1998年西交大博士英语试题及答案解析

英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following English words?A. PhenomenalB. PhenomenologyC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenon答案：B2. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?A. She is more intelligent than what I thought.B. She is more intelligent than I thought.C. She is more intelligent than I had thought.D. She is more intelligent than I thought she was.答案：D3. The phrase "break a leg" is commonly used to mean:A. To cause an injuryB. To wish someone good luckC. To perform poorlyD. To take a break答案：B4. In English, the term "modal verb" refers to:A. A verb that is used to express necessity or possibilityB. A verb that is used to express actionC. A verb that is used to express emotionD. A verb that is used to express a fact答案：A5. Which of the following is an example of a phrasal verb?A. To look upB. To look afterC. To look intoD. All of the above答案：D6. The word "facetious" is an example of:A. A nounB. An adjectiveC. A verbD. An adverb答案：B7. The sentence "The cat is on the mat" is an example of:A. A declarative sentenceB. An interrogative sentenceC. An imperative sentenceD. An exclamatory sentence答案：A8. Which of the following is not a preposition in English?A. AtB. InC. OnD. And答案：D9. The term "passive voice" is used to describe:A. A sentence structure where the subject performs the actionB. A sentence structure where the subject receives the actionC. A sentence structure where the object performs the actionD. A sentence structure where the object receives the action 答案：B10. The phrase "kick the bucket" is an idiomatic expression that means:A. To dieB. To start a new jobC. To move to a new placeD. To give up答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" can be used to describe someone who is very talkative and humorous in a way that is not serious.答案：facetious2. The phrase "____" is used to express that something ishappening right now.答案：right now3. In English grammar, the term "____" refers to the subject of a sentence that performs the action.答案：active voice4. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very careful and precise in their work.答案：meticulous5. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the future.答案：in the future6. The word "____" is used to describe a situation where something is not possible or cannot happen.答案：impossible7. The term "____" refers to a verb that is used to describea state of being rather than an action.答案：linking verb8. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the past.答案：in the past9. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very enthusiastic and energetic.答案：zealous10. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening at the present moment.答案：right now三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a countable noun and an uncountable noun in English.答案：A countable noun is a noun that can be counted and has both singular and plural forms, such as "apple" and "apples". An uncountable noun, on the other hand, is a noun that cannot be counted and does not have a plural form, such as "water"or "information".2. What is the function of an adverb in a sentence?答案：An adverb is a word that modifies or provides more information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It can describe how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed.3. Describe the use of the subjunctive mood in English.答案：The subjunctive mood is used to express various statesof unreality such as doubt, possibility, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. It is often used in conditional sentences, to express wishes, or in certain fixed expressions.四、论述。

