2014北航年翻译硕士考研试题汉语写作与百科知识历年真题2011-2013

翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识（文学艺术）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题单项选择题1．下列句子中，没有语病的一句是( )。

A．“严打”取得了显著成果，路霸匪患已经肃清或被大部分剿灭B．他体型虽然细长，但体重却只有不足一百斤C．不难看出，他学习成绩不断下降，其根本原因是学习不够刻苦在作怪D．意思的表达要防止对方产生误解和歧义，这是语言的清晰性在消极方面的要求正确答案：D解析：A项语序不当，“已经肃清”与“被大部分剿灭”应该对调；B项句义重复，应将“只有”去掉；C项语义重复，“在作怪”应去掉。

知识模块：文学艺术2．我国第一部文学理论评论专著是( )。

A．《文心雕龙》B．《汉书》C．《诗品》D．《史记》正确答案：A解析：《文心雕龙》是中国南朝文学理论家刘勰创作的一部理论系统、结构严密、论述细致的汉族文学理论专著。

是中国文学理论批评史上第一部有严密体系，“体大而虑周”的文学理论专著。

知识模块：文学艺术3．儒家思想在后世不断发展，下列主张哪个具有民主启蒙色彩?( )A．民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻B．制天命而用之C．天人感应，君权神授D．为天下之大害者，君而已矣正确答案：D解析：A项“民贵君轻”思想是战国时期孟子的思想；B项“制天命而用之”是战国时期荀子的唯物主义思想；C项“天人感应，君权神授”是西汉董仲舒为神化君权提出的主张；D项“为天下之大害者，君而已矣”是明末清初黄宗羲的反对君主专制的民主启蒙思想。

知识模块：文学艺术4．“孟母三迁”的故事说明了( )因素对人发展的影响。

A．遗传B．环境C．教育D．社会活动正确答案：B解析：孟母三迁，即孟轲的母亲为选择良好的环境教育孩子，多次迁居。

出自《三字经》里说：“昔孟母，择邻处。

”孟子的母亲为了使孩子拥有一个真正好的教育环境，煞费苦心，曾两迁三地。

说明了环境因素对人发展的影响。

知识模块：文学艺术5．《清明上河图》，中国十大传世名画之一，是北宋画家( )的杰作。

2013年北京航空航天大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 5. 应用文写作7. 现代汉语写作单项选择题1．下面画线的词语，意义相同的一组是( )。

A．①路上的行人和车马都忙碌地晃动于淡薄的灯光里。

②住过的村庄和认识过的人，像天上的星星那样的多，日子久了，记忆的影子也就渐渐地淡薄了。

B．①秦王展开锦袱观看，但见纯白无瑕，宝光闪烁，雕镂之处，天成无迹，真希世之珍矣。

②他的面目清秀，在他灰暗的眼神里，闪烁着迟疑、怯弱同矛盾。

C．①他的生意很不错，有几条街的人们专等着他，而不照顾别人。

②他自到我家来，倒也亲热，一家无二，每日前后照顾，再也不嫌贫弃贱。

D．①再看牙床之上，两扇窗桶，掩盖着个不言不动、无知无觉的齐桓公。

②妙在四行树接叶交柯。

把苏堤笼成一条绿荫掩盖的巷子。

正确答案：D解析：A项①中“淡薄”为清淡、微弱之意；②中“淡薄”为印象浅淡而模糊之意。

B项①中“闪烁”为光亮动摇不定，忽明忽暗之意；②中“闪烁”为显露、现出之意。

C项①中“照顾”是指商店或服务行业等管顾客前来购买东西或要求服务之意；②中“照顾”是特别注意，加以优待。

D项中“掩盖”均为遮盖之意。

2．下列各句中，画线的成语使用恰当的一句是( )。

A．实习工厂的领导和工人们对我们的关心真是无所不至B．冰心老人总是那么亲切随意，如坐春风，自如自在地发表她的观点C．面对美方的不情之请，李肇星外长从容不迫，充分表明了中国政府的立场D．消防部门虽多次指出这个商场的问题，但商场领导始终不以为意，以致酿成大祸正确答案：D解析：A项“无所不至”多指什么坏事都干得出来。

