2004年考研英语真题词汇

2004年考研词汇与短语1.stumble: Vt. 绊脚；蹒跚而行；(不顺畅地)说、读、演奏stumble across/ on/ upon: 偶然发现stumble into sth. 无意间涉足某事stumbling block : 绊脚石2.database: n. 数据库，资料库data: 数据；资料；史料3.agent: n. 代理人，经纪人；an insurance agent保险经纪人动因(重要的人或事) Charity has been an agent for social change.4.interactive: adj. 合作的，相互影响的，互相配合的。

～ teaching methodsinteract: v. 交流，沟通合作；相互影响，相互作用～ with sb.5.criteria: n. 标准，规范，准则(criterion的复数形式)6.post: v. 张贴，公布；邮寄；派遣n. 邮递；职位=position；哨所；杆，柱A copy of the letter was posted on this notice board.Guards have been posted along the border.7.Notify: = inform Vt. 通知～ sb. of sth. ～ sd to do sth.notification: n. 通知，通告，告示written ～：书面通知8.opening: n. 空缺的职位= vacant post/ position；开幕式；；开端；缺口opening hours: 营业时间openness：坦率；开朗；开放9.strike: V. 敲打，碰撞；邂逅=spot；突然想到；给人以…印象；处于某种状态～ dumbAn awful thought has just struck me.She strikes me as an efficient person.Striking: adj. 引人注目的，异乎寻常的，显著地=marked动人的，标致的，俊秀的= stunning10.counsel: Vt. 为某人提供专业咨询；建议，劝告n. 劝告，建议=counselling；律师He counseled them to give up the plan.11.promising: adj. 有希望的，有前途的，有出息的12.Time-consuming: adj. 耗时的，费事的13.inefficient：adj. 效率低的，能理差的，浪费的an ～ heating system14.drawback: n. 缺点，不利条件～ to/of doing sthThe main drawback to it is the cost.同义词：disadvantage, weak points, demerit,15.eliminate: vt. 消除，清除～ sth. from sth.；消灭The police have eliminated two suspects from their investigation.16.implicit: adj. 含蓄的～ in sth. ；完全的，无疑问的Implicit in the speech is the assumption that they are guilty.She has the implicit trust of all the staff.17.abreast：adv.并肩，并列；最新，赶得上keep abreast of:与…并驾齐驱；了解….的最新情况keep abreast with 不落后于…18.traffic: 交通；访问量，运输，人流，货流freight /passenger ～pensate: vt. 补偿，弥补～for =make up for；给某人赔偿金compensation：n. 报酬；补偿；赔偿金compensatory: adj. an compensatory payment of 2000 yuan20.negotiate: vt. 谈判，协商；达成协议～with sb.about/for sthnegotiate a deal/ contract/ settlement/ treatynegotiation: n. negotiator: n.21.maintain: vt. 维持，保持= preserve；维修，保养maintain law/ order/ standards/ a balancemaintenance: n. 维修，保养the maintenance of sth.22.discriminate: vt. 区分，辨别～ between A and B；～ A fromB歧视，偏袒～ against ab.Discriminating: adj. 有辨别力的，有鉴赏力的Discrimination：n. 歧视，偏袒；识别力，鉴赏力= taste23.Insidious: adj. 暗中危害的，阴险的；隐伏的24.evenly：adv. 平均地，均等地；有规律的25.respectively：adv．分别，各自26.improving：adj．有启发的；有教育意义的27.literal：adj．字面意义的；完全的，彻底的28.humiliate：v. 羞辱humiliation: n. humility: 谦逊，谦虚29.ballot：投票＝vote ballot box 投票箱30.recipient: n . 受方，接收方31.overlook：v. 忽略=miss；对不良现象视而不见；俯瞰，眺望32.Conspicuous：adj. 显而易见的，引人注意的33.subtle：adj. 微妙的，不易察觉的；机智的，技巧的；巧妙的subtle changes/ differences/ distinctionsa subtle approach: 巧妙的方法subtle strategy/ plan/ technique34.Red-hot: adj. 炽热的；激烈的；热门的35.Outlet: n. 出路，机会；专营店，经销店；出口，排放管g: v. 缓慢移动，滞后The little boy lagged behind his parents.37.Temper: v. 使缓和，使温和Temperament:气质，性情，性格Temperamental：喜怒无常的，反复无常的38.retailer: n.零售商，零售店retail : v. 零售wholesale：v.批发39.revenue: 财政收入，税收40.headline: 标题v. 给…加标题41.: adv. 显著地，盛行地；占主导地位地42.bonus: 津贴，奖金，红利43.broker: 经纪人broke: 破产=bankrupt44.frenzy: n. 疯狂，狂乱 a ～ of activity/excitement frenzied: adj.45.real-estate broker: 房地产经纪人短语：1.Hunt for = look for= seek for= search ：寻找2.Be attracted by: 被….吸引3.Key in: 键入4.Intellectual property: 知识产权5.Work again…: 对….不利6.Be added to sth. ：对…上瘾，沉溺于7.Keep a close look at: 密切关注8.The line of work:行业，行当9.Be indispensable to sth. : 对…是必不可少的10.Have the advantage over sth.: 有….优势11.Thumb though: 翻查，浏览12.The root sets in.：情况开始出毛病，事情开始走下坡路13.Draw up：草拟，起草；14.Plough though：吃力的钻研；费力的阅读，艰难的通过15.Doze off：打瞌睡16.When it comes to sth: 每当谈论到…17.Show up: 露面，出现18.Do without: 凑合，将就，没有…也行19.Department store: 商场20.Silver linings: 一线希望。

