新标准大学英语综合教程3教师用书(文秋芳 外研社)5

2015-2016学年第一学期2015级新生使用公共课教材书目各教学院：一、2015级公共英语课推荐教材书目（一）2015级本科各专业1.课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格大学英语9787560077338新标准大学英语综合教程1-4册文秋芳外语教学与研究出版社新版 34.909787560086217 新标准大学英语综合训练1-4 册文秋芳外语教学与研究出版社新版 32.002.课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格9787560095431 新标准大学英语同步测试1-4册文秋芳外语教学与研究出版社新版 14.903.课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格阅读 9787040284843 大学英语泛读教程1-4册王健芳高等教育出版社新版4.课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格视听说 9787544613392 新世纪大学英语系列视听说教程第三版1-4册秦秀白杨惠中上海外语教育出版社新版（二）2015级艺术类本科专业课程名称教材名称主编出版社价格1.大学英语 21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程（修订版）1-4 册汪榕培、石坚等复旦大学出版社 40.0021世纪大学英语应用型自主练习1-4册汪榕培、石坚等复旦大学出版社 25.002.视听说 21世纪大学实用英语视听说教程1-2册梁正溜姜荷梅复旦大学出版社 28.00(三）2015级专科各专业课程名称教材名称主编出版社价格1.大学英语新视野大学英语读写教程第二版 1-2册郑树棠外语教学与研究出版社 32.90新视野大学英语练习册第二版1-2册郑树棠外语教学与研究出版社 18.90 2.视听说新世纪大学英语系列教材视听说教程第三版1-2册秦秀白、杨慧中上海外语教育出版社 32.00国际商务（中英合作）班的英语教材，由学生所在学院决定。

（四）2015级艺术类专科各专业课程名称教材名称主编出版社价格1.大学英语《21世纪大学实用英语综合教程》第二版1-2册翟象俊复旦大学出版社2.大学英语《21世纪大学实用英语综合练习》第二版1-2册余建中复旦大学出版社（五）2015级专科小语种各专业（德、法、韩、日、阿）课程名称教材名称主编出版社价格1.大学英语大学英语教程 1-4册黄必康北京大学出版社2.视听说大学英语实用视听说教程（第二版学生用书）1-4册黄必康北京大学出版社外国语学院大学英语专业教研室提供二、2015级公共计算机课教材（专、本科通用）课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格1.9787563643813 计算机文化基础第十版省教育厅组编石油大学 2014年2.9787563643820计算机文化基础实验教程第十版省教育厅组编石油大学 2014年信息工程学院计算机基础专业教研室提供三、2015级大学体育课教材（专、本科通用教材）课程名称书号教材名称主编出版社出版日期价格大学体育 9787811003208 大学体育与健康教程王皋华张威北京体育大学出版社 2013.07 29.80体育部专业教研室提供四、2015级形势与政策课教材（省委高校工委指定专、本科通用教材）课程名称书号教材名称编写出版日期价格形势与政策时事报告（大学生版）中宣部、教育部组织 2015-2016上学期 12.00五、2015级思想政治理论课教材（省教育厅指定专、本科通用教材）1.毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论（2013新版）高等教育出版社本书编写组 23.00元2.思想道德修养与法律基础（2013新版）高等教育出版社本书编写组 15.50元3.中国近现代史纲要（2013新版）高等教育出版社本书编写组 19.50元4.马克思主义基本原理概论（2013新版）高等教育出版社本书编写组 17.00元（备注：思想政治理论课教材信息为省教育厅指定通用教材，马工程重点教材信息可咨询教务处教材管理科。

Unit 5Active Reading (1)1. 1 It looks like a high-quality, expensive restaurant.2 People who can afford it, probably rich or maybe famous people, orthose who work in business.3 They would probably talk about business or social events.4 Perhaps an unexpected mistake with the service or food.2 1 The story is set in Joanne’s, a famous restaurant in New York, on Christmas Eve.2 Josh is a smart, hard-working lawyer in his early thirties. He is African-American.3 He has an appointment at Joanne’s.4 Jo Rogers is a senior Senator in Washington and a well-known person in America.5 He greets Josh very unpleasantly. He has a disdainful, superior attitude towards Josh and behaves rudely.6 At the back of the restaurant, close to the bathroom, near a half-opened window through which an icy breeze is blowing.7 Everybody becomes silent and turns to look at her and greets her with silent applause.8 He suggests that they sit at a better table in the middle of the restaurant, from where she can see everybody, or everybody can see her.9 No---she says the waiter brought her friend to that table, so they will stay there.3 3Comment: This is the best summary because it captures the main point about the treatment of Josh. The passage does not actually state that he was treated badly because of the color of his skin, but it is implied and it is apparent from the context that this is the point of the story.41progressive 2 intense 3donations 4 recruits 5competent6intimidated 7sophisticated 8democratic51.stepped out2.were heaving with3.in charge of4.track down5.think on his feet6.knew… inside out7.in the running for8.refrained from61agreeable (She’s an agreeable young woman, who is always very good company.)2 laughable3 corruption4 curl5 doubtful6 shrugged7 impatient 8 applause7 1a 2b 3a 4a 5b 6a 7a 8aActive Reading (2)3 1c 2b 3d 4c 5a 6d41 They want to work with an individual that they know and trust.2 A company is a “they” group unless it is a small company.3 Families in collectivist societies are usually “extended”, ie they consist of a larger number of people living closely together.4 By being a focus of loyalty and though the help that members give to each other.5 In individualist societies.6 They are supposed to be able to sand on their own feet.51 dependent2 investment3 competitors4 loyalty 5management6enale61core2 membership (Some British people think membership of the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.)3 threatened (They threatened to cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday.)4 dwell on5 prevail over6 lifelong7 psychological7 1b 2a 3a 4a 5a 6b 7a 8a8 1b 2c 3c 4b 5bLanguage in use1 1She was in favor of the possibility of having an abortion.2 She was against the death penalty.3 These words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-4 They indicate a person’s political and social ideas.2 not just to …but to …1.I needed to see him not just to tell him about the new contract, but tocheck whether he was still interested in working with us.2.People went to Joanne’s not just to see who their fellow diners were, butto be seen themselves.3.Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face thispersonal challenge, but to raise money for a children’s charity.4.I agreed to go to Egypt not just to see an old friend, but to take amuch-needed break from the northern winter.5.Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape fromfamily life, which she was beginning to find oppressive.31 to which2 of which3 with whom 4by which 5 in which 6to whom51 (a) I feel like screaming or crying with pain.(b)Difficult or hard work on which I need to focus all my attention.(c)Very hot and dry weather.2 (a) Yes, I can do it.(b) It’s good enough but not especially good.(c) No, they can’t do it.3 (a) I throw it away because it is not the part to eat, but it has the most important part for the apple tree --- the pips or apple seeds.(b) A limited number of basic and frequent words.(c) They are very devoted and loyal.Translation6美国梦是美国民族精神的体现。

