材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

记得把精英资料上的两套题背过1。

0 退火的定义和过程：Annealing， in glassblowing and lampworking, is the process of heating, and then slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses热处理退火过程中，退火是消除或减少玻璃的热应力至允许值的热处理过程。

Annealing is to heat treat glass near the softening point to relieve stresses.Then to cool more slowly back through the transition region so as to not reintroduce thermal stresses。

Annealing takes time and temperature：1.Thicker glass anneals more slowly, has larger stresses2。

Thinner glass anneals more quickly, has smaller stresses3.Glass with large thermal expansion requires more annealing2.0 材料的力学性质:Mechanical properties of Materials is the behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces。

Strength强度、硬度 Hardness、韧性 Toughness、2.1 硅酸盐水泥的主要的化学成份：（氧化物成份+矿物成份）There are four major minerals in Portland cement clinker（熟料）：C3S—3CaO+SiO2 （硅酸三钙）C2S—2CaO+SiO2 （硅酸二钙）C3A—3CaO+Al2O3（铝酸三钙）C4AF—4CaO+Al2O3+Fe2O3 （铁铝酸四钙）Atten. C = CaO， S = SiO2, A = Al2O3, F = Fe2O32.2 物相的定义：a phase is a state of aggregation of matter that has a distinctive structure。

6.2.2 Porosity and DensityHello, everybody, in this Section, we are going to talk about porosity and density.译文：在这一节，我们将讨论气孔率和密度。

When referring to a solid material such as a part made from copper or stainless steel, the word density takes into consideration the microstructures that contains no porosity. By which term we do not mean the voids or vacancies in the atomic structure. In speaking of a solid material we mean the material’s theoretical density or mass density, it is the mass of a material divided by its volume.我们通常说到密度，指的是理论密度，表示结构中不包含气孔。

通过质量除以体积得到。

译文：当提到一种固体材料，尤其是由铜或不锈钢制成的材料时，密度这个词通常会考虑到一个没有气孔率的微观结构，在这个词中，我们指的不是原子结构中的孔洞或空位。

我们通常说到密度，指的是理论密度，表示结构中不包含气孔。

通过质量除以体积得到。

There are two factors influence the density of material. Atomic weight is a major factor in determining the density of the materials. Low-atomic-weight elements have low densities. 影响材料密度的因素有两个。

Material: Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environmentCharacteristics of materials◆Have certain compositions;◆Can be processed;◆With certain shape and color;◆Can be used and reused or recycled.◆特点:☐具有一定的成分和配比；☐可成型加工；☐保持一定形状和外观；☐具有使用价值并可回收再利用。

材料性能的决定因素◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构，◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合，◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律,◆原子集合体的形貌特征。

Classification of materials◆Atomic structures◆Nature of chemical bonds:☐ Metallic bond 金属键☐ Ionic bond 离子键☐ Covalent bond 共价键☐ Secondary bond 次价键☐ Van der Waals bond 范德华力☐ Hydrogen bond 氢键Classification:◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bondingMetals and their alloys:◆ are good conductors of heat and electricity;◆ are opaque to visible light;◆ are hard, rigid;◆ can undergo plastic deformation◆ have a high melting temperature (Tm).Organic polymers:◆made up of long-chain molecules;◆ are electrical and thermal insulators;◆ are light and easily formable;◆ the best-known organic polymers are:☐ poly (vinyl chloride) (聚氯乙烯，PVC);☐ polyethylene (聚乙烯，PE);☐ polystyrene (聚苯乙烯，PS)。