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, ma y work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages t o those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the d ay after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches. [B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold ru sh happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about _______[A] gold market. [B] real estate. [C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways. [B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. [D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon. [B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not. [D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life,a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfu lly and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently. [B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect. [B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform. [D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform. [B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect. [D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence. [B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languageshave since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)。

2004年考研英语（一）翻译重要词汇汇总这是一篇语言类文章，是关于语言和思维关系的有趣话题，文中语言用词较通俗易懂，结构也不如往年复杂，总体难度不算大。

文章中的单词难度适中，基本没有超纲词汇，但是长难句偏多，可能会影响同学们的理解。

同样，文章中出现了许多高频重点单词，以下是本文中出现的10个，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 3formulate ['fɔːmjʊleɪt]vt. 规划;用公式表示;明确地表达【词根记忆】：form(格式)+la→formula (公式，准则)+te→规划;用公式表示【短语搭配】：pormulate strategy 制定策略formulate corresponding 制定相应的; 制定相应formulate thinking 归算思路【真题例句】：He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.他论述说，某一特定语言中比较容易形成某些特定概念，但与此有别的其他概念则不易形成，因此该语言的使用者思考问题只会沿着这一条道而不会沿着那一条道进行。

(2004年翻译)2.1imprison [ɪm'prɪz(ə)n]vt. 监禁;关押;使…下狱【词根记忆】：im+prison(监狱)→关押，禁锢【短语搭配】：imprison for 被监禁【真题例句】：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind 沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维。