1998年社科院考博英语真题1998年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试卷GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Each student has an answer sheet on which is to be written the student’s examination ID number. All answers to the multiple choice questions of parts Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲand Ⅳare to be written on this answer sheet. Circle the letter that is your answer.PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY ［15%］DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The day was crisp and sharp, but suddenly a misty rain began to fall and the landscape.a. hidb. blurredc. relievedd. belittled2. this coming Thursday, it will be too late to enrol for the course.a. As ofb. As forc. As tod. As on3. Those who let uncertainty rarely achieve much.a . turn them down b. send them downc. weigh them downd. huddle down4. The speaker went on and on, to his listeners obvious boredom.a. obligatedb. obsessivec. obviousd. oblivious5. Such as self-respect and industriousness merit the full backing of an employer.a. advantagesb. traitsc. interestsd. shortcomings6. The police inspector, having received new information from a confidential source, decided to enlarge the or his enquiry.a. scope7. An intelligent TV viewer may occasionally become enraged by the argumentation in commercials.a. imperativeb. fallaciousc. persuasived. fabulous8. flees if one is constantly subjected to demeaning orders.a. Primeb. Harassmentc. Conceitd. Pride9. popularity of subject matter and frequency of use, the books on the two middle shelves will be the most helpful to you.a. As ofb. As regardsc. As fromd. As against10. I was in my reading, and didn’t at first hear the doorbell ring.a. immuredb. immersedc. busyd. infatuated11. Their chances of winning are slight, given that their opponents are so .a. well-knownb. vitalc. formidabled. distinguished12. When I reach home after an impossible day’s work, I feel a general to watch TV.a. inducement13. Fallen electric lines, rubble, ruins and the occasional house--such is the destruction wrought by the war.a. neglectedb. desolatec. tragicd. chopped14. Geographic illiteracy is widespread, and hardly a month passes without from some survey revealing new depths of ignorance.a. wordsb. a wordc. wordd. the word15. of course it is possible that the new policy may have some adverse effects, but it is our that these will be negligible.a. constitutionb. conditionc. convictiond. consideringDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. Serial murderers rarely deviate from a certain type of prey.a. attackerb. nourishmentc. victimd. enemy17. The new guppies I bought have just a tinge of yellow.a. dotb. markc. touchd. tingle18. He covered the fish lavishly with sauce.a. sparinglyb. completelyc. generouslyd. simply19. Machiavelli cautions the prince not to relinquish power under passing duress.d. abandon20. The play was hilarious!a. a merry oneb. a prudish onec. sedated. prodigious21. The Salk polio vaccine provides immunity from that disease.a. securityb. publicityc. liabilityd. help22. The Smithsonian houses a miscellaneous collection of aircraft, artifacts, butterflies, stones ［bothprecious and common］, and so on.a. a heterogeneousb. an overwhelmingc. a unifiedd. a vast23. The jungles of the sub-Sahara, afflicted with tse-tse and mosquitos, is an unhealthy area.a. requiring inoculation againstb. heated byc. flooded byd. plagued by24. He is constantly late, and ill-prepared when he does finally arrive. He is jeopardizing his future.a. developingb. endangeringc. assuringd. destroying25.Chaos theory stresses the magnitude of the results produced by so small an event as the fluttering of a butterfly’s wings.a. sizeb. volume26.The ancillary data, however, did not substantiate his argument.a. necessaryb. involuntaryc. subsidiaryd. extraordinary27. Subsequent events vindicated her point of view.a. proved wrongb. indicatedc. proved rightd. invalidated28. Rhenium is added as an alloy inasmuch as it withstands heat.a. dischargesb. resistsc. reducesd. opposes29. At 70, she hardly seems cut-out for mountain climbing.a. chosen forb. fond ofc. likely to enjoyd. fit for1. The elevated roadway collapsed. This calamity could have been avoided had the municipality allocated funds for infrastructure.a. consequenceb. eventc. disasterd. thingPART Ⅱ：GRAMMAR [15%]DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best completes the sentence.1. Now that in scientific communities the use of computers is widespread, and supposing that there is sufficient time, there exist no complicated problem can be addressed with some hope of resolution.a. andb. butc. asd. which2. Out of the elementary plane geometry developed by the Greeks we use today.a. the theoretical geometry evolutionb. evolved the theoretical geometryc. the evolution of theoretical geometry camed. the theoretical geometry came3. We had to go miles to find a restaurant, it a holiday.a. beingb. wasc. to bed. is4. A good indication of he followed the teacher’s advice was that he failed.a. what littleb. however littlec. how littled. whatever little5. None of the day’s transactions,sales or delivery, came off well.a. fromb. it beingc. be itd. was it6. The traffic was very heavy, , and so we arrived after the start of the program.a. this was completely unexpectedb. which was completely unexpectedc. that was completely unexpectedd. it was completely unexpected7. , he finds the work interestinga. Though he is computer expertb. A computer expert he isc. As computer expertd. Computer expert as he is8. , he never alters a decision.a. What may comeb. May what comec. Come what mayd. May come whatever9. ‘The car ran out of gas!’‘That the cause, I filled the tank this morning. ’a. mustn’t beb. must have beenc. can bed. can’t have been10. Their proposal is better than ours, .a. all things consideringb. all things consideredc. all things are consideredd. all considered things11. Unless to bend somehow, perhaps with the helps of a mirror, light only travelsstraight ahead.a. you makeb. to be madec. is maded. made12. The sloth is so named for its inactivity, its greatest energy in the search for food.a. it expendsb. for expendingc. to expendd. and it expends13. Although most foodstuffs enter the bloodstream only after being subjected to the digestive process beginning in the stomach, alcohol is highly unusual at least one-fifth of the quantity ingested is directly absorbed.a. so thatb. in thatc. thatd. in which14. , we will leave without her.a. If she were to fail to come on timeb. She should fail to come on timec. Should she fail to come on timed. Would she fail to come on time15. My phone call to the electrician as I subsequently discovered my wife had phoned.My wife had phoned.a. needn’t be madeb. shouldn’t be madec. needn’t have been maded. didn’t have to beDIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D is the INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form as your answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget isA so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a DutchmanD by birth.17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision Bbegan sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times the C seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is not B y objectivel true, there C are those who D object to it. 20.As Christmas approached, with peopleAcrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was, C , always as theD busiest. 