and a paste composed of Portland cement and water. The aggregates generally used are sand and gravel or crushed stone. These aggregates have no cementing value of their own; their function in concrete is to serve as a filler. The cement-water paste changes from a semifluid substance into a solid binder as a result of chemical reactions between the water and the various compounds in the cement. The final quality of the concrete depends upon the effectiveness of the hardened paste binding the aggregate particles together and in filling the voids between the particles.How many types of raw materials involving in concrete production? And what are their functions, respectively?Analyze the major factors affecting concrete quality.strain plots are shown in Figure 1. One of the lines shows the character of fiber. Strain, △L /LS t r e s s , (N ·c m -2)Fiber(1) (2)(3)标准答案（B卷）一、Fill in the blanks (1’×10 = 10’)1.The advantage of microwave heating is that it is extremely rapid .2.The mechanical properties of ceramics are good in compression , The greatest weakness is brittleness .3.Ferrous Alloys normally contains major phases, called austenite, cementite, graphite, martensitic.4.The components as well as the interface between them can usually be physically identified.5.Surface treatment of reinforcing materials is done to improve the adhesion of fillers and fibers tomatrix resin by modifying the surface of the solid.6.The properties of materials are defined by the nature of their chemical bonds, their atomic ordering andtheir microstructure.二、True or false (indicate with “√” or “×”, 1’×10 = 10’)1.(×) All amorphous materials are glasses.2.(×) Aluminum alloys offer superior specific strength in high temperatures.3.(√) The properties of crystals are different in various crystallographic directions.4.(√) Titanium alloys have lower density and high strength.5.(√) Most of life and industrial glass are made from silica and silicate glasses.6.(√) Magnesium is the lightest of all structural metals.7.(√) Glasses is made from elements, simple chemical compounds, complex organic molecules, salt mixturesand alloys.8.(√) Glass when newly formed, with a perfect surface, is very strong about five times as strong as steel.9.(×) MMC、PMC、CMC are all composite, and matrix are metal, ceramic and organic polymer.10.(√) 玻璃化温度和熔点是表征聚合物热性能的重要指标。

Material: Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environmentCharacteristics of materials◆Have certain compositions;◆Can be processed;◆With certain shape and color;◆Can be used and reused or recycled.◆特点:☐具有一定的成分和配比；☐可成型加工；☐保持一定形状和外观；☐具有使用价值并可回收再利用。

材料性能的决定因素◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构，◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合，◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律,◆原子集合体的形貌特征。

Classification of materials◆Atomic structures◆Nature of chemical bonds:☐ Metallic bond 金属键☐ Ionic bond 离子键☐ Covalent bond 共价键☐ Secondary bond 次价键☐ Van der Waals bond 范德华力☐ Hydrogen bond 氢键Classification:◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bondingMetals and their alloys:◆ are good conductors of heat and electricity;◆ are opaque to visible light;◆ are hard, rigid;◆ can undergo plastic deformation◆ have a high melting temperature (Tm).Organic polymers:◆made up of long-chain molecules;◆ are electrical and thermal insulators;◆ are light and easily formable;◆ the best-known organic polymers are:☐ poly (vinyl chloride) (聚氯乙烯，PVC);☐ polyethylene (聚乙烯，PE);☐ polystyrene (聚苯乙烯，PS)。

原字幕 中文翻译In this episode, I will give you a brief introduction of carbon fibers and graphite fibers. It covers how the properties of those fibers are determined by their structure, and show you how to fabricate them. Finally I will show you their advantages and disadvantages.本节课，我将简要介绍一下碳纤维和石墨纤维。

课中涵盖了这些纤维结构如何决定其性能，并展示如何制造它们。

最后，我会介绍他们的优点和缺点。

Let’s first look at this picture, there are t wo bundles of fibers one is carbon fibers, and one is graphite fibers. Based on the outlook, both of them are black, and it's r eally hard to tell the difference between t hem. So how can we tell the difference b etween carbon fiber and graphite fibers? L et's first look at their definitions.首先来看这幅图，有两束纤维，一束是碳纤维，另一束是石墨纤维。

从外观上看，它们都是黑色的，很难区分它们之间的区别。

那么我们如何分辨碳纤维和石墨纤维之间的差异呢？让我们先看看他们的定义。

In general, carbon fiber can be defined as a fiber mostly made of carbon. But in thi s course, we focus on carbon fibers that widely used in industry. It can be defined as a fiber about 5–10 micrometres in dia meter with a carbon content of at least 92 %.通常，碳纤维可以被定义为主要由碳构成的纤维。