不合语境。

B项“如坐春风”比喻同品德高尚而有学识的人相处并受到熏陶。

句中误用在施动者(冰心)身上了。

C项“不情之请”是客套话，指自己不合理的请求。

不符合语境。

3．下列句子中，没有语病的一句是( )。

A．“严打”取得了显著成果，路霸匪患已经肃清或被大部分剿灭B．他体型虽然细长，但体重却只有不足一百斤C．不难看出，他学习成绩不断下降，其根本原因是学习不够刻苦在作怪D．意思的表达要防止对方产生误解和歧义，这是语言的清晰性在消极方面的要求正确答案：D解析：A项词语搭配不当，“匪患”不能“剿灭”，只能用肃清，将“被大部分剿灭”删去。

2014年北京外国语大学448汉语写作与百科知识[专业硕士]考研真题答案一、百科知识1．五种要素：五行是中国古代的一种本源论（本体论）的形而上学。

多用于哲学、中医学和占卜方面。

五行学说是中国文化重要组成部分。

五行指：木、火、土、金、水。

认为宇宙自然是由五种要素相生相克衍生变化所构成，随着这五个要素的盛衰，而使得宇宙与大自然产生变化，不但影响到人的命运，同时也使宇宙万物循环不已。

2．李时珍：中国古代医药学家，明朝人，著有《本草纲目》。

3．元白：元稹与白居易的合称，二人同为新乐府运动的倡导者，文学观点相同，作品风格相近，在中唐诗坛影响很大。

4．《汉书》：《汉书》，又称《前汉书》，由我国东汉时期的历史学家班固编撰，是中国第一部纪传体断代史，“二十四史”之一。

《汉书》是继《史记》之后我国古代又一部重要史书，与《史记》、《后汉书》、《三国志》并称为“前四史”。

5．《水经注》：《水经注》是古代汉族地理文学著作。

南北朝时期北魏郦道元的所著。

从书名来看，此书是另一种叫做《水经》的书作《注》，水经注》是一部30多万字的巨构，是一部独立的古典名著。

全书《注》文超过《经》文约30倍。

6．世界三大宗教：基督教、伊斯兰教与佛教并称为世界三大宗教。

此三种宗教之所以能成为前三大，是目前世界上仅有的三个各自被一部分国家列为国教的宗教。

7．中亚：中亚即亚洲中部地区，狭义的中亚国家包括六国，即哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗斯坦（阿富汗）六国，此地区的居民多为突厥语民族，所以中亚也被称为突厥斯坦。

8．三权分立：政治上的三权分立指：司法权、行政权和立法权的相对独立。

三权分立很好的实行了“宪政”的主旨思想。

实行了以宪法治国的目的，也是法治国家的根本面貌。

9．赤字：多用于财政，意为亏本。

财政年度内财政支出大于收入的差额。

因会计上习惯用红字表示而故名。

10．译事三难：译事三难即严复所说的信、达、雅，“信”指意义不背原文，即是译文要准确，不歪曲，不遗漏，也不要随意增减意思；“达”指不拘泥于原文形式，译文通顺明白；“雅”则指译文时选用的词语要得体，追求文章本身的古雅，简明优雅。

2014年北京外国语大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：54.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：1，分数：50.00)就下列下划线部分的知识点进行解释（分数：50.00）(1).五行是中国古代的一种物质观，认为大自然由五种要素所构成，随着这五种要素的盛衰，而使得大自然产生变化，不但影响到人的命运，同时也使宇宙万物循环不已。

它强调整体概念，描绘了事物的结构关系和运动形式。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).李时珍在继承和总结以前本草学成就的基础上，结合自己长期学习、采访所积累的丰富的药学知识，经过实践和钻研，历时数十年编成这部巨著。