2004年英语真题单词text 11.stumble ['stʌmbl]vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行stumbled:绊倒了stumbled up:磕磕绊绊的越过2.database ['deitəbeis]n. 数据库，资料库3.interactive [,intər'æktiv]adj. 交互式的；相互作用的4.property ['prɔpəti]n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权5.struck [strʌk]adj. 受罢工影响的v. 罢工，打，打击（strike的过去式和过去分词）6.counsel ['kaunsəl]n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；讨论；决策vt. 建议；劝告vi. 商讨；提出忠告7.drawbacksn. 缺点；退税（drawback的复数）9.broaden ['brɔ:dən]vt. 使扩大；使变宽vi. 扩大，变阔；变宽，加宽10.abreast [ə'brest]adv. 并肩地；并列adj. 并排的；肩并肩的11.vice [vais]n. 恶习；缺点；老虎钳；卖淫adj. 副的；代替的vt. 钳住pensation [,kɔmpen'seiʃən]n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金13.negotiatingn. 谈判v. 谈判（negotiate的ing形式）；磋商14.agent ['eidʒənt]n. 代理人，代理商；药剂；特工vt. 由作中介；由代理adj. 代理的16.advisory [əd'vaizəri]n. 报告；公告adj. 咨询的；顾问的；劝告的pensation [,kɔmpen'seiʃən]n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金18.interaction [,intər'ækʃən]n. 相互作用；交互作用19.reminder [ri'maində]n. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催单20reserve [ri'zə:v]n. 储备，储存；自然保护区；预备队；储备金vt. 储备；保留；预约vi. 预订21.sitesn. 网站（site的复数）；遗址，举办地点v. 使...位于（site的单三形式）text 21.condemned [kən'demd]adj. 已被定罪的；被责难的2.condemned [kən'demd]adj. 已被定罪的；被责难的3.thumb [θʌm]n. 拇指vt. 翻阅；以拇指拨弄；作搭车手势；笨拙地摆弄vi. 用拇指翻书页；竖起拇指要求搭车4.directories [di'rektəriz]n. 目录，名录；指南；计算机文件或程序的目录（directory的复数）5evenly ['i:vənli]adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地6.evenly ['i:vənli]adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地7.vice-president [,vais'prezidənt]n. 副总裁；副总统；副校长8.Surnamesn. 名字的故事（书名）9.coincidence [kəu'insidəns]n. 巧合；一致；同时发生10.infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；[律]未成年人adj. 婴儿的；幼稚的；初期的；未成年的11.rarely ['rεəli]adv. 很少地；难得；罕有地12.qualificationsn. 资格证书；任职资格；职位要求；限定性条件（qualification的复数形式）13publicly ['pʌblikli]adv. 公然地；以公众名义14.humiliation [hju:,mili'eiʃən]n. 丢脸，耻辱；蒙羞；谦卑15．ceremoniesn. 仪式；典礼；礼节；客套（ceremony的复数形式）16.proudly ['praudli]adv. 傲慢地，自负地；得意洋洋地17.shortlist ['ʃɔ:tlist]n. （英）供最后挑选用的候选人名单18.attendeesn. 参加者；出席者（attendee的复数）19.plough [plau]n. 犁；耕地（等于plow）vt. 犁；耕vi. 用犁耕田；开路20.conspicuous [kən'spikjuəs]adj. 显著的；显而易见的21.prejudice ['predʒudis]n. 偏见；侵害vt. 损害；使有偏见22.brand [brænd]n. 商标，牌子；烙印vt. 铭刻于，铭记；打烙印于；印商标于23.discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力24.discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；识别力25.impatient [im'peiʃənt]adj. 焦躁的；不耐心的26.doze off打瞌睡；困倦I doze off on the bus.:我在公车上打盹27.humiliatedadj. 羞辱的v. 屈辱（humiliate的过去式）；使丢脸，使蒙羞28.alphabetism [,ælfə'bətizəm]n. (作符号的)字母使用(如使用一组字母作为笔名或署名)paign COMPAIGNCOMPAIGN:一种有计划、有目的的活动|运动|战役Safety compaign:安全运动30.eliminate [i'limineit]vt. 