新标准大学英语3Unit1Active reading(1)4.b c c d c a5.productive attendance resistance ambitious acceptance script impressive6.attendance ambitious productive impressive resistance script acceptance7.mortgage deck surf coastal;defy lengthy8.b a b b b a b bActive reading(2)4.triple cemetery rear biography cram budding finite elapse5.elapsed;cemetery rear;crammed triple budding;biography finite6.a b a a b b a a7.a b b a a b b b aLanguage in use6.(1)我们都觉得在校时间不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。

当然，下一年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。

我们谁都不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因此同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。

以前每天下午5点以后，图书馆就空无一人了，现在却要等到天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜熬出了眼袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却很自豪，好像这些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的奖章。

（2）明天行吗？明天只是个谎言；根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。

明天甚至压根儿就不存在。

你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的规则又可以全部套用。

明天只是现在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。

你的时间会流逝（时间就在我们说话的当下滴答滴答地走着，每分钟顺时针走60秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，它就会走得更快些），而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，上面写满了“本可以做”“本应该做”“本来会做”的事情。

《新标准大学英语综合教程3》课后习题答案Unit 1(productive)(attendance)(resistance)(ambitious)(acceptance)(script)(impre ssive)Unit 6(extinguish)(toll) (nightmare)(tragedy)(utmost)(heroism)7.happening in a confused way and without any order or organization (chaotic)For a firefighter arriv ing on the scene of a fire the first few minutes are usually the mostActive reading(2)(delegate)(ascribe)(correspondent)(genius)(dominate)(unconscious) (oversee)character. She became involved in politics because of her sense of right and wrong and an (7) need to help people.Active reading(2)(persevere)(literally)(venture)(confidence)(sustain)(frustrated)I never thought I would become a musician. I’ve always liked music, but didn’t study it at school and I found it a bit (1) not to be able to read music or to sing in tune. That is, until the day I decided to learn to play the piano. It was quite a difficultActive reading(2)(humble)(justify) (undergo)feast)(calendar)(youngster)(charm)(goodness) (preach)mankind.Unit 9Active reading(1)(heir)(successive)(dominant)(migrate)(historic)(prior to)(resident) (administrative) (conquest)time, the language was Anglo-Saxon, an early form of English. Thus, almost overnight, the (4)language of Britain – the language of the courts, for example, becamebecame the (9)language. By the time of Shakespeare, it was clear that the English language had survived the invasion.Unit 10Active reading(1)(fairy(morality)(deliberately)(secondary)(misleading)(durable)(myth)modern versions of the same stories.。

新标准大学英语综合教程3教师用书介绍本文档是针对新标准大学英语综合教程3教师用书的指导和说明。

新标准大学英语综合教程3是一套为大学英语教学设计的教材，适用于英语专业和非英语专业的学生。

本教师用书旨在帮助教师更好地进行教学活动的准备和组织。

教学目标新标准大学英语综合教程3的教学目标主要有以下几个方面：1.提高学生的英语听说能力，培养他们流利、准确地表达的能力；2.培养学生的阅读理解能力，使他们能够独立阅读英文材料；3.培养学生的写作能力，使他们能够用英语进行表达和写作；4.培养学生的文化意识，使他们能够更好地理解和欣赏英语国家的文化。

教学内容新标准大学英语综合教程3的教学内容包括听力、口语、阅读和写作四个方面。

听力教师可以通过使用教材中的听力材料和相关练习，帮助学生提高他们的听力技巧。

教师可以进行以下活动来促进学生的听力能力：•播放教材中的听力材料，让学生跟读并回答相关问题；•组织学生进行听力练习，如听写练习和听力理解练习；•利用教材中的听力材料进行听力训练，如听力填空和听力选择题。

口语在口语教学方面，教师可以通过以下活动来帮助学生提高他们的口语表达能力：•组织学生进行对话练习，让他们参与到真实的对话中；•利用教材中的口语材料进行角色扮演练习；•组织学生进行小组讨论和演讲活动，让他们有机会表达自己的观点。

阅读新标准大学英语综合教程3的阅读部分主要包括文章阅读和阅读理解练习。

教师可以通过以下方式来帮助学生提高他们的阅读能力：•组织学生进行课堂阅读，让他们有机会阅读和理解各种类型的文章；•利用教材中的阅读材料进行阅读理解练习和相关讨论；•组织学生进行小组分享和读后续写活动，让他们有机会对阅读材料进行进一步的思考和表达。

写作在写作教学方面，教师可以通过以下活动来帮助学生提高他们的写作能力：•组织学生进行写作练习，如写作文、信件和日记等；•利用教材中的写作任务进行写作指导和练习；•对学生的写作作品进行批改和评价，帮助他们改进写作技巧。

全新版⼤学英语综合教程3课⽂原⽂及翻译unit 4Was Einstein a Space Alien?1 Albert Einstein was exhausted. For the third night in a row, his baby son Hans, crying, kept the household awake until dawn. When Albert finally dozed off ... it was time to get up and go to wor k. He couldn't skip a day. He needed the job to support his young family.1. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦精疲⼒竭。

他幼⼩的⼉⼦汉斯连续三个晚上哭闹不停，弄得全家⼈直到天亮都⽆法⼊睡。

阿尔伯特总算可以打个瞌睡时，已是他起床上班的时候了。

他不能⼀天不上班，他需要这份⼯作来养活组建不久的家庭。

2 Walking briskly to the Patent Office, where he was a "Technical Expert, Third Class," Albert w orried about his mother. She was getting older and frail, and she didn't approve of his marriage to Mileva. Relations were strained. Albert glanced at a passing shop window. His hair was a mess; he had forgotten to comb it again.2. 阿尔伯特是专利局三等技术专家。