书中考证了过去本草学中的若干错误，综合了大量科学资料，提出了较科学的药物分类方法，融入了先进的生物进化思想，并反映了丰富的临床实践。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).对元白评价，历来有抑有扬。

抑之者始白杜牧，指元白诗为“淫言媒语”、“纤艳不逞”（《唐故平卢军节度巡官陇西李府君墓志铭》）。

扬之者始自张为，列白为“广大教化主”，元为“人室”（《诗人主客图》）。

其后，明代王世贞、王世懋、清代王夫之、王士祺均贬抑元白。

宋代叶梦得、明代贺贻孙、清代尤侗、翁方纲则褒扬元白。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).《汉书》尤以史料丰富、闻见博洽著称，“整齐一代之书，文赡事详，要非后世史官所能及”。

2014年北京航天航空大学211翻译硕士英语考研试题（回忆版）一⃝单选30’比较简单，一些单词语法二⃝阅读40’共四篇3篇选择1篇问答，感觉比较难特别第三篇关于文学的三⃝作文30’以前都是考翻译相关的，这次是The importance of team work~亮瞎翻译基础一⃝名词解释:mission2.calque3.Transeme4.Restricted translation5.Low counties group6.Translation universal7.Verbal consistence8.Prototype9.Modification10.中枢语言11.可修正性12.地道翻译13.内罗毕宣言14.释意15.异国情调二⃝段落翻译英译汉1.关于普鲁士德国的2.土耳其其中有个单词Ottoman我没有见过，因为还大写了首字母，我以为是人名翻译成了奥特曼，其实是土耳其的相当于turkish3.飞行的平稳直汉译英1.关于航天新闻发言人的讲话2.青春3.土豪百科一⃝中外文化名词解释1.唐三彩2.哭墙3.圈地运动4.棱镜门5.钓鱼岛列岛6.光年7.伤痕文学8.兰亭集序9.十字军东征10.影子银行11.李约瑟12.3D打印13.井田制14.康熙字典15.甲骨文16.浑天仪2.文言文翻译（翻译并各做300字以上评价）一篇摘自货殖列传序另一篇欧阳修的 秋声赋3.议论文商场如战场，讲规则和重结果都重要就二者的关系写800字以上作文百科知识：英美文学流派整理玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。

英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。

它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。

骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。

骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。

[考研类试卷]翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识（应用文写作）历年真题试卷汇编2一、应用文写作1 【北京外国语大学2014翻译硕士】所谓旅游广告，就是风景名胜游览地的某些企事业单位，为了广泛介绍本地的名胜景致和独特的风光，招揽更多的旅游者，增加由旅游带来的各种经济收益，通过广播电视、报刊杂志等媒体进行广泛宣传的一种应用文体。

运用旅游广告实事求是地介绍旅游胜地的特点，不仅为旅游者提供了信息，能够恰当地选择自己的旅游地点、出行时间和路线，而且可以提高旅游者对各处游览胜地的鉴别选择能力，唤起旅游者潜在的欲望。

请自己确定为某处旅游景点或旅游项目写一则旅游广告，要求讲究表现手法，运用多种形式，做到亲切、自然、生动、活泼，加深读者印象，增强宣传效果。

字数在400字左右。

2 【首都师范大学2012翻译硕士】根据所给提示写一则翻译公司的招聘广告：(限450字以内)1．公司主要从事人文社会科学类文本的英汉互译；2．对译员的基本要求。

(其它相关内容不限)3 【北京科技大学2012翻译硕士】以下是某外语培训机构的人才理念：我们深谙人才是企业坚若磐石的百年根基、决胜市场的制胜法宝。

我们始终秉承以人为本的人才理念；我们懂得服务客户更要先服务员工；我们求贤若渴、视才如宝。

请为该外语培训机构撰写一篇刊登在报纸上的招聘广告。

结构要求如下：标题、正文、广告口号；字数450字左右。

4 【暨南大学2011翻译硕士】阅读以下关于iPhone的简介及相关信息，然后自拟题目，写一篇iPhone的广告词，字数不超过400字。

iPhone由苹果公司(Apple，Inc．)首席执行官史蒂夫.乔布斯在2007年1月9日举行的Macworld宣布推出，2007年6月29日在美国上市，将创新的移动电话、可触摸宽屏iPod以及具有桌面级电子邮件、网页浏览、搜索和地图功能的突破性因特网通信设备这三种产品完美地融为一体。