消除；排除31.alphabetically [,ælfə'betikli]adv. 照字母顺序排列地32.unintentional [,ʌnin'tenʃənəl]adj. 非故意的；无意识的33.bias ['baiəs]n. 偏见；偏爱；斜纹；乖离率vt. 使存偏见adv. 偏斜地adj. 偏斜的text 31.manicurist ['mæni,kjuərist]n. 指甲修饰师2.polishing ['pɔliʃiŋ]n. 抛光；磨光v. 磨光；擦亮；修正（polish的ing形式）3.nailsn. 钉子（nail的复数）5.downscalingn. 降尺度v. 缩小规模（downscale的ing形式）6.admission [əd'miʃən]n. 承认；入场费；进入许可；坦白；录用7.dealership ['di:ləʃip]n. 代理权；代理商；经销权8.outletsn. 出路；销售点；排水口；批发商点（outlet的复数形式）9.revenue ['revənju:, -nu:]n. 税收，国家的收入；收益10.panickvt. 恐慌11.belttightenvt. 勒紧裤带12.dreadful ['dredful]adj. 可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的13.predominantly [pri'dɔminəntli]adv. 主要地；显著地14.broker ['brəukə]n. 经纪人，掮客vt. 以中间人等身分安排...vi. 作为权力经纪人进行谈判15.frenzied ['frenzi:d]adj. 疯狂的；狂乱的；激怒的v. 使狂乱（frenzy的过去式）16.overbiddingn. 出价过高v. 出价高于的价值（overbid的ing形式）17.real-estate ['riəli,steit, 'ri:l-]adj. 不动产的18.bubblesn. 泡沫；气泡（bubble的复数）v. 沸腾；冒泡；发出气泡声（bubble的第三人称单数形式）19.bubblesn. 泡沫；气泡（bubble的复数）v. 沸腾；冒泡；发出气泡声（bubble的第三人称单数形式）20.toasting ['təustiŋ]v. 烘；取暖；为举杯祝酒（toast的ing形式）21.venture ['ventʃə]n. 企业；风险；冒险vt. 敢于vi. 冒险；投机22.precedesv. 领先（precede的三单形式）；在之先；优于boom [bu:m]n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声vt. 使兴旺；发隆隆声vi. 急速发展；发隆隆声text 41.entertainersn. 演艺人员，娱乐圈人士（entertainer的复数形式）2.entrepreneursn. 企业家（entrepreneur的复数）3.pursue [pə'sju:, -'su:]vt. 继续；从事；追赶；纠缠vi. 追赶；继续进行4.sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；日本米酒5.symptomsn. 症状；症候；病徵6.counterbalance ['kauntə,bæləns, ,kauntə'bæləns]n. 平衡力；自动抵销vt. 使平衡；抵消7.pursuitsn. 追求（pursuit的复数）8.critically ['kritikəli]adv. 精密地；危急地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地9.resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶10.privilege ['privilidʒ]n. 特权；优待；基本权利vt. 给与特权；特免11.Pulitzer ['pulitsə; 'pju:-]n. 普利策（美国新闻业经营者）12.elitism [ei'li:tizəm, i'-]n. 精英主义；杰出人物统治论13rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的14.restraintsn. 限制，禁止（restraint的复数）15.recitation [,resi'teiʃən]n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗16.innate [,i'neit]adj. 先天的；固有的；与生俱来的17.reluctantly [ri'lʌktəntli]adv. 不情愿地；嫌恶地18.manipulate [mə'nipjuleit]vt. 操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改19.proclaim [prəu'kleim]vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬20.eagerness ['i:ɡənis]n. 渴望；热心21.profound [prəu'faund]adj. 深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的22.pursuitsn. 追求（pursuit的复数）23.undervalue [,ʌndə'vælju:]vt. 低估...之价值；看轻24.intellectualism [,intə'lektjuəlizəm, '-tʃuə-]n. 理智主义，知性主义25opponent [ə'pəunənt]n. 对手；反对者；敌手adj. 对立的；敌对的26.intellectualism[,intə'lektjuəlizəm, '-tʃuə-]n. 理智主义，知性主义。