在快步去专利局上班的路上，他为母亲忧⼼忡忡。

母亲年纪越来越⼤，⾝体虚弱。

Tales ancient and modern 10Unit 10 Tales ancient and modernTeaching suggestions and answer keys Starting pointRead the paragraphs about some English and American legends and match them with the pictures.1 (b) Paul BunyanThe original accounts of Paul Bunyan seem to have been “tall stories” told round campfires by forestor timber workers for entertainment purposes. A later journalist brought many together, made them abit more respectable and helped them spread and become a part of American popular culture. As theparagraph notes, some legends of the Cherokees, a Native American people, have been used as the basisfor extra Paul Bunyan stories.324Tales ancient and modern Unit 102 (c) King Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableThe legends of King Arthur were tremendously popular across the states of late mediaeval Europeamong the knightly classes. Thousands of versions and tales survive many masterpieces of literature. IfArthur existed – a very improbable proposition, he was a ruler in Britain shortly after the 5th-centurydeparture of the Roman army.3 (a) Robin HoodThere are many different versions of the stories of Robin Hood, who has been treasured as a popularfigure of resistance to corrupt authority for centuries. (Outlaws of the Marsh offers a Chineseequivalent.) The versions vary so much in their detail that it is highly improbable the legend has anybasis in fact, though no doubt there have at diverse times been such people as Robin. In the mostcommon version Robin Hood is a supporter of the much-admired late 12th-century King Richard I, theLionheart (called so because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior), and an opponent ofhis brother and heir, the much disliked King John.Now work in pairs and answer the questions.1 Which of the legends are likely to be based on real people, and which were invented by storytellers?I do not suppose any of them are true, but there might have been a figure the legends gather around – areal good-hearted outlaw, a big brave forest man, or the inspiring leader of a small kingdom. The PaulBunyan stories seem the wildest and perhaps therefore the most made-up.2 Which ones have special or admirable moral qualities?Robin Hood seems to be a hero of the people, a champion of those oppressed by wicked lords.3 Are there similar legends in Chinese mythology?Yes, I thought immediately of the stories of the Yellow Emperor and his court and their effect ontraditional Chinese medicine, silk production and writing.Active reading (1)1 Work in pairs. Check (¸) the statements which you think might be true.√ 1 People live in the tunnels of the London Underground.I guess there could be some beggars there.2 S ome drivers have given a lift to a hitchhiker, who leaves something in the car and who turns out tohave died several years before.I am not sure this is possible as I don’t believe in ghosts.√ 3 There are alligators in the New York subway.T hat could be possible. There’s water and probably plenty of food inside tunnels so they mightsurvive.4 Be careful about who offers you a drink in a hotel, because you might end up losing body organs.I hope that is a very, very rare event!325Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern326Urban myths or urban legends?Language points1 Very few Londoners have seen them, but the friend of a friend has seen them several times. (Para 1)People who believe in the Subterraneans do not claim to have seen them but to have been told the story.Such information is referred to as “second-hand”. Here the story is third-hand, from a friend’s friend. In other words, it is highly unreliable.2 It usually describes something which might have happened, an apocryphal, second-hand story toldas if it were true, just about plausible enough to be credible, about some event which has supposedly happened to a real person. (Para 2)The word apocryphal means doubtfully true, probably untrue. The books of the Bible were chosen froma large number of texts. The rejected ones are to be found in a collection called the Apocrypha, the bookswhich do not contain reliable information and are not sacred. As a metaphor, the adjective might be used in a biography: “There are many apocryphal stories about George Washington’s childhood.”3 Factual or not, it’s likely to rely on expert storytelling and on a trustworthy source, such as “Ithappened to my brother’s friend’s mother”. (Para 2)Whether or not the story is true, it has to be told in a convincing way and the source has to sound reliable.4 According to them, a myth … which contributed to the expression of shared beliefs and values.(Para 3)The sentence means a myth played a part in the creation of a common world view, ie a culture.5 It has been told and retold many times over the years, gathering embellishments which are specificto the culture in which it’s set. (Para 5)Gathering embellishments means having extra bits or decoration added on, which makes the story grow more complicated and detailed as time passes.6 In Greek mythology, Odysseus sails between Scylla and Charybdis, the narrow and dangerouschannel between mainland Italy and the island of Sicily. (Para 7)Odysseus in his wanderings had to sail between Scylla, a huge sea monster, and Charybdis, a female monster. The slightest mistake erring on either side of the route would lead to disaster. The phrase is used idiomatically for such situations: “The government has to sail the economy between the Scylla of depression and the Charybdis of inflation.”7 In recent years … usually about a virus which can wipe out your hard drive. (Para 10)To wipe out something means to destroy something utterly, the meaning originated from the act of wipinga mark off a surface. See also “Your bravery has wiped out your earlier disgrace.”; “The tribe has beenwiped out by disease and violence.”8 True myths are always benign in their intentions. (Para 11)The word benign means good. Typical uses include a benign smile, an environmentally benign chemical and A tumour will be announced as benign or malign by the doctor.Tales ancient and modern Unit 10Reading and understanding2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.1 An urban myth is (d).(a) a strange and unusual story with a modern setting which is impossible to believe(b) a modern story with religious or spiritual significance(c) a story which is always set in an urban environment(d) a fantastic story with a modern setting which you can just about believe2 In the “London Subterraneans” myth strange creatures (d).(a) are learning English underground(b) come out at night to attack Londoners(c) can often be seen just before dawn(d) hardly ever leave their underground homes3 In The Vanishing Hitchhiker(a).(a) a driver gives a lift to a ghost(b) a driver kills a hitchhiker on a lonely road(c) a young hitchhiker turns into an old woman(d) a driver steals a hitchhiker’s coat and wallet4 In the “Alligator” myth (d).(a) children bring home baby alligators from Florida(b) an alligator escapes from the zoo and brings terror to New York(c) baby alligators sometimes appear in New York toilets(d) there are alligators living beneath the streets of New York5 In the story of the kidney transplant, a man (c).(a) agrees to sell a kidney to someone he meets in a bar(b) drinks too much and has to be taken to hospital(c) is drugged and then has a kidney removed(d) has a kidney transplant in his hotel room6 “Urban myths” on the Internet are really “hoaxes” because (b).(a) they use capital letters and exclamation marks(b) their aim is usually to cheat people(c) none of the “evidence” they give can be proved(d) they do not cause any harm7 Urban “myths” are really “legends” because they (c).(a) have no characteristics in common with real myths(b) are easier to believe than real myths(c) are not about gods and the creation of the world(d) refer to modern technology327Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern3283 Decide whether the statements refer to a myth (M), a legend (L), or both (B).1 It shows people how to behave in society. (M)2 It has been told and retold many times. (B)3 It can warn of dangers. (B)4 It is based on historical events. (L)5 It refers to human characters. (L)6 It refers to superhuman characters. (M)7 It can have a moral message. (B)8 It is often about natural phenomena. (M)Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 an imaginary creature with magic powers (fairy)2 a system of principles concerning right and wrong behaviour (morality)3 with a definite intention, not by chance or by accident (deliberately)4 less important than something else (secondary)5 intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true (misleading)6 continuing to exist for a long time, even if the situation changes (durable)7 an ancient traditional story about gods, heroes and magic (myth)5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.Legends and (1) myths exist in every culture. Usually they are stories for adults. But most cultures also have a special type of story for children, known as (2) fairy tales because of the magic characters which inhabit them. The primary purpose of these stories is to entertain, but there is usually a (3) secondary purpose, too. Fairy tales are (4) deliberately intended to warn children about the dangers of the adult world, and how easy it is to be (5) misled by adults with bad intentions. In the end, of course, (6) morality always triumphs and everyone lives happily ever afterwards. Fairy tales were particularly popular in the 19th century, but their appeal continues to be (7) durable in more modern versions of the same stories.