iPhone引入了基于大型多触点显示屏和领先性新软件的全新用户界面，让用户用手指即可控制iPhone。

2014年北京航空航天大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：46.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.甲骨文（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：甲骨文：是中国的一种古代文字，是汉字的早期形式，有时候也被认为是汉字的书体之一，是现存中国王朝时期最古老的一种成熟文字。

主要指中国商朝后期（前14世纪一前11世纪）王室用于占卜吉凶记事而在龟甲或兽骨上镌刻的文字，内容一般是占卜所问之事或者是所得结果。

甲骨文中出现了大量的形声字，其形体结构已由独立体趋向合体，是一种相当成熟的文字，是中国已知最早的成体系的文字形式。

它上承原始刻绘符号，下启青铜铭文，是汉字发展的关键形态，被称为“最早的汉字”。

现代汉字即由甲骨文演变而来。

)解析：2.3D打印（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：3D打印：即快速成型技术的一种，它是一种以数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。

3D打印通常是采用数字技术材料打印机来实现的。

)解析：3.兰亭集序（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：兰亭集序：东晋穆帝永和九年（公元353年）三月三日，王羲之与谢安、孙绰等四十一位军政高官，在山阴（今浙江绍兴）兰亭“修楔”集会，会上各人作诗，王羲之为他们的诗写的序文手稿。

2014年国际关系学院翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：18.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：7，分数：14.00)1.在中国古代的历史著作中，最受重视的是所谓“正史”，即二十四史：二十四史在体例上都是纪传体，有私人撰写和官修两种类型，其中最受人称道的是私人撰写的“ 前四史”。

除纪传体外，古代史书还有编年体和纪事本体等。

唐代刘知几提出优秀的史官需要具备“ 史才三长”。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)纪传体：是以本纪、列传人物为纲，时间为纬，反映历史事件的一种史书编纂体例。

纪传体史书的突出特点是以大量人物传记为中心内容，是记言、记事的进一步结合。

从体裁的形式上看，纪传体是本纪、世家、列传、书志、史表和史论的综合。

汉代司马迁所著的《史记》是中国第一部纪传体史书。

(2)“前四史”：“二十四史”中的前四部史书，包括西汉司马迁的《史记》，东汉班固的《汉书》，南朝范晔的《后汉书》以及西晋陈寿的《三国志》。

(3)编年体：是我国传统史书的一种体裁。

以时间为中心，按年、月、日编排史实，是编写历史最早也是最简便的方法，如《春秋》《左传》和《资治通鉴》等。

(4)“史才三长”：优秀史家应该具备的三方面长处，即史才、史学、史识。

“史才”指写史的能力；“史学”指具有渊博的历史知识，掌握丰富的史料；“史识”指对历史人物和事件的判断能力。

) 解析：2.唐代是诗的王朝，近体诗定型并取得了辉煌的成就。

诗人辈出，流派众多，山水诗派、田园诗派、边塞诗派等是其中最突出的派别。

元朝最有代表性的文学体裁是元曲，出现了“ 元曲四大家”。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)近体诗：也叫“格律诗”“今体诗”，与“古体诗”相对。

2015年北京航空航天大学翻译硕士考研基本信息招生专业：翻译硕士（英语笔译）年份招生人数推免人数复试分数线2015468365 20143010350 20133210355考试科目1.101思想政治理论2.211翻译硕士英语3.357英语翻译基础4.448汉语写作与百科知识考研参考书1.《Dictionaryof Translation Studies》上海外语教育出版社(2004年)MarkShuttleworth&Moira Cowie2.英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社（2006年），谭载喜主译3.上海古籍出版社出版（2006年）出版的古文观止4.《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，李国正，光明日报出版社，2013年版。