2004年考研英语真题完整版Section IListening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1-5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateauhighlands 1Highest altitude of the coastal plain _______m 2Climate near the sea HumidMild 3Particularly rainy months of the years AprilNovember 4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13℃high _______℃ 5Part BDirections:For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)What is Saffo according to himself?The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and________.The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is________.To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and________.What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team?678910Part CDirections:资料来源：中国教育在线/You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.11.What do we often do with the things we love?[A] Ask for their names.[B] Name babies after them.[C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them.12.The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if ________.[A] the family tree is fairly limited[B] the family tie is strong enough[C] the name is commonly used[D] nobody in the family complains13.Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will ________.[A] show the beauty of its own[B] develop more associations[C] lose the original meaning[D] help form the baby’s personalityQuestions 14-16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.资料来源：中国教育在线/14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?[A] 90[B] 108[C] 180[D] 66815.In 1964, Bobby Moore was made ________.[A] England’s footballer of the year[B] a soccer coach in West Germany[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire16.After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was ________.[A] editing Sunday Sport[B] working for Capital Radio[C] managing professional soccer teams[D] developing a sports marketing companyQuestions 17-20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for its ________.[A] oil refinery[B] linen textiles[C] food products[D] deepwater port资料来源：中国教育在线/18.Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?[A] Soap[B] Grain[C] Steel[D] Tobacco19.When was Belfast founded?[A] In 1177[B] In 1315[C] In the 16th century[D] In the 17th century20.What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?[A] French refugees arrived.[B] The harbor was destroyed.[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.[D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed资料来源：中国教育在线/by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with资料来源：中国教育在线/28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent.” It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then资料来源：中国教育在线/E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,”says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.”says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept -- what you think you want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.41.How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.资料来源：中国教育在线/[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43.The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.资料来源：中国教育在线/Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.资料来源：中国教育在线/[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48.The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight49.What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.资料来源：中国教育在线/[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,”she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,”says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used资料来源：中国教育在线/to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.51.By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.53.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54.Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.资料来源：中国教育在线/[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling资料来源：中国教育在线/and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar资料来源：中国教育在线/[C] complementary[D] opposite59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60.What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged to them because some资料来源：中国教育在线/of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. 63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.61.________62.________63.________64.________65.________Section IV Writing66.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the drawing,2) interpret its meaning, and资料来源：中国教育在线/3) support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points。