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 Many of the oldest myths try to explain the beginning of the world. (creation)2 I think Frances is coming. I can hear the sound made by her feet in the corridor. (footsteps)I can hear her footsteps in the corridor.3 Where can I get rid of these plastic bottles? (dispose of)4 The first operation involving a heart removed from one body and placed in another was carried out inSouth Africa in 1967. (transplant)5 I heard some unofficial information which may or may not be true that Frank is going to retire. (rumour)I heard the rumour that Frank is going to retire.6 Public benches in Venice were completely covered by water yesterday. (submerged)Tales ancient and modern Unit 107 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If a story is passed by word of mouth, do you (a) hear it, or (b) read it?2 Is a credible story one that you (a) can easily believe, or (b) find difficult to believe?3 If you drop someone off somewhere, do you (a) stop to let them get out of your car, or (b) knock themover with your car?4 If you leave something behind somewhere, do you (a) want to give it to someone, or (b) forget to take itwith you?5 Is a captivating story likely to be (a) enjoyable, or (b) violent?6 If you wipe out the messages in an email inbox, do you (a) put them in order, or (b) delete them?7 Is something that is benign (a) harmful, or (b) kind and nice?Reading and interpreting8 Work in pairs. Decide what the writer’s main aim and secondary aims (if any) are. Choose from the list:1 to show that urban myths are really “legends”2 to give lots of examples of urban myths3 to show that myths are as popular as ever4 to show that the Internet is the main source of urban myths5 to show how urban myths transmit important moral messages6 to convince us that urban myths are usually credible7 to suggest that urban myths are an important part of modern cultureThe writer’s main aim is 1.The secondary aims are 2 and 7.9 Work in pairs. Answer the questions about the effectiveness of the passage.1 How does the title indicate the writer’s main aim?It suggests that the word myth is not suitable; it contrasts myths and legends.2 What is the effect of the first sentence on the reader?It sets the scene for the first story and makes the reader wonder why this information is being given.3 At what point does the reader realize that this is fiction, not fact?The beginning of the second paragraph “True story? Probably not”.4 What is the last piece of information given in the hitchhiker story, and what effect does it have?Its being the anniversary “explains” why the ghost returned; it gives the story a sort of reliability and aclear ending.5 How is the alligator story linked to classical mythology?The writer shows that, like the myth of Odysseus, the urban myth warns New Yorkers of possibledangers.6 At what point does the transplant story become difficult to believe?When the man wakes up in a bath of ice.7 Which story is least credible, and why?The “Hitchhiker” story, as I do not believe in ghosts.329Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern3308 How effectively does the writer retell the stories?The “Alligator” myth is told dramatically. The Vanishing Hitchhiker has alternative details so it is less realistic as you read it. The story of the kidney transplant is less dramatic all round.9 Why does the writer leave the Internet example until last?Because he believes it is a hoax rather than an urban myth and also probably because it is the most recent example.10 How well does the writer complete his aim in the last two paragraphs?He comes to a conclusion and answers the question he raised in the title, so he has done what he set out to do.Developing critical thinking10 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Is the distinction between myth and legend a valid one?Yes, myths contain gods and semi-divine beings and try to explain the way the world is created, whereas legends are about human actions and try to teach lessons about life.2 What is the function of a classical myth?It helps people to understand their lives, accept their fates and teaches them how to behave.3 How quickly can historical events become legend?It often takes a long time so that failings and failures can be forgotten, but if someone wants to createa legend it can be much quicker – one well-made film can lift someone from real life into the world oflegend. I think it happens with wars, national leaders and celebrities who die young, like Bruce Lee or Princess Diana.4 What is the appeal of an urban myth?They seem to make use of some of our deep fears about, for example, the dead, what hides in dark spots and underground, and risks to our bodies by organ thieves.5 How can Internet myths be harmful?They spread fear and may cause unjustified hatred and anger.Talking pointWork in pairs. Look at the film posters and say which films you have seen. Discuss which descriptions of the films you agree with.• an apocryphal second-hand story• a story based on fact• a story with spiritual significance• a story warning of possible dangers to the viewers• a story showing how to behave appropriately in society• a dangerous hoax• a great action film• a load of nonsense but quite good funTales ancient and modern Unit 10• The Return of the King – I have no patience for that sort of fantasy. It is just a mixture of old myths and legends with no real meaning.• I think these are all far from reality. Wizards, magic swords and alien clouds are not real.• I think both The Return of the King and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are full of messages about the fight between good and evil.• Star Trek warns of dangers to life on Earth, and there are plenty of those.• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is full of examples of good behaviour and noble feelings we should try to copy.• Well, none of them is an actual hoax, but I do think some people get dangerous fantasies of actually being able to perform completely impossible martial arts moves.• The fight scenes in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are excellent. Though I think The House of Flying Daggers is even better.• That’s a good description of all of them, great fun but not at all serious.331Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern332Active reading (2)1 Work in pairs. Look at the painting and answer the questions.1 What is the young man doing?He is looking at his reflection in the water.2 How does he feel when he’s doing this?He appears to be very happy.N ow read the extract from the book The Illustrated Age of Fable and check your answers. Say whether the story is a legend or a myth.The story is a myth as it contains gods and goddesses and explains why there are echoes and how the narcissus flower came into existence.Echo and NarcissusLanguage points1 She was a favourite of Diana, and attended her in the chase. (Para 1)The chase means a hunt. The word has an old-fashioned feel to it, presumably because so few people now ever talk of hunting.2 Echo by her talk contrived to detain the goddess till the nymphs made their escape. (Para 1)To contrive to do something means to succeed in doing something in spite of difficulties. Echo distracted and delayed Juno with her constant chatter with the result that the nymphs who had been flirting with Jupiter, and whom Juno had hoped to catch, had gone. In anger Juno curses Echo.3 He left her, and she went to hide her blushes in the recesses of the woods. (Para 2)To hide one’s blushes means to keep one’s embarrassment or shame from being noticed by others.The recesses of something refer to the parts of something that you cannot see easily because they are hidden or dark.4 He talked with the supposed spirit: “Why, beautiful being, do you shun me? …” (Para 4)To shun means to avoid. Narcissus talks to his reflection supposing or thinking it is a magical being.5 With this, and much more of the same kind, he cherished the flame that consumed him ... (Para 4)To cherish the flame which consumed him means to take care of the thing which destroyed him.Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 Why was Juno angry with Echo?(a) She spoke too much.(b) She wasn’t working with the other nymphs.