5.《翻译硕士常考词汇精编》育明教育内部资料6.《全国翻译硕士考研真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社育明老师建议：1.推荐理工科考生跨专业报考北航翻硕2.北航翻硕就业形势非常好（1）一般而言，每篇阅读理解只讲一个主题，阅读时应通过段落主题句把握中心。

（2）考研文章的两类体裁：议论文，重点是作者的观点和态度。

说明文，重点是作者的态度，说明对象及其特点。

（3）阅读时看清文章是由几个自然段构成的，同时还要给文章分段，便于更好的回文章定位。

（4）阅读的重点位置时文章的首段、其余各段的段首段尾句、转折处、条件关系处、因果关系处，快速读过的信息是举例子的内容、引用的内容、类比的内容、具体数字以及冒号后面补充说明的部分。

（5）每个选项都应力争回文中定位，全部题目都能做到正确答案在原文中对应的位置，判断出出题的方式以及错误答案的特征。

（6）文章固定模式：A花开两朵，各表一枝模式：在文章开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段叙述。

关键：两个概念的定义以及他们的区别和联系。

B问题答案型模式：在第一段中出现一个问题，在随后各段提出该问题的答案。

关键：把握其中心往往就是该问题最直接最主要的答案。

C时文特点：耸人听闻，吸引眼球；貌似客观，内涵态度；抛砖引玉，一起争论阅读时文时，把握时文的中心出现在手段的末句，或者二段的首句。

对外经济贸易大学2014年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：448汉语写作与百科知识注意：请将所有答案写在答题纸上，并标明题号，答在试题上无效。

一、百科知识(50分)第一部分多项选择(40分，每题1分)从A、B、C、D中选择一个正确答案写在答题纸上。

1．《论语》中的 *** “诗可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨”，是我国最早的文学批评，对诗经价值的认识和诗歌创作的指导都具有重要意义。

A．《学而》 B．《为政》C.《阳货》 D．《雍也》2．唐代诗人崔颢诗歌《黄鹤楼》中，“黄鹤一去不复返”的下一句是什么？A．莫使金樽空对月 B．古来万事东流水C．白云千载空悠悠 D．除却巫山不是云3. 北宋周敦颐的《爱莲说》中“出淤泥而不染”的下一句是什么？A.满地黄花堆积 B．濯清涟而不妖C．花之君子者也 D．可远观而不可亵玩焉4．中国的小说中国古代小说源远流长，小说在唐代叫做 *** 。

A.传奇B．话本C．拟话本 D．小说5．明代“台阁体”诗文的代表人物，正统年间“三杨内阁”指的是杨荣、杨溥和 *** 。

A.杨明B.杨青玉C.杨儒林D.杨士奇6．鲁迅发表的第一篇白话小说是A．《阿Q正传》 B. 《狂人日记》C.《孔乙已》D. 《药》7．《你是人间四月天》是 *** 一本小说、诗歌、散文集。

A.李清照B．舒婷C.林傲因D．丁玲8．以下革命军事题材小说中，富有浪漫主义传奇色彩的是 *** 。

A．《保卫延安》B．《百合花》C．《红日》D．<林海雪原》9．“黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，我却用它寻找光明”出自顾城 *** 。

A．《黑眼睛> B．《远和近》C．《我是一个任性的孩子》D．《一代人》10.这个成语 *** 出自《诗经·小雅》，意思是品德高尚的人就会有人敬仰他。

常与“景行行止”连用。

A．百里挑一B．上善若水C．高山仰止D．国士无双11.成语“一字千金”与战国时期历史人物 *** 有关。

A.吕不韦 B．景文公C．宋玉 D．尹文12.易安居士是 *** 。

翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识（环境、自然地理、科技）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：74.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.冰岛首都雷克雅未克是世界上著名的“无烟城市”，满足当地居民的能源需求主要靠利用( )资源。