21. A you, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to change D broken bulbs by himself.22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if they C do, I D shall help you set up the cable stations.23. TheAyear -f ive project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Af amily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD f aces had they resembling humans. 25.So far A is story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girls C in her officeD is moot. 28. A f or But the services provided by B eaters,-insect insects C will make D it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- A given be would theB necessarytraining for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Af easible it for far more people To B f ed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area. PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainlythrough his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ” of money: if the amount of [7] In circulation is doubled – other things [8] the same – then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it isimpossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known asGresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. toPART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]DIRECTIONS: Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage. On your answer sheet, circle the letter that best answers the question.1.There is little question that substantial labor-market differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limited geographical mobility of married women [Robert Frank, 1978]. Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled ‘tied-stayers,’while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled ‘tied-movers’[Jacob Mincer, 1978].The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nation-wide search. However, being a tied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife’s wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage. This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed ‘differential overqualification. ’Frank [1978] and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill [1994] provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the male-female wage gap is grater in smaller SMSA’s.While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualificatio n, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down. Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets [Robert Topel, 1986]. Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of over qualification based on education.1. In the author’s opinion, the male-female wage gapa. is the most important difference.b. is justified.c. has important repercussions on family life.d. represents a sexist attitude toward women.e. is simply one of a considerable number of labor-market differences.2.‘Geographic mobility,’as used in the text, refers toa. the way in which Americans tend to move from job to job.b. the penchant wage-earners have to maximize family welfare.c. the necessity to relocate in order to increase wages.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. In the author’s opinion, which of the following statements is true?a. The term ‘secondary earner’ does not depend on gender.b. If A will earn more money than B, family welfare is maximized if B agrees to relocate.c. If B will earn more money than A, family welfare is maximized if A agrees to relocate.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.4.The difference between a ‘tied-stayer’and ‘tied- mover’is that.a. the former is the husband and the latter is the wife.b. the primary earner is forced to search for work in a specific area while the secondary earner is freer to roam about.c. the former is obliged to remain in an area while the latter not.d. the former is the wife and the latter is the husband.e. the latter’s salary is of secondary importance to the former’s salary.5. With which of the following statements would the author agree?a. The size of the labor market determines recompense.b. The size of the labor market determines acquired skills utilization.c. The size of the labor market determines the probability of matching skills with appropriatewage level.d. The author would agree with all of the level.e. The author would agree with none of the above.6. The names and dates between parenthesesa. refer to bibliographical entries.b. explain who discussed what and when they discussed it.c. are references to what the author has read.d. may be described by all of the above.e. may be described by none of the above.2.] The repression in the Netherlands, instead of solving a crucial problem, elicited bitter criticism from every major European state. Alba was unrepentant about his tough policy convinced than the population must remain in a state of fear, ‘so that every individual has the feeling that one fine night or morning the house will fall in on him.’Of the leading dissidents who escaped from Alba’s hands, only William of Orange remained. Tall, dark-haired, with a small moustache and a short peaked beard, the prince of Orange-Nassau was aged thirty-five at the moment that fortune left him in the unenviable role of defender of his country. A comrade-in-arms of Philip during the latter’s years abro ad in mid-century, he never made a secret of his concern for the privileges of his class or of his dislike for religious dogmatism. Widowed in 1558, in 1561 he married Anne, the Lutheran daughter of the late Maurice of Saxony. The marriage, celebrated in Leipzig, gave him a useful link with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. When news came of Alba’s departure from Spain, Orange opportunely took refuge in Germany. It became clear that the only way to regain the Netherlands was by the use of them. In the course of 1568 Orange sponsored invasions by several small forces, which entered from France and from Germany. All were defeated. Captured prisoners gave details of Orange’s links with protestants in several countries. The invasions could not fail to affect the fate of the distinguished prisoners in Alba’s hands. On 5 June 1568, in the public square of Brussels, the counts of Egmont and Hornes were beheaded for high treason.The executions shocked opinion throughout Europe. The two nobles, as knights of the Golden Fleece, could be tried only bytheir peers. But Philip, grand master of the order, had cleared the way for the trial by a special patent which he had drawn up in April 1567 and sent to Alba in December. There is no doubt that Philip considered Egmont responsible for much of the trouble in Flanders, but the pressure for an exemplary punishment came rather from the members of his council, particularly [it seems] from cardinal Espinosa. Alba had always regretted the need to arrest the two counts, whom ‘‘I have always loved and esteemed as my own brother. ”According to some, he was reluctant to proceed to execution. Philip wrote formally to Alba: “I very deeply regret that the offenses of the counts were so serious that they called for the punishment tha t has been carried out.” The remorse, which came too late, was probably sincere. The counts were victims of a political crisis. Their names, interestingly enough, continued to be held in honour at the Spanish court. A book on the events of Flanders published in Castile a few years later, when all books had to be licensed by the royal council, referred to them as “outstanding princes, well loved and of the highest and finest character.”1. ‘Bitter criticism’is criticism that isa. sour.b. major.c. angry.d. vinegary.e. none of the above.2. The repression in the Netherlands was wrought bya. minor European states.b. Alba.c. William of Oranged. all of the above.e. none of the above.3. We may assume thata. the prince of Orange-Nassau was married twice.b. the marriage was premised upon political consideration.c. some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were protestants.d. the counts of Egmont and Hornes were decapitated in retaliation for the invasions.e. all of the above are true.4. Philipa. travelled to various countries in the mid-16th century.b. was the chief officer of the knights the Golden Fleece.c. was Alba’s superior.d. may have reluctantly acceded to the beheading.e. may be described by all of the above.5. Which of the following is true?a. In the text, Flanders and the Netherlands are two completely separate entities.b. Cardinal Espinosa was instrumental in swaying Philip’s councilc. Philip was personally opposed to the punishment.