(c) She prevented her from finding her husband with the other nymphs.(d) She had fallen in love with her husband.2 How did Juno punish Echo?(a) She took away all her powers.(b) She cut out her tongue.(c) She took away her ability to speak first.(d) She made her fall in love with Narcissus.3 What did Echo want to do when she saw Narcissus?(a) She wanted to speak to him.(b) She wanted to have his voice.(c) She wanted to repeat everything he said.(d) She wanted to hide.4 What happened to Echo afterwards?(a) She went to live on a mountain.(b) She became a voice without a body.(c) She killed herself in a cave.(d) She made Narcissus fall in love with her.5 What did a maiden want Narcissus to do?(a) She wanted him to fall in love with a goddess.(b) She wanted him to fall in love with Echo.(c) She wanted him to fall in love with no hope of his feelings being returned.(d) She wanted him to pray to the gods.6 What happened to Narcissus?(a) He fell in love with the young woman.(b) He fell in love with a reflection of himself in the water.(c) He thought he was a god.(d) He fell into the fountain where he had stopped to drink.7 What happened to the reflection of Narcissus?(a) It fell in love with Narcissus.(b) It spoke to Narcissus.(c) It looked more like Echo than Narcissus.(d) It disappeared when Narcissus began to cry.8 What happened to the body of Narcissus?(a) It was carried away by the nymphs.(b) It turned into a flower.(c) It was burned.(d) It was taken by boat down the river.3 Check (¸) the elements in the story which make it a myth. If you like, refer to the passage Urban myths or urban legends?1 It’s a story from ancient history.2 It’s a modern story.√ 3 It’s a traditional ancient story.333√ 4 It originally had a religious or spiritual meaning.5 It’s based on historical events.6 It’s part of a set of other similar stories.7 It’s a funny story with no special meaning.√8 It contains a moral lesson.√9 It’s been told and retold many times.10 The characters in the story were real people.√11 The characters are gods and heroes.12 It’s set in a place that still exists today.Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to put your arms around someone in order to show love or friendship (embrace)2 to quickly push something a long way into something else (plunge)3 to do something again after a pause, usually with more energy or emphasis than before (renew)4 to have a conversation (converse)5 to think that something is very important and wish to keep it (cherish)5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.1 We must have been conversing about something, but our minds were on other things.2 I haven’t seen him for years, but I cherish the memory of our time together.3 Next week we’re going to church to renew the wedding promises we made 50 years ago.4 It is so hot that he wishes he could plunge his head into a bucket of ice-cold water.5 They embraced each other for a moment hoping somehow the moment would last forever.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.1 He waved at me from the high ground overlooking the sea. (cliff)2 To me it seemed as if he was dangerously close to the edge of the deep lake. (brink)3 After walking for hours in the hot sun, she needed to drink something and bent over to drink from afountain at the side of the road. (stooped)4 Echo tried hard to make Narcissus fall in love with her. (endeavoured)5 Narcissus was lacking in interest or sympathy to all the nymphs who loved him. (indifferent)6 After the nymphs left, Juno punished Echo. (departed)7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If you contrive to do something, do you (a) manage to do it, or (b) fail to do it?2 If you detain somebody, do you (a) make them wait, or (b) let them go?3 Is it the job of (a) an English teacher, or (b) a judge to pass sentence on someone?4 If you forfeit something, (a) can you keep it, or (b) do you have to give it up?5 Do you shun someone by (a) going close to them, or (b) not going near to them?6 If you hasten somewhere, do you go there (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?7 If you have a blush on your cheeks, does it indicate that you are (a) cold, or (b) embarrassed?3348 If you entreat someone to do something, do you (a) beg them, or (b) force them to do it?9 If you do something by degrees, do you do it (a) quickly, or (b) a little at a time?10 If you mourn for someone who has just died, do you show that you are (a) surprised, or (b) very sadabout their death?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage. Think about the vocabulary and grammar of the underlined words.1 You shall forfeit the use of that tongue with which you have cheated me …The use of shall in the second person and choice of forfeit sound old-style and legal. A very roundaboutway of saying your tongue is used. With which is more formal than which … with. The sentence meansyou will lose the use of your tongue because you have used it to trick me.2 This nymph saw Narcissus, a beautiful youth, as he pursued the chase upon the mountains.The word beautiful is not used nowadays for men; pursued the chase is a very archaic way of sayinghunt. The sentence means this nymph saw Narcissus, a handsome young man, as he hunted in themountains.3 “Let us join one another,” said the youth.Let us is used rather than the colloquial let’s. To join one another means to meet.4 There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks, northe mountain goats resorted, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leavesor branches …The expression drive flocks is archaic; the never ... nor ... nor ... neither ... pattern is very literary. Thewords resorted and defaced are used in unusual ways. The expression beasts of the forests is preferredto the colloquial animals. The sentence means there was a clear fountain, with water like silver, wherethe shepherds never took their flocks and where mountain goats and forest animals never went. Noteven fallen leaves or branches ever spoiled its beauty.5 Hither came one day the youth fatigued with hunting, heated and thirsty.The word hither is archaic. Note the literary inversion. The sentence means one day the young man,tired after hunting, hot and thirsty, came to the place.6 The nymphs love me, and you yourself look not indifferent upon me.Look not is a usage from before the time of the development of the auxiliary verb do. The prepositionupon sounds strange here. The writer is creating the effect of 16th- / 17th-century English prose. Thesentence means the nymphs love me and you yourself seem to show interest in me.9 Work in pairs and answer the questions.1 Does the story have a hero or heroine? If so, who?Echo is the heroine while Narcissus is the hero.3352 Does the story have any examples of heroic behaviour? If so, what are they?Echo takes a risk to protect her fellow nymphs. She also dies for the love of another, though in a verypassive way.3 Does the story have any examples of ordinary human behaviour? If so, what are they?Helping friends, falling in hopeless love and self-love are all common among humans.4 Which supernatural events does it describe?Divine magical punishments, fading away into a voice, becoming a flower etc.5 Does the story have any emotional effect on the reader? If so, what is it?Yes, I felt angry with Narcissus. He was so selfish and obsessed with himself. He deserved to become aflower!6 Would you have preferred to read a modern version of the story? If so, why?Well, I would have found it easier to follow, but maybe old legends should sound old-fashioned.7 Does the story have any message for a modern reader? If so, what is it?Do not think too much of yourself!Developing critical thinking10 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Is the behaviour of anyone in the story an example to ordinary people?Narcissus is a negative example – people should be interested in others and not just themselves.2 Do classical myths have any value in today’s society?• They make good stories for children.• They contain a lot of traditional wisdom we should not ignore.3 To what extent do you think myths are culture specific?• C ultures do have different emphasis, but they are also about the basic human needs and emotions somyths from different places may have a lot in common.• I think they are quite culture specific. Of course, there may be some points of common interest aswe are all human and want to know how life began, what the stars are and things like that, but we donot have stories like Adam and Eve and Noah’s Ark or Narcissus and Echo in China. Our myths aredifferent in style.4 Should myths and legends be part of a school curriculum?Yes, they are part of our past and knowledge of them makes us part of the culture.5 Can myths be modernized in the style of urban legends?Well, I don’t think stories about people turning into flowers would interest many people but I guessyou could do something with the theme of self-love leading to a sad fate. It probably depends on theparticular myth.336。

