.(8)One reason is that they are more flexible, being able to doa great variety of jobs.(9)This light is reflected from an object, the light is known as indirect or reflected light.(10)We consider the circuit as completed, that is, connected.(11)The airplane flies fast.(12)The rocket has been developed……. For this reason, manentered space.(13)The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.(14)The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.(15) Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.(16)Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution.(17)gold reserve(18)job opportunity discrimination(19)radar range-finder target selector switch(20)space shuttle flight test program(21)computer programming teaching device manual(22)satellite communications ground station equipment repairerExercises:Part one: fill in the blanks1. Charles Darwin ( wrote ) (write) The Origin of Species.2. The first fossils ( was found ) (find) on rocks that are 2 billion years old.3. The first living organisms ( has been reproduced ) (reproduce) by dividing in half.4. Air pollution ( has become ) (become) a major problem in our cities.5. Many studies ( were made ) (make) to determine the effects of smog on the lungs.6. A cure ( is still not found ) (still not find) for the common cold.7. Human beings ( have destroyed ) (destroy) more living things than any other organism.8. Early pumps ( are driven ) (drive) by the wind.9. Considerable care ( is taken ) (take) to ensure the greatest reliability in performance.10. The first steam engine ( was built ) (build) about two hundred years ago, and since thattime steam ( has become ) (become) the most important single source of power that man ( has ever known ) (ever, known).Part two: using the following verbs and nouns, write directions for performing an experiment showing how magnetism produces electricity. Begin each step with an imperative verb.Verb: make, tie, insert, move, place, checkNouns: loop, coil, magnet, compass, needle, electric current。

•主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）• 1.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化•During the past decade, huge changes have happened in my hometown. •This morning, a traffic accident happened in this street.•This afternoon, a meeting will take place in Room 201. •Take place•Take the place of•Replace•Happen•Occur•Take place•happen take place occur•Currently•During the past decade, great changes have taken place in my hometown.•2 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。

•In 1919, May 4th Movement took place in Beijing. ///// •Break out•Break through•Break up•Broke broken•May 4th Movement broke•Out in Beijing in 1919•3.每天八时开始上课。

•Class begins at 8 o‟clock every day.–Everyday English•Classes begin at eight o‟clock every day主谓宾结构（主语＋及物动词＋宾语）•你们必须在两周内看完这些书•Y ou must finish reading these books within two weeks. •我喜欢看书。

•you must finish reading these books within two weeks.主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）•她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。

英语语法口诀公式汇总English Grammar Formula Summary。

English grammar can be quite complex and challenging, but with the help of some key formulas, it becomes easier to understand and apply. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive summary of essential English grammar formulas that will help you improve your language skills. Let's dive in!1. Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)。

This basic formula represents a simple sentence structure in English. The subject performs the action represented by the verb on the object. For example, "John (subject) eats (verb) an apple (object)."2. Subject + Verb (SV)。

In this formula, there is no direct object, and the subject performs the action represented by the verb. For instance, "She (subject) sings (verb)."3. Subject + Verb + Complement (SVC)。

In this formula, the verb is followed by a complement that describes or renames the subject. For example, "He (subject) is (verb) a doctor (complement)."4. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (SVIDO)。

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------语法PPT（精品）Six-Week English Course Pre-cet4 course ArrangementGrammarSentencevocabulary 1. 构词记忆法构词记忆法英语的构词方法主要有三种：合成法、派生法和转化法，其中最重要的是派生法(Derivation)，即由词根(Root)加词缀构成新词。

只要我们知道词根的意义并了解派生法中常见词缀的意义及用法，就可以通过这种构词法极大地扩充我们的词汇量。

例如：friend friend‐ly friend‐less friend‐ship un‐friend‐ly autobiography=auto 自动/自己+bio生命/生物+graphy书写/记录 2. 分类记忆法分类记忆法分类记忆法就是把单词进行分门类记忆。

例如动物类、色彩类、饮食类等等，做好收纳整理后可以批量记忆，触类旁通。

3 逻辑记忆法逻辑记忆法逻辑记忆法是指通过单词内部的逻辑关系或词与词之间的外部逻辑关系，以词或字母串为单位，采用正向、逆向或中间的记忆顺序进行记忆，其方法可分为：(1) 把几个字母看作一个单位来记忆。