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.6. The deaths of the two countsa. were caused more by the political situation than by their actions.b. did not destroy their reputations in Spain.c. were brought about by their brother, Alba.d. may be described by none of the above statements.e. may be described by [a] and [b].3.] Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently and repeatedly returned to violent and abusive partner. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as “battered woman syndrome,”a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women’s ne eds, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman’s stage of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become anoth er example of the tendency to label women’s normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women’s responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 women Together, in conjunction with the woman’s lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they hadexperienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, on founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying:“[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said I can do better than these turkeys.”1. Battered woman syndrome isa. a psychological response.b. a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.c. similar to that experienced by a range of victims.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.2. Generally speaking, women who are beatena. address questions to feminists.b. return to their male partners.c. require an explanation for the beating.d. leave their partners.e. do none of the above.3. A debate arose as to whethera. feminists of mental health workers were correct.b. battered wives should return to their husbands.c. anger and fear were appropriate or inappropriate.d. focus should be shifted.e. all of they above.4. Responses to abuse by male partners includea. leaving them.b. killing them.c. other means.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.5. The use of expert testimonya. depends on the situation.b. is a way around legal restrictions.c. is required by state laws in women’s trials.d. is a way of ending abuse by other means.e. may not be defined by any of the above.6. We may assume that prior to the period discussed self-defensea. applied to men only.b. posed a problem for the battered woman syndrome.c. refers to expert testimony.d. includes all of the above.e. includes none of the above.7. The word “turkeys”a. refers to the bird that Americans eat at Thanksgiving.b. is an unflattering reference to other law-makers.c. is an unflattering reference to the speaker herself.d. will be explained in the following paragraph.e. refers to none of the above.4.] The position of Burleigh School in the English educational system would be very difficult to explain to a foreigner (who has, God knows, enough to contend with in comprehending the other parts of the system). Nor would it be possible to refer him to any works of literature (before the present one) from which he could gain enlightenment. The prep schools have had their Orwell, the public schools their Connolly and Benedictus, the convent schools their Antonia White, the private boarding schools their Waugh and Nicolas Blake. No one has thought it worth their while to eulogize or anathematize schools like Burleigh. Indeed, schools like Burleigh do not seem the sort of places from which writers emerge.And yet, any medium-sized town in the southern half of England has its Burleigh School: a private day school to which, for a not too exorbitant fee, parents can send their children and boast that they are privately educated. Not well educated, but privately. Burleigh itself had been founded – no, started – between the wars, had survived the Depression (as the South of England middle classes in general had so signally managed to coast blithely through the Depression) and had offered over the years an alternative to the Grammar, Secondary Modern and Technical Schools of the town of Cullbridge. Which meant, in effect, that though some parents chose to send their children there rather than to the Grammar School, many more sent them there because they failed their eleven-plus, that Beecher’s Brook of English childhood. With the coming of comprehensive education three years before, even the faint whiff of privilege attached to the Grammar School had evaporated, a fact on which Burleigh had been able to capitalize, in a mild way.Foreigners are always apt to find charming the examples they come across of quaint anachronisms, of dated anomalies, in English life. One such charming and dated anomaly is that a school like Burleigh can be bought. A man – any man – can buy such a place, set himself up as headmaster, and run it as he likes. Indeed, that is precisely what Edward Crumwallis had done. He had bought it from its previous aging owner/ headmaster in 1969 and had been there ever since. This must not be taken to imply that Edward Crumwallis was unfit for his position. He was in fact a BA (3rd class, Geography), from the University of Hull (graduated 1948). Still, scholarship was not exactly his thing. He might take the odd class in Geography in a pinch, but he had never given the subject any particular prominence in the school, and most boys gave it up after two years. Nor was Crumwallis anxious to take over periods in other subjects when there was need--as in cases of sickness or (frequently) death. Since his graduation he had not cultivated Learning. He had cultivated Manner. He had bought Burieigh (which he invariably called The Burleigh School, in capitals) preciselty so that his manner might be given free reign and ample pasturage. A very good manner it was too, with parents – decidedly impressive. It certainly impressed those of limited intelligence, among whom may be numbered Crumwallis himself. He really believed in it: he not only thought that others should remain silent during his threadbare pontifications, but he actually believed they would benefit from them. Such a conspicuous lack of self-knowledge had its dangers.Not that the Manner –which he intended should be so admired later in the week on Parents’ Evening -- was particularly in evidence on the Monday, as he sat at his study desk and went over the plans for that event with his wife. The side of Edward Crumwallis that was most evidentduring such t·te-·-t·tes was the pretty-minded, niggling side that side of his psychological profile that was seldom turned in the parents’ direction.“The question is, shall we splurge on the coffee and scrimp on the tea, or vice versa,”he said.1. Orwell, Connolly, Benedictus, Antonia White, Waugh and Nicolas Blakea. are the names of different schools.b. taught at schoolsc. eulogized or anathematized their schools.d. are reflected in all of the above.e. are explained by none of the above.2. Burleigh Schoola. is relatively expensive.b. is an ineffective school.。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