2004年真题词汇注释与常难句分析causal［］a.因果关系的；前因后果的；原因的(P4L6) concerning［］prep.about something;involving somebody/something 关于；涉及(P1L1)consist of sth［］v.由……组成、构成例：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.水由氢和氧组成。

(P4L1)delinquency［］n.（常指青年人的）犯罪，违法行为【超纲】(P1L1) disadvantaged［］a.*1.社会地位低下的；生活条件差的；贫困的例：a severely disadvantaged area极贫困地区2.（the disadvantaged）people who are disadvantaged下层社会(P2L1)discontent［］a.不满；不满足；不满的缘由(P3L3)engage（sb）in（sth）（使）从事，参加例：Even in prison,he continued to engage in criminal activities.他甚至在监狱里还继续从事犯罪活动。

(P1L3)establish［］v.to discover or prove the facts of a situation查实；确定；证实例：Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.警方仍在努力确定事故的原因。

(P4L7)gainful［］ed to describe useful work that you are paid for有收益的；有报酬的；有利可图的(P3L2)household［］n.一家人；家庭例：low income households低收入家庭。

(P4L1)misdeed［］n.恶行；不义之举例：He will have to answer for hismisdeeds in a court of law.他将不得不为其恶劣行径在法庭上受到惩罚。

2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency(crimes committed by young people)focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories1on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior2they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,_6the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes7lack of adequate parental control.All theories,however,are tentative and are8to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly9juvenile crime rates. For example,changes in the economy that10to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment11make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.The resulting discontent may in12lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also13changes these years.More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents;14，children are likely to have less supervision at home15was common in the traditional family16. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other__17_causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school,the increased__18_of drugs and alcohol,and the growing19of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,20a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting2.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because3.[A]interaction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation4.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response5.[A]or[B]but rather[C]but[D]or else6.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding7.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with8.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject9.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect10.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount11.[A]in general[B]on average[C]by contrast[D]at length12.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence13.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced14.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously15.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as16.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage17.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible18.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability19.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity20.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1Hunting for a job late last year,lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder,a job database on the Internet.He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s“personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location,title,and salary,then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.Redmon chose the keywords legal,intellectual property and Washington,D.C.Three weeks later,he got his first notification of an opening.“I struck gold,”says Redmon,who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet,finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient.Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.Narrowing your criteria,for example,may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,”says one expert.For any job search,you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it.“None of these programs do that,”says another expert.“There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.”Instead,the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database;when you get E-mail,consider it a reminder to check the database again.“I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,”says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.When CareerSite’sagent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service,for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches.There may be more matches in the database;job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do.“On the day after we send our messages,we see a sharp increase in our traffic,”says Seth Peets,vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.Although happily employed,Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder.“You always keep your eyes open,”he says.Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21.How did Redmon find his job?[A]By searching openings in a job database.[B]By posting a matching position in a database.[C]By using a special service of a database.[D]By E-mailing his resume to a database.22.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A]Lack of counseling.[B]Limited number of visits.[C]Lower efficiency.[D]Fewer successful matches.23.The expression“tip service”(Line4,Paragraph3)most probably means.[A]advisory.[B]compensation.[C]interaction.[D]reminder.24.Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A]To focus on better job matches.[B]To attract more returning visits.[C]To reserve space for more messages.[D]To increase the rate of success.25.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B]Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C]Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D]Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text2Over the past century,all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.But one insidious form continues to thrive:alphabetism. This,for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage,refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories.Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over ZoëZysman.English namesare fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet.Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively;and26of George Bush’s predecessors(including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just16in the second half. Even more striking,six of the seven heads of government of the G7rich countries are alphabetically advantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,Chrétien and Koizumi).The world’s three top central bankers(Greenspan,Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet,even if one of them really uses Japanese characters.As are the world's five richest men(Gates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence?One theory,dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged,is that the rot sets in early.At the start of the first year in infant school,teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row,and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers.At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape.Yet the result may be worse qualifications,because they get less individual attention,as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues.At university graduation ceremonies,the ABCs proudly get their awards first;by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.Shortlists for job interviews,election ballot papers,lists of conference speakers and attendees:all tend to be drawn up alphabetically,and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A]A kind of overlooked inequality.[B]A type of conspicuous bias.[C]A type of personal prejudice.[D]A kind of brand discrimination.27.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A]In both East and West,names are essential to success.[B]The alphabet is to blame for the failure of ZoëZysman.[C]Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’names.[D]Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28.The4th paragraph suggests that.[A]questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B]alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C]teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D]students should be seated according to their eyesight29.What does the author mean by“most people are literally having a ZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]They are getting impatient.[B]They are noisily dozing off.[C]They are feeling humiliated.[D]They are busy with word puzzles.30.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B]VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C]The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D]Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text3When it comes to the slowing economy,Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.But the47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting,filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to,either.Most of her clients spend$12to$50weekly,but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up.Spero blames the softening economy.“I'm a good economic indicator,”she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.”So Spero is downscaling,shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home,instead of Neiman Marcus.“I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me,too,”she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.From car dealerships to Gap outlets,sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.For retailers,who last year took in24percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas,the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.Already,experts say,holiday sales are off7percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet.Consumers seem only mildly concerned,not panicked,and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because,despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.Home prices are holding steady in most regions.In Manhattan,“there's a new gold rush happening in the$4million to$10 million range,predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,”says broker Barbara Corcoran.In San Francisco,prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.“Instead of20to30offers,now maybe you only get two or three,"says John Tealdi,a Bay Area real-estate broker.And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.Diners might see an upside,too.Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible.Not anymore.For that,Greenspan&Co.may still be worth toasting.31.By“Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthor means_____.[A]Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B]Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D]Spero is not in a desperate situation.32.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.33.When mentioning“the$4million to$10million range”(Lines3,Paragraph3),the author is talking about_______[A]gold market.[B]real estate.[C]stock exchange.[D]venture investment.34.Why can many people see“silver linings”to the economic slowdown?[A]They would benefit in certain ways.[B]The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C]Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D]The purchasing power would be enhanced.35.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A]A new boom,on the horizon.[B]Tighten the belt,the single remedy.[C]Caution all right,panic not.[D]The more ventures,the more chances.Text4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect.Our heroes are athletes,entertainers,and entrepreneurs,not scholars.Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.”Ravitch's latest book.Left Back:A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be.Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path,says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country.We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life,aPulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion,and education.From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.Practicality,common sense,and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for10or15years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect,according to Hofstadter,is different from native intelligence,a quality we reluctantly admire.Intellect is the critical,creative,and contemplative side of the mind.Intelligence seeks to grasp,manipulate,re-order, and adjust,while intellect examines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes,and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who“joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A]The habit of thinking independently.[B]Profound knowledge of the world.[C]Practical abilities for future career.[D]The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A]undervaluing intellect.[B]favoring intellectualism.[C]supporting school reform.[D]suppressing native intelligence.38.The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are______.[A]identical.[B]similar.[C]complementary.[D]opposite.39.Emerson,according to the text,is probably_________.[A]a pioneer of education reform.[B]an opponent of intellectualism.[C]a scholar in favor of intellect.[D]an advocate of regular schooling.40.What does the author think of intellect?[A]It is second to intelligence.[B]It evolves from common sense.[C]It is to be pursued.[D]It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(41)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.Two anthropologist-linguists,Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.(42)We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century,however,who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic”language,were not always so grateful.(43)The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil,Benjamin Lee Whorf,continued the study of American Indian languages.(44)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(45)Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a ter,this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46.Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1.describe the drawing，2.interpret its meaning,and3.support your view with examples.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2(20points)第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章主要探讨青少年犯罪的原因。