Tales ancient and modern 10Unit 10 Tales ancient and modernTeaching suggestions and answer keys Starting pointRead the paragraphs about some English and American legends and match them with the pictures.1 (b) Paul BunyanThe original accounts of Paul Bunyan seem to have been “tall stories” told round campfires by forestor timber workers for entertainment purposes. A later journalist brought many together, made them abit more respectable and helped them spread and become a part of American popular culture. As theparagraph notes, some legends of the Cherokees, a Native American people, have been used as the basisfor extra Paul Bunyan stories.324Tales ancient and modern Unit 102 (c) King Arthur and the Knights of the Round TableThe legends of King Arthur were tremendously popular across the states of late mediaeval Europeamong the knightly classes. Thousands of versions and tales survive many masterpieces of literature. IfArthur existed – a very improbable proposition, he was a ruler in Britain shortly after the 5th-centurydeparture of the Roman army.3 (a) Robin HoodThere are many different versions of the stories of Robin Hood, who has been treasured as a popularfigure of resistance to corrupt authority for centuries. (Outlaws of the Marsh offers a Chineseequivalent.) The versions vary so much in their detail that it is highly improbable the legend has anybasis in fact, though no doubt there have at diverse times been such people as Robin. In the mostcommon version Robin Hood is a supporter of the much-admired late 12th-century King Richard I, theLionheart (called so because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior), and an opponent ofhis brother and heir, the much disliked King John.Now work in pairs and answer the questions.1 Which of the legends are likely to be based on real people, and which were invented by storytellers?I do not suppose any of them are true, but there might have been a figure the legends gather around – areal good-hearted outlaw, a big brave forest man, or the inspiring leader of a small kingdom. The PaulBunyan stories seem the wildest and perhaps therefore the most made-up.2 Which ones have special or admirable moral qualities?Robin Hood seems to be a hero of the people, a champion of those oppressed by wicked lords.3 Are there similar legends in Chinese mythology?Yes, I thought immediately of the stories of the Yellow Emperor and his court and their effect ontraditional Chinese medicine, silk production and writing.Active reading (1)1 Work in pairs. Check (¸) the statements which you think might be true.√ 1 People live in the tunnels of the London Underground.I guess there could be some beggars there.2 S ome drivers have given a lift to a hitchhiker, who leaves something in the car and who turns out tohave died several years before.I am not sure this is possible as I don’t believe in ghosts.√ 3 There are alligators in the New York subway.T hat could be possible. There’s water and probably plenty of food inside tunnels so they mightsurvive.4 Be careful about who offers you a drink in a hotel, because you might end up losing body organs.I hope that is a very, very rare event!325Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern326Urban myths or urban legends?Language points1 Very few Londoners have seen them, but the friend of a friend has seen them several times. (Para 1)People who believe in the Subterraneans do not claim to have seen them but to have been told the story.Such information is referred to as “second-hand”. Here the story is third-hand, from a friend’s friend. In other words, it is highly unreliable.2 It usually describes something which might have happened, an apocryphal, second-hand story toldas if it were true, just about plausible enough to be credible, about some event which has supposedly happened to a real person. (Para 2)The word apocryphal means doubtfully true, probably untrue. The books of the Bible were chosen froma large number of texts. The rejected ones are to be found in a collection called the Apocrypha, the bookswhich do not contain reliable information and are not sacred. As a metaphor, the adjective might be used in a biography: “There are many apocryphal stories about George Washington’s childhood.”3 Factual or not, it’s likely to rely on expert storytelling and on a trustworthy source, such as “Ithappened to my brother’s friend’s mother”. (Para 2)Whether or not the story is true, it has to be told in a convincing way and the source has to sound reliable.4 According to them, a myth … which contributed to the expression of shared beliefs and values.(Para 3)The sentence means a myth played a part in the creation of a common world view, ie a culture.5 It has been told and retold many times over the years, gathering embellishments which are specificto the culture in which it’s set. (Para 5)Gathering embellishments means having extra bits or decoration added on, which makes the story grow more complicated and detailed as time passes.6 In Greek mythology, Odysseus sails between Scylla and Charybdis, the narrow and dangerouschannel between mainland Italy and the island of Sicily. (Para 7)Odysseus in his wanderings had to sail between Scylla, a huge sea monster, and Charybdis, a female monster. The slightest mistake erring on either side of the route would lead to disaster. The phrase is used idiomatically for such situations: “The government has to sail the economy between the Scylla of depression and the Charybdis of inflation.”7 In recent years … usually about a virus which can wipe out your hard drive. (Para 10)To wipe out something means to destroy something utterly, the meaning originated from the act of wipinga mark off a surface. See also “Your bravery has wiped out your earlier disgrace.”; “The tribe has beenwiped out by disease and violence.”8 True myths are always benign in their intentions. (Para 11)The word benign means good. Typical uses include a benign smile, an environmentally benign chemical and A tumour will be announced as benign or malign by the doctor.Tales ancient and modern Unit 10Reading and understanding2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.1 An urban myth is (d).(a) a strange and unusual story with a modern setting which is impossible to believe(b) a modern story with religious or spiritual significance(c) a story which is always set in an urban environment(d) a fantastic story with a modern setting which you can just about believe2 In the “London Subterraneans” myth strange creatures (d).(a) are learning English underground(b) come out at night to attack Londoners(c) can often be seen just before dawn(d) hardly ever leave their underground homes3 In The Vanishing Hitchhiker(a).(a) a driver gives a lift to a ghost(b) a driver kills a hitchhiker on a lonely road(c) a young hitchhiker turns into an old woman(d) a driver steals a hitchhiker’s coat and wallet4 In the “Alligator” myth (d).(a) children bring home baby alligators from Florida(b) an alligator escapes from the zoo and brings terror to New York(c) baby alligators sometimes appear in New York toilets(d) there are alligators living beneath the streets of New York5 In the story of the kidney transplant, a man (c).(a) agrees to sell a kidney to someone he meets in a bar(b) drinks too much and has to be taken to hospital(c) is drugged and then has a kidney removed(d) has a kidney transplant in his hotel room6 “Urban myths” on the Internet are really “hoaxes” because (b).(a) they use capital letters and exclamation marks(b) their aim is usually to cheat people(c) none of the “evidence” they give can be proved(d) they do not cause any harm7 Urban “myths” are really “legends” because they (c).(a) have no characteristics in common with real myths(b) are easier to believe than real myths(c) are not about gods and the creation of the world(d) refer to modern technology327Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern3283 Decide whether the statements refer to a myth (M), a legend (L), or both (B).1 It shows people how to behave in society. (M)2 It has been told and retold many times. (B)3 It can warn of dangers. (B)4 It is based on historical events. (L)5 It refers to human characters. (L)6 It refers to superhuman characters. (M)7 It can have a moral message. (B)8 It is often about natural phenomena. (M)Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 an imaginary creature with magic powers (fairy)2 a system of principles concerning right and wrong behaviour (morality)3 with a definite intention, not by chance or by accident (deliberately)4 less important than something else (secondary)5 intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true (misleading)6 continuing to exist for a long time, even if the situation changes (durable)7 an ancient traditional story about gods, heroes and magic (myth)5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.Legends and (1) myths exist in every culture. Usually they are stories for adults. But most cultures also have a special type of story for children, known as (2) fairy tales because of the magic characters which inhabit them. The primary purpose of these stories is to entertain, but there is usually a (3) secondary purpose, too. Fairy tales are (4) deliberately intended to warn children about the dangers of the adult world, and how easy it is to be (5) misled by adults with bad intentions. In the end, of course, (6) morality always triumphs and everyone lives happily ever afterwards. Fairy tales were particularly popular in the 19th century, but their appeal continues to be (7) durable in more modern versions of the same stories.