(南京航空航天大学2011翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.煤B.地热C.石油D.核动力2.2009年12月的联合国气候变化大会在哪里召开?( )(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.日内瓦B.巴黎C.哥本哈根D.伦敦3.“世界环境日”是( )。

(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.3月5日B.4月5日C.5月5日D.6月5日4.什么是低碳生活?( )(湖南大学2010翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.是指生活作息时要注意保护环境，要少用碳、煤等有污染的燃料B.是指生活作息时所耗用能量要减少，从而减低二氧化碳的排放C.是指生活作息时要节约用水．要保护地球的水资源D.是指生活作息时要注意身心健康，要多到大自然去呼气新鲜空气，以减少体内的二氧化碳5.英国最长的河流是( )。

(对外经贸201l翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.赛文河B.泰晤士河C.克莱德河D.莱茵河6.五大湖指的是( )。

(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖、安大略湖B.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖C.密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、谢湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖D.密歇根湖、奇安湖、伊利湖、尼斯湖、安大略湖7.美国的新英格兰地区不包括下面哪个州?( )(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.缅因州B.新罕布什尔州C.佛蒙特州D.北卡罗莱纳州8.美洲最高峰为高达6187米的麦金利山峰，该山峰位于( )。

(对外经贸2011翻译硕士)（分数：2.00）A.阿拉斯加的中部B.夏威夷的中部C.科罗拉多的中部D.怀俄明的中部9.1935年红军长征胜利到达陕北，毛泽东写下了七律《长征》：“红军不怕远征难，万水千山只等闲。