如：altitude（高度、海拔）、attitude（态度）、gratitude（感激）、1 / 18substitute（替代者、代用品）； Deceive perceivereceive (2) 以词为单位，实现词汇的纵向扩展，增加词汇量。

例如，以angle为起点，按照英语26个字母的顺序进行纵向扩展： angle（角、钩）、bangle（手镯、脚镯）、dangle（悬挂）、fandangle （胡闹）、fangle（新款式、新发明）、jangle（争论）、wrangle（争吵）、tangle（纠缠）、entangle（使纠缠）、untangle（解开）、wangle （扭身挤出）。

IEIE原则IE原则一）宽容原则：可以对的就是对的，必然错的才是错的！1.After having read numerous diet books, Charles decided that the simplest plan would be theA Bbest: eat fewer calories and exercise more. No errorC D E2.Not having traveled abroad before, John was both apprehensive and excited about his3.The woman whom the board picked to design the new building is a renowned architectand has received many awards. No errorIE原则二）必须遵守严格的书面英文的语法。

4.After the somber butler strode to the door and asked, “Who is it ? ” the mysterious vagrantNo error动词的主谓单复数动词的主谓单复数陷阱一）倒装5.There is many benefits to biking; it is both a rigorous form of extensive and anenvironmentally sustainable, conscious mode of transportation.6.Despite the decline in media attention, there still are, above the western Pacific Ocean, agrowing ozone hole.7.Often citied by the media is the right to freedom of speech and the claim that the publicwants to know what celebrities do in their off-time.8.Deleted from the play during the editing process was a scene whichthe author felt could offend many people and a potentiallycontroversial reference to the recent civil strife in his history.动词的主谓单复数陷阱二）A 介词 B9.Some words in the English language has several meanings which are unrelated exceptthrough their origins: testudinate, for example, can mean either curved and vault-shaped, or extremely slow moving, since the word derives from the Latin word for turtle.10.The field of consumer electronics have never been fixed: DVD replaces VHS tapes today,just as CDs replaced cassette tapes in the past.11.Either of the two plans are acceptable as both will work equally well.12.The book Living with Flowers have fabulous picture of how to decorate one’s home withflowers as well as examples of how flowers, and nurturing them, can contribute to one’s well being and serenity.13.The existence of consistent rules are important if a teacher wants to run a classroomefficiently.14.When evaluating the impact of a painting, one of the most intriguing aspects are howthe viewer perceives it: can the viewer be induced to consider a perspective distinct herown?15.By order of the Board of Education, the wearing of tank tops by students in all the city16.Some scholars argue that Shakespeare’s collection of sonnets were actually written for hispatron.17.There is so much contradictory evidence that the police are reviewing all of the alibis,verifying that each of the suspects have a reliable witness or credible story to account for his whereabouts on the night of the crime.18.Neither of the players on the course today have any hope of reaching the final round.动词的主谓单复数陷阱三）either A or B neither A nor B19.When he confronted the teacher, as he did after almost every year, the student was adamantthat neither the question nor the answers was fair.20.Neither the rebel group nor the government are poised to strike a decisive blow in the civilwar which has been ranging for over a year.动词的主谓单复数陷阱四）引导词21.Many singers in fields such as rhythm and blues, soul, and even rock who achieves successactually began their careers by singing in a church choir, developing their voices and vocal techniques on some of the world’s most beloved music.22.The success of the women’s rights movement can, ironically, be measured by the steadyrise in the number of women who suffers from historically male diseases, such as heartattacks and strokes.动词的主谓单复数陷阱五）some of someone23.“Somebody have done somebody wrong somehow” has to be one of the most insightfuland universal lyrics ever written; the popularity of this country song lends credence to that conclusions.24.Politicians habitually promise to implement many profound changes if they are elected;unfortunately – or fortunately, depending on one’s perspective – only some of these promises动词的主谓单复数技巧一）注意当主语的核心词与谓语的核心词间隔较远的时候！