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 Many of the oldest myths try to explain the beginning of the world. (creation)2 I think Frances is coming. I can hear the sound made by her feet in the corridor. (footsteps)I can hear her footsteps in the corridor.3 Where can I get rid of these plastic bottles? (dispose of)4 The first operation involving a heart removed from one body and placed in another was carried out inSouth Africa in 1967. (transplant)5 I heard some unofficial information which may or may not be true that Frank is going to retire. (rumour)I heard the rumour that Frank is going to retire.6 Public benches in Venice were completely covered by water yesterday. (submerged)Tales ancient and modern Unit 107 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If a story is passed by word of mouth, do you (a) hear it, or (b) read it?2 Is a credible story one that you (a) can easily believe, or (b) find difficult to believe?3 If you drop someone off somewhere, do you (a) stop to let them get out of your car, or (b) knock themover with your car?4 If you leave something behind somewhere, do you (a) want to give it to someone, or (b) forget to take itwith you?5 Is a captivating story likely to be (a) enjoyable, or (b) violent?6 If you wipe out the messages in an email inbox, do you (a) put them in order, or (b) delete them?7 Is something that is benign (a) harmful, or (b) kind and nice?Reading and interpreting8 Work in pairs. Decide what the writer’s main aim and secondary aims (if any) are. Choose from the list:1 to show that urban myths are really “legends”2 to give lots of examples of urban myths3 to show that myths are as popular as ever4 to show that the Internet is the main source of urban myths5 to show how urban myths transmit important moral messages6 to convince us that urban myths are usually credible7 to suggest that urban myths are an important part of modern cultureThe writer’s main aim is 1.The secondary aims are 2 and 7.9 Work in pairs. Answer the questions about the effectiveness of the passage.1 How does the title indicate the writer’s main aim?It suggests that the word myth is not suitable; it contrasts myths and legends.2 What is the effect of the first sentence on the reader?It sets the scene for the first story and makes the reader wonder why this information is being given.3 At what point does the reader realize that this is fiction, not fact?The beginning of the second paragraph “True story? Probably not”.4 What is the last piece of information given in the hitchhiker story, and what effect does it have?Its being the anniversary “explains” why the ghost returned; it gives the story a sort of reliability and aclear ending.5 How is the alligator story linked to classical mythology?The writer shows that, like the myth of Odysseus, the urban myth warns New Yorkers of possibledangers.6 At what point does the transplant story become difficult to believe?When the man wakes up in a bath of ice.7 Which story is least credible, and why?The “Hitchhiker” story, as I do not believe in ghosts.329Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern3308 How effectively does the writer retell the stories?The “Alligator” myth is told dramatically. The Vanishing Hitchhiker has alternative details so it is less realistic as you read it. The story of the kidney transplant is less dramatic all round.9 Why does the writer leave the Internet example until last?Because he believes it is a hoax rather than an urban myth and also probably because it is the most recent example.10 How well does the writer complete his aim in the last two paragraphs?He comes to a conclusion and answers the question he raised in the title, so he has done what he set out to do.Developing critical thinking10 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Is the distinction between myth and legend a valid one?Yes, myths contain gods and semi-divine beings and try to explain the way the world is created, whereas legends are about human actions and try to teach lessons about life.2 What is the function of a classical myth?It helps people to understand their lives, accept their fates and teaches them how to behave.3 How quickly can historical events become legend?It often takes a long time so that failings and failures can be forgotten, but if someone wants to createa legend it can be much quicker – one well-made film can lift someone from real life into the world oflegend. I think it happens with wars, national leaders and celebrities who die young, like Bruce Lee or Princess Diana.4 What is the appeal of an urban myth?They seem to make use of some of our deep fears about, for example, the dead, what hides in dark spots and underground, and risks to our bodies by organ thieves.5 How can Internet myths be harmful?They spread fear and may cause unjustified hatred and anger.Talking pointWork in pairs. Look at the film posters and say which films you have seen. Discuss which descriptions of the films you agree with.• an apocryphal second-hand story• a story based on fact• a story with spiritual significance• a story warning of possible dangers to the viewers• a story showing how to behave appropriately in society• a dangerous hoax• a great action film• a load of nonsense but quite good funTales ancient and modern Unit 10• The Return of the King – I have no patience for that sort of fantasy. It is just a mixture of old myths and legends with no real meaning.• I think these are all far from reality. Wizards, magic swords and alien clouds are not real.• I think both The Return of the King and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are full of messages about the fight between good and evil.• Star Trek warns of dangers to life on Earth, and there are plenty of those.• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is full of examples of good behaviour and noble feelings we should try to copy.• Well, none of them is an actual hoax, but I do think some people get dangerous fantasies of actually being able to perform completely impossible martial arts moves.• The fight scenes in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are excellent. Though I think The House of Flying Daggers is even better.• That’s a good description of all of them, great fun but not at all serious.331Unit 10 Tales ancient and modern332Active reading (2)1 Work in pairs. Look at the painting and answer the questions.1 What is the young man doing?He is looking at his reflection in the water.2 How does he feel when he’s doing this?He appears to be very happy.N ow read the extract from the book The Illustrated Age of Fable and check your answers. Say whether the story is a legend or a myth.The story is a myth as it contains gods and goddesses and explains why there are echoes and how the narcissus flower came into existence.Echo and NarcissusLanguage points1 She was a favourite of Diana, and attended her in the chase. (Para 1)The chase means a hunt. The word has an old-fashioned feel to it, presumably because so few people now ever talk of hunting.2 Echo by her talk contrived to detain the goddess till the nymphs made their escape. (Para 1)To contrive to do something means to succeed in doing something in spite of difficulties. Echo distracted and delayed Juno with her constant chatter with the result that the nymphs who had been flirting with Jupiter, and whom Juno had hoped to catch, had gone. In anger Juno curses Echo.3 He left her, and she went to hide her blushes in the recesses of the woods. (Para 2)To hide one’s blushes means to keep one’s embarrassment or shame from being noticed by others.The recesses of something refer to the parts of something that you cannot see easily because they are hidden or dark.4 He talked with the supposed spirit: “Why, beautiful being, do you shun me? …” (Para 4)To shun means to avoid. Narcissus talks to his reflection supposing or thinking it is a magical being.5 With this, and much more of the same kind, he cherished the flame that consumed him ... (Para 4)To cherish the flame which consumed him means to take care of the thing which destroyed him.Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 Why was Juno angry with Echo?(a) She spoke too much.(b) She wasn’t working with the other nymphs.(c) She prevented her from finding her husband with the other nymphs.