CRRT适应症(席修明)
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CRRT的适应症席修明美国社区中ARF的发病率急性肾功能衰竭的流行病●统计2001年全美国出院病人,根据ICD-9-CM的诊断标准●共收集29039599出院患者,ARF患者558032,●平均19.2/1000平均住院天数-不同器官衰竭Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1:43-51●CRRT 的临床应用多种多样●欧洲、澳洲和亚洲 ICU 的病人几乎是唯一的选择(澳洲>90%)●Mehta 1996调查美国2000名肾脏病医生,应用CRRT的ARF病人小于25%● 1 Liano F Kidney International 1996;50:811-818● 2 ColeL Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:191-196● 3 Mehta RL American J of Nephrology 1999; 19:377-382● B.E.S.T. Kidney analyzes data from 54 centers in 23 countries around the world.In this first international epidemiological study of current practice in RRT,● Rinaldo Bellomo and other investigators have examined nearly 30,000 ICUpatients and found close to 2,000 patients with ARF.● Remarkably, the incidence of ARF is quite similar across regions, althoughtreatment patterns and outcome vary.Vol. 294 No. 7, August 17, 2005 JAMA •Online Features Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill PatientsA Multinational, Multicenter StudyRegional difference in choice of RRT(Best kidney study)Difference of practice for RRT in the world(Best kidney study)Who manages renal replacement therapy in the ICU ?(From 54 centers in the BEST kidney study)IRRT CRRTWho prescribes RRT?Nephrologists 22(40.7%) 11(20.4%)Intensivists 12(22.2%) 32(59.3%)Both 14 (25.9%) 11(20.4%)Not available 6(11.1%)Who primes circuit?Dialysis nurses 36(66.7%) 9(16.7%)ICU nurses 7(13%) 32(59.3%)Nephrologists 0 2(3.7%)Intensivists 1(1.9%) 6(11.1%)Management of severe acute renal failure in critically ill patients: an internationalsurvey in 345 centresRonco, Claudio1; Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 16, Number 2, February 2001 , pp. 230-237(8)●Ronco, Claudio 收集345名不同国家主治医生的问卷调查,问卷内容包括● ARF的流行病学、CRRT的临床实践和CRRT的进展和问题●问卷大部分来自欧洲和北美洲,医生多为肾病科和ICU。
●Epidemiology of ARF highlights the shift towards more complicated casesoccurring in a critically ill population.Ronco, Claudio1; Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 16, Number 2, February 2001 , pp. 230-237(8)●结果●CRRT的临川应用多种多样,●最主要的关注点是抗凝和血管通路●新机器和新的膜材料是该领域的主要进展●CRRT常用于没有急性肾功能衰竭的病人(占52%),如控制液体平衡,充●血性心力衰竭、ARDS 和严重感染。
●研究提示;需要进一步的知识和教育一边深入了解机制。
操作培训应●包括医生和护士. CRRT在用于严重感染和MOF 治疗仍需要更充分的证据。
●CRRT 应用受很多因素影响●医生(自身的经验)●病人(年龄、种族、经济状况、病情和合并症等)●组织结构(不同国家的医疗体制,医院的组织结构,ICU 的类型,医疗保险的方式和医生的责任)●ARF需要肾脏替代治疗的主要原因●GFR突然、持续下降●严重的电解质紊乱和代谢中毒●容量负荷过重●上述原因危及患者生命,标准的治疗是透析治疗肾脏替代治疗的策略-慢性与急性肾脏替代治疗概念的变化-替代和支持影响开始透析的因素-针对肾病医生的调查CRRT在ICU的适应症替代治疗模式的选择●ADQI的推荐意见是:●Recommendations for clinical practice: Patients with severe ARF should betreated with acute renal replacement therapy ( Grand D)●幻灯片28●Some guidelines to deliver adequate CRRT on the ICUThe Netherlands of Medicine 2003;61: 239-45●●●●●Re●●●由于肾功能衰竭有很高的病死率, 因此肾脏替代治疗可以改善短期病死率(成为证据)●但对长期预后的影响证据不多●肾脏替代治疗的适应症(Indication)没有形成共识Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Indications●Volume overload●Hyperkalemia●Metabolic acidosis●Uremic signs or symptoms●Progrressive azotemia in the absence of uremia●Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF● Volume overload●是ARF最常见的适应症,任何RRT的方式都可有效地减少血容量● RRT开始的指征:●心肺功能损害(心源性肺水肿)●严重的周围组织水肿Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●在RRT前是否应用利尿剂?Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Mehta 回顾性研究,522例ARF危重病人RRT 前使用利尿剂者占59%,死亡风险(OR 1.77)和肾功能不恢复的风险都高于不使用利尿剂者●结论:利尿剂可能加重肾功能损害●JAMA 2002;288:2547-53Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Uchino 从BEST Study 资料库中用与Mehta 同样的方法分析了1743名危重病人,RRT前应用利尿剂的死亡风险(OR = 1.2 95% CI,0.96-1.5; p=0.1) 与不用利尿剂者无差异Crit Care Med 2004;32:1669-77Outcomes of patients with ARFcommendations for future research:●Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●High-Dose Furosemide for Established ARF●前瞻、随机、双盲、对照研究,法国13个ICU,10个肾脏病房,共338名需要RRT的ARF●随机分为Furosemide (25mg/kg/d iv,or 35mg/kg/d orally)组和对照组●结果两组无差异Felix C, Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:402-9Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Hyperkalemia●ARF 常见并发症●心脏毒性大,可迅速致死●常用的治疗方法有3个●利尿●能与钾结合的树脂●透析治疗●Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●透析治疗可快速降低血钾浓度,但很难准确判断预期清除的钾量●文献报道;采用铜钫膜中空纤维透析器,血流量200毫升/小时,4小时可清除50-80mmol钾,大约降低血钾2mmol/L●CRRT清除钾的速度较慢●血钾<6.5mmol/L时,高钾对心脏的毒性较轻(但因人而异)Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Metabolic acidosis●使用RRT 可以避免单纯补碱带来的副作用,如容量过多和高钠血症●进行性代谢性酸中毒通常是应用RRT的适应症●但缺乏证据,没有以pH or 碳酸氢根浓度为标准的适应症的临床研究,也没证据表明纠正酸中毒可以改善病人预后Indications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Other electrolyte disturbances● Hypo- or Hypernatremia● Hyperphosphatemia● Hypo- or Hypercalcemia● HypermagnesemiaIndications for renal replacement therapy in ARF●Azotemia in the absence of uremic signs symptoms●当Azoremia进行性加重时,通常是RRT的适应症,但具体没有共识,实际上不同单位、不同医生开始治疗时BUN 有很大差异●没有出现尿毒症前,开始RRT,开始进行RRT治疗的时间可影响病人的预后●Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●最早的研究是Paul Teschan,在朝鲜战争期间就想确定开始RRT的时间指标●研究试图在3个主要危险之间寻找平衡●延误治疗导致的危险●RRT的危险●过早的RRT可能导致有可能恢复ARF患者死亡(如肾前性肾功能衰竭)Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●The landmark report:●前瞻性无对照研究,15名少尿型ARF,采用“预防性”血液透析治疗,透前血尿素氮100mg/dl●每日透析6小时,使用Twin-coil 纤维膜透析器,血流75-250ml/min, 维持血尿素氮<75mg/dl●饮食不限制Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●结果:●病死率33%,死于出血和sepsis达20%●尽管没有对照组,与以往的经验(等到所有“惯例”的都存在后,开始RRT)比,病死率明显下降●Ann Intern Med 1960; 53:992-1016Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●1961-1972 有3篇较重要的回顾性的队列研究先后发表Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapyTiming of initiation of renal replacement therapy●Conger 1975 发表了第1个前瞻性“预防性”血液透析治疗ARF的研究●1970年4月-7月,18名越南战争伤员,创伤后ARF,美国海军 Hospital ship USS 保护区,8名接受集中透析治疗,透析前血尿素氮<75mg/dl, Cr<5mg/dl,●10名接受非集中透析治疗,患者血尿素氮.>150mg/dl, Cr>10mg/dl, (或有严重并发症)才开始透析● J Trauma 1975;15:1056-63Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●集中透析组8人中5人存活,63%存活率●非集中透析组10人中2人存活,存活率20%●P=0.01●并发症;出血; 36%对60%,● sepsis ; 50% vs 80%● J Trauma 1975;15:1056-63When should acute renal replacement therapy?●Gettings LG 单中心、随机的回顾性的队列研究,创伤中心●一组ARF患者BUN>42.6mg/dl开始肾脏替代治疗,存活率39%●一组ARF患者BUN>94.5mg/dl开始肾脏替代治疗,存活率20%● Intensive Care Med 1999;25:805-813Effect of Timing of CRRT Initiation on OutcomeGettings et al., Intensive Care Med 1999All Early Start Late Sta PHospital LOS (days) 50.3 (43.4) 46.2 (37.0) 53.0 (47.4) 0.46 Duration of CRRT (days) 19.2 (16.5) 17.7 (15.1) 20.2 (17.5) 0.45Number of CRRT days 18.8 (16.3) 17.6 (15.2) 19.6 (17.1) 0.55 Survival (%) 28.0 39 20.3 0.04Recovery of renal function (%) 96.4 100 91.6 0.25Early hemofiltration improves survival in post-cardiotomy patients with ARF ●Elahi 报道1264名心脏外科术后病人,64人需要RRT(5%)●早期治疗组;尿量<100ml/8h,开始CVVH 不管生化指标●晚期治疗组;BUN>84mg/dl,Cr>2.8mg/dl, or 血K+>mmol/l 开始CRRT●平均术后到开始CVVH的时间,早期组18h,晚期组2.55天( p<0.001)● Eur J Cardiothor Surg 2004;26:1027-31幻灯片54Early hemofiltration improves survival in post-cardiotomy patients with ARF ●结果●医院病死率(全部病人)31%●早期治疗组病死率22%●晚期治疗组病死率43%(p<0.05)●平均ICU住院天数早期组8.5,晚期组12.5(p<0.05)●平均住院天数早期组15.4,晚期组20.9(p<0.05)●发生MODS 早期组19%,晚期组29%(p=0.01)● Eur J