西安交通大学/西安交大考博英语历年真题题型分析西安交通大学/西安交大考博英语历年真题题型分析一、近五年考题题型、分值分布(一)整体分析西安交通大学的考博英语题型是“稳中求变”，从08年开始，完型、阅读、翻译与作文一直是西安交通大学考博英语中的“常驻将军”，但是分值有所变化，主要完型的分值增加了10分，题目也增加了10道；相反，阅读的分值有所下降，文章的篇数也减少到了12年的4篇；而翻译的分值减少了一半，只有20分。

而变化主要体现在试卷中去掉了词汇题，而增加了阅读新题型，但是11年与12年的新题型都不一样，虽均属于阅读新题型，但是11年考查的是fastreading，而12年考查的是trueorfalse，这其实就是增加了阅读的比重。

因此，旺旺考博网建议考生在备考过程中，要注重自身阅读能力的提高。

(二)分项分析1词汇题西安交通大学考博英语从11年开始取消了词汇题，这并不意味着词汇与语法不重要，而将单词与语法的考查放入到其他各个专项中，着重考查的是单词与语法的运用能力。

这就要求考生不仅要掌握一定量的单词，还要求考生要将语法全面复习一遍，这样对于提升考生的阅读速度及理解文章都是非常有帮助的。

而对于词汇的积累，旺旺网商城特别推出《考博英语词汇10000分级突破》，它将词汇分为基础词汇、必备词汇和高分词汇三个部分，这三个部分的词汇是按照循序渐进的顺序进行编排，这使得考生在复习考博词汇时，能够由简入难，有一个逐渐适应的过程。

语法是理解长难句的基础，赠送的考博英语语法课程讲解鞭辟入里，每一节的语法之后都配有一定的练习，可以使考生在学习了语法的理论知识后，能通过练习将所学理论知识运用到实践中，加强对语法理论的理解。

2完型填空西安交通大学考博英语的完型填空部分，由08-10年的10分增加到了20分。

而完型填空考查的是单词的基本词义区分、固定词组搭配、以及考生对上下文的理解能力。

这就要求考生在做题时，要从上下文来理解文章，选择最适合的答案。

1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times si nce 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ soformally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3. I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it wasunintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do andwhat not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be madeif food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possiblefor a professional to be reeducated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8. I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. ________ for the timely investment from the general public, ourcompany would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin,random changes that enhance a species’Aability for survivingB areCnaturally selected and passed onto succeedingDgenerations.12. Neither rain nor snow keepsAthe postman from delivering ourletters whichB we so muchClook forward to receiveD.13. If they will not acceptA a check, we shall haveBto pay the cashC,though it would beDmuch trouble for both sides.14. Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance,those states are notClikely to count for very muchDin international political terms.15. The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government iscapable of dealing with all of theirC uncontrollable practicesD.16. The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onC the same problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toAtheEuropean races, andB some may even have aCfreshness and vitalitythat can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18. TheAmore than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of variousnations today are more thanB ample destroyingCevery city in theworld several times overD.19. The universe works in a way so far removeAfrom what common sensewould B allow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily beinadequate to explain itD.20. The integration of independent states could best beAbroughtabout by firstB creating a central organization with authoritiesCover technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in usefor over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a fewseconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greaterknowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24. The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over anumber of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with theproperties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that theresults would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27. I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that theirnews may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand thathis new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31. Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in publicplaces, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on thefunctions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion,________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as theyread ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice wasquite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price ofvegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40. In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a councilannounced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrializationcertainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B],[C] and[D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a damon the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-eng ineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance ch asing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?”because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in thepassage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase ofproductivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increaseproductivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-termprofitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” inseveral books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the contextprobably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag o thers as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” isjustifiable.62. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D.C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration sinceWorld War II64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies onpopulation movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on populationdistribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves ofimmigrants[C] it reveals the A mericans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “babyboom”65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in thewhole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were alllocated in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously frommigration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate ofpopulation66. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probablymeans ________.[A] people infavor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying thesecontinents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of theearth’s interio r[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been provedto be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in oppositedirections[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are movingapart68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deducedfrom the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes。