(d) She had fallen in love with her husband.2 How did Juno punish Echo?(a) She took away all her powers.(b) She cut out her tongue.(c) She took away her ability to speak first.(d) She made her fall in love with Narcissus.3 What did Echo want to do when she saw Narcissus?(a) She wanted to speak to him.(b) She wanted to have his voice.(c) She wanted to repeat everything he said.(d) She wanted to hide.4 What happened to Echo afterwards?(a) She went to live on a mountain.(b) She became a voice without a body.(c) She killed herself in a cave.(d) She made Narcissus fall in love with her.5 What did a maiden want Narcissus to do?(a) She wanted him to fall in love with a goddess.(b) She wanted him to fall in love with Echo.(c) She wanted him to fall in love with no hope of his feelings being returned.(d) She wanted him to pray to the gods.6 What happened to Narcissus?(a) He fell in love with the young woman.(b) He fell in love with a reflection of himself in the water.(c) He thought he was a god.(d) He fell into the fountain where he had stopped to drink.7 What happened to the reflection of Narcissus?(a) It fell in love with Narcissus.(b) It spoke to Narcissus.(c) It looked more like Echo than Narcissus.(d) It disappeared when Narcissus began to cry.8 What happened to the body of Narcissus?(a) It was carried away by the nymphs.(b) It turned into a flower.(c) It was burned.(d) It was taken by boat down the river.3 Check (¸) the elements in the story which make it a myth. If you like, refer to the passage Urban myths or urban legends?1 It’s a story from ancient history.2 It’s a modern story.√ 3 It’s a traditional ancient story.333√ 4 It originally had a religious or spiritual meaning.5 It’s based on historical events.6 It’s part of a set of other similar stories.7 It’s a funny story with no special meaning.√8 It contains a moral lesson.√9 It’s been told and retold many times.10 The characters in the story were real people.√11 The characters are gods and heroes.12 It’s set in a place that still exists today.Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to put your arms around someone in order to show love or friendship (embrace)2 to quickly push something a long way into something else (plunge)3 to do something again after a pause, usually with more energy or emphasis than before (renew)4 to have a conversation (converse)5 to think that something is very important and wish to keep it (cherish)5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.1 We must have been conversing about something, but our minds were on other things.2 I haven’t seen him for years, but I cherish the memory of our time together.3 Next week we’re going to church to renew the wedding promises we made 50 years ago.4 It is so hot that he wishes he could plunge his head into a bucket of ice-cold water.5 They embraced each other for a moment hoping somehow the moment would last forever.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.1 He waved at me from the high ground overlooking the sea. (cliff)2 To me it seemed as if he was dangerously close to the edge of the deep lake. (brink)3 After walking for hours in the hot sun, she needed to drink something and bent over to drink from afountain at the side of the road. (stooped)4 Echo tried hard to make Narcissus fall in love with her. (endeavoured)5 Narcissus was lacking in interest or sympathy to all the nymphs who loved him. (indifferent)6 After the nymphs left, Juno punished Echo. (departed)7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If you contrive to do something, do you (a) manage to do it, or (b) fail to do it?2 If you detain somebody, do you (a) make them wait, or (b) let them go?3 Is it the job of (a) an English teacher, or (b) a judge to pass sentence on someone?4 If you forfeit something, (a) can you keep it, or (b) do you have to give it up?5 Do you shun someone by (a) going close to them, or (b) not going near to them?6 If you hasten somewhere, do you go there (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?7 If you have a blush on your cheeks, does it indicate that you are (a) cold, or (b) embarrassed?3348 If you entreat someone to do something, do you (a) beg them, or (b) force them to do it?9 If you do something by degrees, do you do it (a) quickly, or (b) a little at a time?10 If you mourn for someone who has just died, do you show that you are (a) surprised, or (b) very sadabout their death?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage. Think about the vocabulary and grammar of the underlined words.1 You shall forfeit the use of that tongue with which you have cheated me …The use of shall in the second person and choice of forfeit sound old-style and legal. A very roundaboutway of saying your tongue is used. With which is more formal than which … with. The sentence meansyou will lose the use of your tongue because you have used it to trick me.2 This nymph saw Narcissus, a beautiful youth, as he pursued the chase upon the mountains.The word beautiful is not used nowadays for men; pursued the chase is a very archaic way of sayinghunt. The sentence means this nymph saw Narcissus, a handsome young man, as he hunted in themountains.3 “Let us join one another,” said the youth.Let us is used rather than the colloquial let’s. To join one another means to meet.4 There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks, northe mountain goats resorted, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leavesor branches …The expression drive flocks is archaic; the never ... nor ... nor ... neither ... pattern is very literary. Thewords resorted and defaced are used in unusual ways. The expression beasts of the forests is preferredto the colloquial animals. The sentence means there was a clear fountain, with water like silver, wherethe shepherds never took their flocks and where mountain goats and forest animals never went. Noteven fallen leaves or branches ever spoiled its beauty.5 Hither came one day the youth fatigued with hunting, heated and thirsty.The word hither is archaic. Note the literary inversion. The sentence means one day the young man,tired after hunting, hot and thirsty, came to the place.6 The nymphs love me, and you yourself look not indifferent upon me.Look not is a usage from before the time of the development of the auxiliary verb do. The prepositionupon sounds strange here. The writer is creating the effect of 16th- / 17th-century English prose. Thesentence means the nymphs love me and you yourself seem to show interest in me.9 Work in pairs and answer the questions.1 Does the story have a hero or heroine? If so, who?Echo is the heroine while Narcissus is the hero.3352 Does the story have any examples of heroic behaviour? If so, what are they?Echo takes a risk to protect her fellow nymphs. She also dies for the love of another, though in a verypassive way.3 Does the story have any examples of ordinary human behaviour? If so, what are they?Helping friends, falling in hopeless love and self-love are all common among humans.4 Which supernatural events does it describe?Divine magical punishments, fading away into a voice, becoming a flower etc.5 Does the story have any emotional effect on the reader? If so, what is it?Yes, I felt angry with Narcissus. He was so selfish and obsessed with himself. He deserved to become aflower!6 Would you have preferred to read a modern version of the story? If so, why?Well, I would have found it easier to follow, but maybe old legends should sound old-fashioned.7 Does the story have any message for a modern reader? If so, what is it?Do not think too much of yourself!Developing critical thinking10 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.1 Is the behaviour of anyone in the story an example to ordinary people?Narcissus is a negative example – people should be interested in others and not just themselves.2 Do classical myths have any value in today’s society?• They make good stories for children.• They contain a lot of traditional wisdom we should not ignore.3 To what extent do you think myths are culture specific?• C ultures do have different emphasis, but they are also about the basic human needs and emotions somyths from different places may have a lot in common.• I think they are quite culture specific. Of course, there may be some points of common interest aswe are all human and want to know how life began, what the stars are and things like that, but we donot have stories like Adam and Eve and Noah’s Ark or Narcissus and Echo in China. Our myths aredifferent in style.4 Should myths and legends be part of a school curriculum?Yes, they are part of our past and knowledge of them makes us part of the culture.5 Can myths be modernized in the style of urban legends?Well, I don’t think stories about people turning into flowers would interest many people but I guessyou could do something with the theme of self-love leading to a sad fate. It probably depends on theparticular myth.336。