2004 Text 1重点词汇stumble across /on/upon（无意间碰到，偶然发现）Stumble 跌跌撞撞地走;stumble about 步履蹒跚He stumbled along the road.他在路上绊倒了。

[记]stumblen./v. 绊倒([巧记]词根umb＝ump＝突起如:stump n. 树桩；v. 绊倒) database / ♎♏♓♦☜♌♏♓♦/ （数据库＝databank）即data 数据+base 基地key in（键入）notification/ ⏹☜◆♦♓♐♓♏♓☞☜⏹/ （通知，告示）here have been no more notifications of SARS case in the last week.上星期已没有SARS病例的报告[记]notify v通知通告strike[straik] （邂逅,发现）strike goldcriteria n.标准opening （空缺，机会）a business opening经商的好机会opening words 开场白drawback / ♎❒♌✌/ （缺点，障碍;退款）Complancency is a drawback to progresss. 自满是进步的障碍duty drawback关税退税Elimination of this squalor is the main object of our policies.根除这类贫困是我们政策的主要目标[巧记]draw=拉，拖+backeliminate/ ♓●♓❍♓⏹♏♓♦ / （排除，消除；淘汰）eliminate trade barriers 破除贸易壁垒eliminate the losing team from the compentition 淘汰输队出竞赛counseling/ ♋◆⏹♦☜●♓☠/ （[专家针对个人问题所作的]建议;劝告;协商）vocational counseling 职业辅导[记]counselor：n 顾问；律师；辅导员；counsel：n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师vt.劝告, 忠告implicit / ♓❍☐●♓♦♓♦ / （内含的，含蓄的）implict acceptance 默认implicit obedience 盲从obligations which are implicit in the contract.合同中未直接载明的责任[反义词]explicitkeep abreast of（与…齐头并进；了解…的最新情况）keep abreast of what is going on by reading the newspapers.阅读报纸了解形势的发展tempt /♦♏❍☐♦ / （诱惑，吸引）He was tempted into a life of crime by greed and laziness. 他受贪婪和懒惰的驱使步入了罪恶的一生The sunny day tempted me into shorts and a T-shirt.阳光和煦，我禁不住穿上了短裤和T恤compensation/ ❍☐♏⏹♦♏♓☞☜⏹/（补偿，赔偿）Age has its compensations.人到老年有所失亦有所得compensation trade补偿贸易unemployment compensation 失业救济补助金indispensable（不可缺少的）Air and water are indispensable to life.空气和水是生命所必需的东西。