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

1998年-2004年插本公共英语真题Part！Reading Comprehension（40%）PassagelPassagelThe computer is a wonderful machine.It is the most important invention since the type of engine used inThe computer is a wonderful machine.It is the most important invention since the type of engine used in cars.Today it has the greatest effect on science，industry，and business，but it is being used more in education andcars.Today it has the greatest effect on science，industry，and business，but it is being used more in education and medicine.By the end of this century it will touch the lives of everyone，even people in distant villages.It is amedicine.By the end of this century it will touch the lives of everyone，even people in distant villages.It is a revolutionary invention.The oldest kind of computer is the abacus used in China since the sixth century.In the seventeenth centuryThe oldest kind of computer is the abacus used in China since the sixth century.In the seventeenth century an adding machine was invented，but the furst large，modern computer was built in 1937.A few years later aan adding machine was invented，but the furst large，modern computer was built in 1937.A few years later a computer could do 5000 additions per second.Now the computations are so fast that they are measured incomputer could do 5000 additions per second.Now the computations are so fast that they are measured innanoseconds（毫微秒）.Today most computers have a memory.They are getting smaller and smaller，and computing faster andToday most computers have a memory.They are getting smaller and smaller，and computing faster andfaster.Even in a large computer，the part that does the actual computing is about the size of the end of a finger.Computers can do all kinds of work.When someone buys something in a department store，informationComputers can do all kinds of work.When someonebuys something in a department store，information about the sale goes into a computer，A scientist can talk to the computer about the rocks，and the computerabout the sale goes into a computer，A scientist can talk to the computer about the rocks，and the computeranswers the questions.A doctor can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a patient.If the doctoranswers the questions.A doctor can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a patient.If the doctor asks why，the computer goes through its stored information and explains exactly why.When early humans began farming，it was a revolutionary change in human life.It was hundreds ofWhen early humans began farming，it was a revolutionary change in human life.It was hundreds of thousands of years later that people developed a writing system（方法）.In less than fifty years people havethousands of years later that people developed a writing system（方法）.In less than fifty years people have developed computers that can do most of the things humans can do.This could be a frightening development.1.The computer is considered a wonderful machine because_.A.it has effect on all aspects of manB.i站fvidely used in education and medicineA.it has effect on all aspects of man B.i站fvidely used in education and medicineC.it has the function of an engineD.it is useful even in distant villagesC.it has the function of an engineD.it is useful even in distant villages2.The abacus has been used in China for.A.some 5，000 yearsB.about 600 yearsA.some 5，000 yearsB.about 600 yearsC.nearly 1，000 yearsD.over 1，300 yearsC.nearly 1，000 yearsD.over 1，300 years3.The most important feature of a computer is that.A.it has a memoryB.it is small in sizeA.it has a memoryB.it is small in sizeC.it computes fastD.it answers all kinds of questionsC.it computes fastD.it answers all kinds of questions4.The computations of the computer are usually measured in_.5.The computer wil soon affect.A.people in large citiesB.people in developed countriesA.people in large citiesB.people in developed countriesC.people all over the worldD.people in the Western worldC.people all over the world D.people in the Western world.。

博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。

1. The European Unions countries were once worried that they would not have __.A. sufficientB. efficientC. potentialD. proficient[译文]欧盟国家曾经担心他们潜力不足。

sufficient[英][səˈfiʃənt] [美][səˈfɪʃənt]adj.足够的，充足的；[逻辑学]（条件）必然的；〈古〉有能力的，能胜任的，够资格的n.足够（的量）efficient[英][iˈfiʃənt] [美][ɪˈfɪʃənt]adj.有效率的；（直接）生效的；能干的；（因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的potential[英][pəˈtenʃəl] [美][pəˈtɛnʃəl]adj.潜在的，有可能的；[语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的；有能力的n.潜力，潜能；[物]电位，势能；潜能的事物；[语]可能语气proficient[英][prəˈfɪʃənt] [美][prəˈfɪʃənt]adj.精通的，熟练的n.能手，老手，专家[解析]此处需要名词，根据句意，排除A和D，选C。

2. W e’d like to __ a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. prosperityC. sustainD. retain[译文]我们想留一张五人桌今晚晚餐时用。

preserve[英][priˈzə:v] [美][prɪˈzɚv]vt.保护；保持，保存；腌制食物；防腐处理vi.保鲜；保持原状；做蜜饯；禁猎n.蜜饯；防护用品；禁猎地；独占的事物（或范围）prosperity[英][prɔsˈperiti] [美][prɑˈspɛrɪti]n.繁荣；兴旺，昌盛；成功mutual prosperity 相互繁荣; 共同繁荣; initial prosperity 初步繁荣昌盛; 初步繁荣sustain[英][səˈstein] [美][səˈsten]vt.维持；支撑，支持；遭受，忍受；供养sustainable development[səˈsteinəbl diˈveləpmənt] 可持续发展retain[英][riˈtein] [美][rɪˈten]vt.保持；留在心中，记住；雇用；付定金保留retained earnings 未分配的利润，留存收益[解析]应填入动词，根据句意，排除A和C，选D。