25.Dentists agree that brushing your teeth three times a day promote good dental health and amore attractive smile.26.If the chef at the restaurant we visit most frequently overcook my father’s burger one moretime, my father will speak to the manager.27.The ease and speed with which a computer connected to the Internet can transmit a lengthy28.Scientists has discovered a type of coral with thesame characteristics as human bone; its qualities render it ideal for hip replacements and other orthopedic endeavors.29.John Wayne, long considered a hero by his fans from across the country, were very patriotic.30.The frog , as a species, are among the best harbingers of environmental pollution, as it isextremely sensitive to change in both water and soil.31.Rosie the Riveter, who was characterized in the World War II posters as an attractive,dark-haired, muscular woman and clearly different from the beautiful blonds languishing by the home fires, are finding new popularity with today’s women’s advocates.32.Legal cases today cover increasingly sophisticated technological and medical issues, whilethe number of parties, especially in class action suits, are ballooning.33.The continual improvements in athletic training methods has made performances thatwould have been considered impossible a generation ago everyday occurrences.动词的主谓单复数技巧二）判断划线部分的谓语动词所对应的主语的单复数！34.The news that no weapons of mass destruction have been found are fueling the oppositionto the war and eroding the president’s credibility.35.Dieting and exercise is not the answer to all weight problems, but they should do the trickfor most waistlines.动词的平行结构：由已知推未知，由正确推错误！36.Despite having had no formal training, Jackie was nonetheless able to master the pianoby listening to recordings, reading instructional books, and she practiced on her own.37.Two current television trends, the home improvement show that craze and the “hot rod”automobile fad, seem to show a dissatisfaction with our domestic spaces and indicating a desire for something riskier and more exciting.38.In the author’s latest novel, the hero traveled to Montana where she finds a mysteriouslydeserted house and, through a series of misunderstandings, becomes embroiled in aninternational smuggling ring.39.After Wayne Gretzky began playing hockey, he stayed focused on the sport and holds 61records when he retired.40.By 2076, the United States will have been a nation for three years, while, by the same year,China has been a nation for almost four thousand years.41.The goals of the scientists, whose training had afforded them extensive experience withcutting-edge methodologies, were to change the genetic components of the virus and setting up a new set of criteria for analyzing the results.42.Recently completed, the new maglev train links Shanghai to the Pudong Airport andeliminating a major source of congestion between the two destinations.43.The little girl was not only content to allow her mother to do all the dishes, but alsobelieves that her mother actually enjoyed doing housework.44.Upon his return, Bob noticed that the milk had spoiled and had went bad while he wasaway.45.At first, Funny Cide, a horse co-owned by three racing amateurs, was thought to have achance at the Triple Crown, but a wet, sloppy track at Belmont made a difficult third race and46.Students in the literature course will explore ways in which medieval authors representedthemes of their time, and will be reading Augustine’s Confessions, Boccaccio’s Decameron, and Heloise and Abelard’s Letters.47.Several fundamental principles lay behind the development of the Constitution: first, theidea that citizens have unassailable rights, second, citizens having the right to disagree with the government.48.Revered asendeavor he attempted and serving as a prototype for the Renaissance man.49.When Ms. Ruiz arrived at the holiday sale, she realized that she had left her wallet athome and must go back to get it.50.’s painting to viewing his sculpture,although Michelangelo himself was more proud of the latter.动词的时态一）一般过去时是英文中最常用的时态，也是SAT的默认时态。

Book 1 Grammar:直接引语Direct speech和间接引语Indirect speech 语法讲解The teacher said to Tom, “I will tell you a secret tomorrow.”The teacher said to Tom that she would tell him/her a secret the next day.一、人称人称变化能够遵循如下顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。

“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，假如从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。

从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化，如：She said. “My brother wants to go with me.”→She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人“你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。

假如引号外的主句没有宾语，也能够用第一人称，如：He said to Kate，"How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her siste r was then.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，假如从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化，如：Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.”→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、时态直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相对应的调整。

其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致，也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。

假如从句是过去时，主句要向后退一格时态，变成一种过去时。

1. She said. “I have lost a pen.”→She said she had lost a pen.（现在完成→过去完成）2. She said. “We hope so.”→She said they hoped so.(一般现在→一般过去)3. She said,“He will go to see his friend。