Cardiothor Surg 2004;26:1027-31 Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●Bouman 前瞻、随机对照研究●ARF 病人分为3组●早期、高通量CVVH 组(35名)●早期、低通量CVVH 组(35名)●晚期、低通量CVVH 组(26名)●血尿素氮<47mg/dl开始CRRT为“早期”●血尿素氮>105mg/dl开始CRRT为“晚期”●结果:存活率3组之间无显著差异Crit Care Med 2002;30:2205-11Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●2006发表多中心研究●资料来源PICARD(Program to Improve Care in Acute Renal Failure) 库●243名ARF,按BUN水平分为两组,BUN<75mg/dl 开始RRT(低氮质血症组),BUN>75mg/dl开始RRT(高氮质血症组)Clin J Am Nephrol 1:915-919 2006Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy● Survival Survival● 14d 28d●低氮质血症组 80% 65%●高氮质血症组 75% 59%●高氮质血症组死亡风险(RR=1.85)● Clin J Am Nephrol 1:915-919 2006RIFLE is an acronym, for which the components are: R = risk of kidney injury; I = kidney injury; F = kidney failure; L = loss of kidney function, and E = end stage renal disease (ESRD).幻灯片59Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy on RIFLE●Karolinska institute 2005报道223 使用CRRT治疗的ARF●按RIFLE分级●观察6个月病死率●Bell M, 2005 Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:354-360Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy on RIFLE●结果●RIFLE 分级为“R”和“I”的病人,30天病死率无差异(病死率 24% 和 22% )●分级为“F”的死亡风险明显增高(HR=3.4)●RIFLE较APACHE II更为敏感(APACHE II HR=1.8 )●RIFLE可以用于ARF使用CRRT治疗后判断预后的指标Bell M, 2005 Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:354-360Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy● E.Maccariello 2007年巴西多中心、随机队列研究●3家综合ICU共214ARF病人入选,应用CRRT治疗者179(84%)●按RIFLE 分级; risk 54(25%), injury 58(27%),Failure 102 (48%)●Intensive Care Med 2007;33:597-605Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●影响病人预后因素●Variables Mortality OR P●Age 1.06 <0.001●Organ dysfunction●none 46 1.00● 1 or 2 77 3.75 <0.001●3or more 90 10.39●RIFLE●Risk 72 1.00●Injury 79 1.47 0.682●Failure 75 1.19●Start RRT●At the first day of ICU 65 1.00●After the first day of ICU 85 2.89 0.002Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●多因素分析●Variables OR P●Age 1.03 0.021●Poor chronic health status●No 1.00 0.002●Yes 6.51●Organ dysfunctions●None 1.00 < 0,001●1-2 5.93● 3 or more 26.76●Start of dailysis●At the first day of ICU 1.00 0.030●After the first day of ICU 2.46Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy●结论●RIFLE分级不能区别需要肾脏替代治疗的急性肾损伤病人的预后●患者年龄、器官衰竭的数目、生理功能的降低是影响病人预后的主要因素●患者入ICU一天后开始RRT不利于预后Intensive Care Med 2007;33:597-605Early isovolaemic haemofiltration in oliguric patients with septic shockPasquale Piccinni Intensive Care Med 2006 32;80-86●Piccinni 的研究,80例感染性休克伴少尿的病人,早期等容量血滤( earlyisovolemic hemofiltration (EIHF)●实验组 40 例采用 EIHF,入ICU 12 h 内开始CRRT,超滤量45 ml/kg/h,连续6 h. 以后改为常规的CVVH (20 ml/kg/h) 连续 3 天.●对照组超滤量 (20 ml/kg/h)●Early isovolaemic haemofiltration in oliguric patients with septic shock Pasquale Piccinni Intensive Care Med 2006 32;80-86ADQI 的推荐意见●No commendations on the timing of initiation of renal replacement therapypossible beyond those defined by the conventional criteria that apply to chronic renal failure patients( diuretic unresponsive pulmonary edema,hyperkalemia, uremic complications etc.) (Grade D )●ARF开始RRT的时间?从已发表的全部文献看无法得出最后的结论●较早开始肾脏支持已被大量医生认识●但开始肾脏支持的最佳时间仍需要更多、更好的研究Epidemiological studies to document long-term outcomes (survival, quality of life, renal function, need for chronic renal replacement) and the prognostic factors for these outcomes, in patients who developed severe ARF Some guidelines to deliver adequate CRRT on the ICUThe Netherlands of Medcine 2003;61: 239-45Factors influencing prescription of dialysis dose。