1998年博士入学考试英语真题PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 points, 1 point for each)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.1. A. He’s going to buy some flowers.B. He’s going to bake the cake.C. He’s going to clean up the floor.D. He’s going to dust and mop the kitchen.2. A. Go to the cinema.B. Visit a friend of hers.C. Go to bed early.D. Go home for dinner.3. A. He wants her to pick up the bone on the ground.B. He wants her to take the bone out of the fish.C. He wants his broken bone to be treated.D. He has something to complain about.4. A. The man had lost his keys.B. The man wasn’t able to open the door.C. The door needed repairing.D. He wanted the woman to help him.5. A. She’d like to come along.B. She knows her way around the harbor.C. The warm weather is quite pleasant.D. The ride will take all day.6. A. He is anxious to go to the museum.B. He refuses to go to the museum.C. He doesn’t like to go to the museum.D. He will go with her.7. A. Two boat tickets.B. Two train tickets.C. Two planes tickets.D. Two tickets for the play.8. A. He likes the house.B. The look of the house surprises him.C. He thinks the house is too small.D. He is happy to see the house they have bought.9. A. Sleep late.B. Visit some friends.C. Buy things.D. Go for a ride.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices give by making the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.10. A. A deep, resonant voice.B. Good grammar.C. Understanding of the audience’s point of view.D. Information on the subject.11. A. Confusing wrong is not good writing.B. Writing is not easy for everyoneC. Correct grammar is part of good writingD. Anyone can learn to write12. A. His advice is still useful today.B. He knew nothing about writing.C. He was a popular teacher.D. He was born under a lucky star.13. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D.714. A. It’s a long country with 1,285,000 kilometer.B. It’s a country full of natural resources.C. It’s a country surrounded by Pacific Ocean.D. It’s a country with a lot of Pacific Ocean.15. A. It has a dry climate.B. It is extremely wet.C. It’s rather cool.D. It depends on each region.PART Ⅱ VOCABULARY (20 points, 1/2 point for each)Section ADirections: There are twenty questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closet in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.16. Economic development is likely to assume a bigger and more significant role in the world.A. supposeB. presumeC. undertakeD. transmit17. The government has a policy of fostering the police awareness of the dangersin smoking.A. encouragingB. discoveringC. hinderingD. emphasizing18. The scientists at the University of Bern in Switzerland have used a weakened virus that is not infectious and has proved safe and effective.A. dangerousB. harmfulC. contagiousD. invading19. The police cautioned us about the icy roads after the heavy snow fall last night.A. alertedB. describedC. refrainedD. informed20. The carpenter did a clumsy piece of work repairing the staircase.A. wonderfulB. carefulC. unfinishedD. unskilled21. The attempt to bring the quarreling couple together again came off to people’s astonishment.A. failedB. succeededC. endedD. continued22. It was the coldest winter for forty-five years. Villages in the English countryside were cut off by the snow and the Thames froze over.A. isolatedB. surroundedC. covered D, removed23. China and India launched dramatic market because they need it to avoid collapse.A. radicalB. sensationalC. vividD. effective24. The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration and they denounced British arrogance.A. declared the end ofB. let the public knowC. had a quarrel withD. aired views against25. What has changed is that capital has become incredibly mobile and much harder for economies to control.A. increasinglyB. impracticallyC. doubtfullyD. exceptionally26. Clinton has argued that the best way to keep Haitians at home is to see that democracy and prosperity take root there.A. detectB. learnC. ensureD. understand27. The biggest computer company in Silicon Valley has laid off hundreds of people during the last few months.A. dismissedB. detachedC. declinedD. dispersed28. Cultural patterns of getting food are generated primarily by the natural or physical.A. primitivelyB. principallyC. preferablyD. potentially29. The question really put him on the spot because he knew almost nothing about it.A. on the way homeB. in a difficult positionC. on the watchD. out of condition30. Establishment or a(n) sound social insurance system is essential for deepening economic reforms.A. durableB. undisturbedC. healthyD. accurate31. In a front page editorial they declared: “A required course is a(n) illiberal act.”A. authoritarianB. steadfastC. miserableD. unwilling32. The Budlands National Park was established in South Dakota to preserve thisweirdly beautiful region.A. surprisinglyB. impressivelyC. exceedinglyD. fantastically33. This monument imagine was designed to stir up emotions of awe and respect, but could scarcely evoke feelings of warmth and affection.A. tangleB. AgitateC. teemD. stipulate34. Some mechanism regulates the onset and the rate of deterioration of a living body.A. startB. deathC. speedD. aggression35. Precision instruments allow scientists to measure minute quantities with a high degree of accuracy.A. momentaryB. variousC. anyD. briefSection BDirections: There are twenty questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across it on your Answer Sheet.36. All transactions are strictly ______and we never sell, rent or trade any customer’s name.A. confidentB. consensualC. confidentialD. consequential37. Advertising is a distinguished from other forms of communication______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.A. in whichB. in this wayC. in thatD. in order that38. Many citizens of the world’s richest nations find it increasingly painful to______ the incessant demand for change that characterizes our time.A. keep up withB. come up withC. go along withD. face up with39. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with______ , we should find no people so rude to be without rules of politeness.A. exactitudeB. certaintyC. appreciationD. impartiality40. The captain______ every member of the crew to rigorous physical hardships.A. enduredB. subjectedC. experiencedD. submitted41. That country will continue to make new nerves gas weapons after the conclusion of a global treaty banning them______, according to a secret administration policy review.A. makes effectB. takes effectC. puts into effectD. puts on effect42. Just as space was______ into regions, time was split up into eras, seasons, and epochs.A. decomposedB. originatedC. evolvedD. restrained43. A doctor’s obligation when he can no longer______ the approach of death is to make the patient comfortable, including easing his pain.A. hang aroundB. hang onC. hold backD. hold on44. Many important nature conservation sites are______ as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or National Nature Reserves.A. BoundedB. designatedC. cultivatedD. confined45. With the fall in the number of students studying science, we will have lost many with the potential for intellectual______.A. credibilityB. credentialC. recreationD. creativity46. Our worst fear have proved______ after he told us everything about it.A. hostedB. blessedC. unfoundedD. uprooted47. The village moved further and further away from the city and links with outside community have______.A. witheredB. shortenedC. shearedD. curtailed48. We hoped to be able to get married early this month, but things didn’t ______as we had expected.A. worked outB. come byC. fill upD. lay down49. The teacher made strenuous efforts to read the faint and______ handwriting in his students’ exercise books.A. illegalB. illiterateC. illegibleD. illustrative50. South Africa’s black majority got its first real______ in governing early lat December.A. remarkB. taleC. speechD. say51. ______ the difficulty of the task, I shall be lucky to complete it by May.A. RegardingB. GivenC. PresumingD. Accepted52. So ______are businessmen by the constantly changing numbers that they often cannot determine whether they are making profit or not.A. outsoldB. outgrownC. overexcitedD. overwhelmed53. The border incident led to the two countries’ ______ diplomatic relations.A. pulling offB. breaking offC. passing offD. falling off54. Without a wholehearted______ to a keen forward-looking vision and a deep insight, you can not be a leader.A. commitmentB. determinationC. resolutionD. obligation55. The worker’s promised were increase is being ______while it is examined by the government to see if it is greater than the law allows.A. put backB. held downC. put downD. held backPART Ⅲ CLOSE TEST (15 points)Directions: Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the correct choices for each blank in your Answer Sheet.One supermarket in Tokyo has managed to solve the problems of shoplifting(商店行动). 56 by cashiers and long lines of customers waiting at the cash registers. It is Japan’s advanced computer technology that has come 57 with the answers. Shoppers at an OK supermarket on the outskirts of the city now push a cart 58 a plastic card chained to it and buy from glass cases where the goods are on display. The plastic magnetic number carries his or her own card. Which is 59 at the entrance. While shopping the customer pushes the card into a slot beside 60 items are wanted and pushes a button or two. The glass-covered vending machines are connected toa computer that 61 the price of every item in the store. Prices of every purchase are added to automatically. 62 she has finished shopping, the customer hands her card to a cashier who 63 it to the register. A second later the 64 pops out. Shoplifting is physically impossible. Once you touch a commodity the computer remembers it 65 you hide it or 66 you eat it on the spot. A cashier at the OK supermarket is now able to work 15 times faster than her 67 at a conventional supermarket. 68 , are required at the store, which 69 2500 separate items. One man is enough to keep the vending machine filled, because 70 the stock for a certain commodity is at least to run out a red lamp in the computer room sees him.56. A. mistake B. made C. done D. problems57. A. together B. up C. along D. on58. A. with B. without C. carrying D. under59. A. collected B. filled C. sent D. shown60. A. those B. what C. the number D. whichever61. A. shouts B. knows C. calculates D. puts62. A. Before B. Immediately C. After all D. When63. A. opens B. feeds C. reads D. connects64. A. cash B. money C. changes D. total65. A. except B. in spite of C. no matter how D. the way66. A. before B. when C. even if D. watches67. A. friend B. colleague C. company D. neighbor68. A. for instance B. still C. later D. however69. A. loses B. needs C. sells D. deals70. A. there B. whenever C. most D. ofPART Ⅳ READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by several questions about it. Read the passages carefully and to each question choose the best answer A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter with a pencil.Passage OneIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel and glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts —enough to support the entire city of Albany New York for a day.Glasswalled skyscrapers can be specially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating andair-conditioning equipment builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford Connecticut which has a population of more than 109,000.Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception block bird flyways and obstruct air traffic. In Boston in the late 1960’s some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them –personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable spare.71. The man purpose of the passage is to______.A. compare skyscrapers with other structuresB. describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environmentC. advocate the use of masonry in the construction of skyscrapersD. illustrate some architectural designs of skyscrapers72. According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls?A. The exterior surrounding air is heated.B. The windows must be cleaned daily.C. Construction time is increased.D. Extra air-conditioning equipment is needed.73. According to the passage, in the late 1960’s some residents of Boston were concerned with which aspect of skyscrapers?A. The noise from their constructionB. The removal of trees from building sitesC. the harmful effects on the city’s grassD. The high cost of rentable office space74. The author raise issues that would most concern which of the following groups?A. ElectriciansB. EnvironmentalistsC. AviatorsD. Teachers75. Where in the passage does the author compare the energy consumption of skyscrapers with that of a city?A. Lines 5-8B. Lines 13-14C. Lines 19-21D. Lines 22-24Passage TwoI was 22 years old when I was finally received into the church, but I still suffered from an adolescent’s suffocating sons that brought me in love of poetry and rhetoric, sense of history, cosmic distress and indignation. Somehow I felt that some of Mother Church’s ancient glamour might rub off on me and that I mightsomehow be transformed by it and become part of its mystery.Of course, that’s not the way it works at all. I believe now that grace grows from within slow but very sure. Shortly after becoming a barrister, when I was 27, in a moment of high hope and idealism and making common cause with the man I had recently married, fought to abolish the death penalty. All but a small circle of friends, whom I shall Honor for ever fell away. Professional doors banged shut.We went to live on the Greek islands of Mikonos. It is a strange place, treeless. From the roof or our house at Virst we could see seven islands in summer lying like dolphins, encircling the whitewashed pigeon house where we make our home.At the tiny church we mad ea group of five, Joseph the tailor, my husband and I and another English couple. We went to enjoy each other’s company as much as to have the pleaure of hearing the service. If the priest didn’t come-as he often couldn’t when the wind blew at force Nine-it didn’t particularly matter. We stayed on to have a drink under the trees and watch the sun set.Years later. I went back to that island with my two sons. Milonos itself had changed not for the better, it had changed from my village into a city where I knew only one person in a hundred.]The church at Alefantare had changed too. It was packed with a multi-racial group. A priest arrived to say Mass, but there was no one available to serve at alter(祭坛).“Go on.” I said to my son, “you do it.” Unselfconsciously, without hesitation, he took the bell and went up to the alter followed by his brother. It was a moment of timeless, happiness-of total reconciliation.Outside, under the blazing sun, the wind was roaring through the trees of Alefantare. Inside, I felt a total synthesis of all reasons, all motives, and motives, and I knew that for this moment I had come into the world.76. The writer felt that by becoming a member of the church______.A. she had finally been accepted by societyB. she would be charged in some wayC. she would finally understand the mystery of religionD. she had fulfilled the purpose of her education.77. The writer had only just become a barrister when______.A. she decided to give up her career to get marriedB. she had married someone who disagreed with the abolition of the death penaltyC. she lost a small circle of friends of whom she was very fondD. she made herself extremely unpopular with her contemporaries78. The writer and her husband went to live on Mikonos where______.A. they had an elegant house built for themB. they spent all summer lying in the sun on the rooftopC. they found an usual house to live inD. they spent all summer visiting the surrounding islands79. She and her husband were regular visitors to the small church on the island because______.A. they treated the service as both a religious and a social occasionB. they enjoyed attending talking to the priest when the service had finishedC. they enjoyed attending a service out-of-doorsD. they had a drink with the priest after the service80. While attending a service at the same little church the experienced a feeling of______.A. unselfconsciousnessB. total nothingnessC. momentary doubtD. self-fulfillmentPassage ThreeA Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgment against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition.” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based race. He disposes thus(although unconvincingly) of both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early twenty-century discrimination against Orient people in California, which inconveniently was instigated by workers.81. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?A. What accounts for the prejudice against the Jews in medieval Europe?B. What conditions caused the discrimination against Oriental people in California in the early twentieth century?C. Which groups are not in ethnic competition with each other in the United States?D. What explanation did the Marxist sociologist give for the existence of racial prejudice?82. The author considers the Marxist sociologist’s theses about the origins of racial prejudice to be______.A. unoriginalB. unpersuasiveC. offensiveD. obscure83. It can be inferred from the passage that the Marxist sociologists would argue that in a noncapitalist society racial prejudice would be______.A. toleratedB. ignoredC. forbiddenD. obscure84. According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist’s chain of resigning required him to assert that prejudice toward Oriental people in California was______.A. directed primarily against the ChineseB. similar in origin to prejudice against the JewsC. understood by Oriental people as ethnic competitionD. nonracial in characterPassage Four“High tech” and “state of the art” are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorted way of saving high technology. And high technology describes any discoveries of science and engineering.What is high tech? A computer is tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980s. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many kinds of products in American stores. Such as home computers, microwave ovens etc.“State of the art” is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is “state of the art” is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry.A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.“A state of the art” is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modern way of doing something.Millions of American began to use the expression in the late 1970’s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art.”Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow, the expression “state of the art” became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art.”85. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell how “high tech” and “state of the art” have developed.B. To give examples of high tech.C. To tell what “high tech” and “state of the art” are.D. To describe very modern technology.86. What can we infer from the passage?A. American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people.B. High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.C. “State of the art” is not as popular as “high tech”D. A wooden plough pulled by oxen “state of the art”87. All the following examples are high tech EXCEPT______a. a microwave oven B. a home computerC. a hand pumpD. a satellite88. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art” has become popular.B. “State of the art” means something that is the best one can buy.C. With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computermay easily become out of date.D. All kinds of products are “state of the art” nowadays.89. The best title for the passage is______.A. Computer TechnologyB. High Tech and State of the ArtC. Most Advanced TechnologyD. Two New Expressions90. The expression of “the state of the art” in the passage can best be paragraphed as______.A. art in latest formB. the level of the development of industry or any fieldC. all the advanced sciences and technologies in generalD. fine arts of the up-to-date formsPART Ⅴ Identifying Mistakes (10 points, I for each)Directions: Each of the following sentence has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled A, B, C, AND d. Identifying the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark out your choice in the Answer Sheet.91. The audience seemed to believe that she sang so sweet that she would shame theA B Cbird.D92. When we travel by jet and fly east or west through the six time zones, our bodiesA Bhad been thrown out of whack.C D93. The soybean is undoubtedly the king of beans, an is rapidly becoming the widelyA B C Dmost utilized bean in the world.94. Western Nebraska generally receives little snow than does eastern Nebraska.A B C D95. Words, written or speaking, can communicate meaning in either form.A B C D96. Forgetting something usually mean an inability to find the material that is stillA B Cstored somewhere in the memory.D97. It soon became obviously that instead of being trained to sing she would beA B Ctrained as a dancer.D98. By this time of next year he will not only have learned the art, but also willA B Ccomplete his duty.D99. Given good weather, our ship will reach London before Friday morning.A B C D100. If one reads a great many articles in English, you will become familiar with theA B C Dreading course.PART Ⅵ WRITING (10 points)Directions: Write a passage of roughly 120 words on the topic “Part-time Education”according to the outline given below. Your writing must be clearly written on the Answer Sheet.Outline:1.Advantages of part-time education2.Disadvantages of part-time education3.My suggestions on the improvement of part-time education。