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试北京航空航天大学2013年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A ______ examination is one which is in preparation for something.（分数：1.00）A.predominantB.prematureC.preferableD.preliminary2.Nazism and Fascism were ______ to be thrown into the dump of history.（分数：1.00）A.depositedB.doomedC.damnedD.deserved3.Every month ￥ 3 is ______ from our salary for house repairing payment.（分数：1.00）A.excludedB.expelledpelledD.docked4.The mayor was asked to ______ his speech in order to allow his audience to raise questions.（分数：1.00）A.constrainB.conductC.condenseD.converge5.Although most dreams apparently happen ______, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously6.Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.（分数：1.00）A.shearB.sheerC.shieldD.sheet7.It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial ______ will be conducted by computer.（分数：1.00）A.transmissionsB.transitionsC.transactionsD.transformations8.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.expeditionC.demonstrationD.manifestation9.All visitors are requested to ______ with the regulations.（分数：1.00）plyB.agreeC.assistD.consent10.The captain ______ the horizon for approaching ships.（分数：1.00）A.scannedB.scrutinizedC.exploredD.swept11.The vast majority of people in any given culture will ______ to the established standards of that culture.（分数：1.00）A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm12.If you want this pain-killer, you"ll have to ask the doctor for a ______.（分数：1.00）A.receiptB.recipeC.subscriptionD.prescription13.His body temperature has been ______ for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.（分数：1.00）A.uncommonB.disorderedC.abnormalD.extraordinary14.Movie directors use music to ______ the action on the screen.（分数：1.00）A.contaminateplimentC.contemplateplement15.Some children display an ______ curiosity about every new thing they encounter.（分数：1.00）A.incredibleB.infectiousC.incompatibleD.inaccessible16.If you ______ the bottle and cigarettes, you"ll be much healthier.（分数：1.00）A.take offB.keep offC.get offD.set off17.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by "drugs" that aren"t really drugs at all ______ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.（分数：1.00）A.or ratherB.rather thanC.but ratherD.other than18.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.（分数：1.00）A.go back onB.go in forC.go through withD.go along with19.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.（分数：1.00）A.cut him shortB.turned him outC.gave him upD.put him through20.Fewer and fewer of today"s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ______ the same company.（分数：1.00）A.all elseB.much worseC.let aloneD.less likely21.A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should ______ new operating procedures.（分数：1.00）A.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with22.Many of the scientists and engineers are judged ______ how great their achievements are.（分数：1.00）A.in spite ofB.in ways ofC.in favor ofD.in terms of23.It is only when you nearly lose someone ______ fully conscious of how much you value him.（分数：1.00）A.do you becomeB.then you becomeC.that you becomeD.have you become24.It"s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towards others" matters.（分数：1.00）A.to turn toB.turning toC.turn toD.turned to25.______ for a long time, the fields are all dried up.（分数：1.00）A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain26.Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but ______ if you had spent less time in playing football?（分数：1.00）A.wouldn"t they have been betterB.wouldn"t they be betterC.won"t they have been betterD.won"t they be better27.Why was the suggestion that she ______ to our party rejected the day before yesterday?（分数：1.00）A.be invitedB.to be invitedC.being invitedD.has been invited28.______ the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.（分数：1.00）A.He had no sooner openedB.Hardly had he openedC.Scarcely did he openedD.No sooner did he open29.______ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.（分数：1.00）A.If walkingB.WalkingC.While walkingD.When one is walking30.We will visit Huangshan next year ______ we have enough money.（分数：1.00）A.lestB.untilC.unlessD.provided二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being "of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory," while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator"s own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?（分数：2.00）A.A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herselfB.A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock"s valueC.A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliarD.A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert(2).According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because ______.（分数：2.00）A.life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academies who are not members of that cultureB.life stores can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretationsC.ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to chooseD.the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator(3).Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theoryB.Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informantC.Translating the informant"s words into the researcher"s languageD.Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator"s personal opinion about its intrinsic value(4).The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.question an explanationB.correct a misconceptionC.critique a methodologyD.clarify an ambiguity(5).The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists" transcriptions of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.The informants" social standing within the cultureB.The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the researchC.The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under studyD.The number of life stories collected by the researchersRadiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American.The largest single source of man-made radiation is medical X rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout, since strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial. The last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reported in 1958 that "even the smallest amounts of radiation are likely to cause deleterious genetic and perhaps also somatic effects."A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given prenatal pelvic X rays. These studies have pointed to the need to reexamine the assumption that exposureto low-linear energy transfer presents only a minor risk.Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant that produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow, and lymphatic system than would have been expected in a normal population. While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes this difference to chemical or other environmental causes rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of 1 percent in the number of serious genetic defects at birth, a possible increase of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, inconsistent, and characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. One federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated federal program has resigned.（分数：10.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.explain the difference between natural and man-made radiationB.arouse concern about the risks connected with exposure to radiationC.publicize the results of British medical surveyD.advocate limiting the use of atomic weapons testing, since the fallout is extremely hazardous(2).Which of the following, according to the passage, is a list of three natural sources of radiation?（分数：2.00）A.Radioactive potassium in bone, strontium 90, uranium oreB.Carbon 14 in tissues, cosmic rays, X raysC.Cosmic rays, radioactive potassium in bones, radioactive carbon in tissuesD.X rays, carbon 14, plutonium(3).Which of the following does the author cite in support of the quotation from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation?I. Strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body and deliver radiation for an entire lifetime.II. An abnormally high percentage of patients with arthritis of the spine who were treated with X rays subsequently contracted cancer.III. A high incidence of cancer appeared among children of mothers who had been given prenatal pelvic X rays.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.I, II, and IIIC.I and II onlyD.II and III only(4).According to the passage, some scientists believe that a dose of one rem of radiation continued over a period of generations would ______.（分数：2.00）A.raise the strontium 90 levels in the body but otherwise have little effectB.relieve the acute suffering of those afflicted with arthritis of the spine without side effectsC.have the effect of increasing by 1 percent the cases of serious genetic defectsD.cause an additional 1,000 per million cases of cancer of the bone marrow or lymphatic system(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that the chairperson who resigned from the panel to develop a coordinated federal program for radiation regulation most likely did so because（分数：2.00）A.he or she disagreed with the findings of the Senate committeeB.regulatory efforts have been balked by disputes, confusion, and bureaucratic delaysC.he or she supported the position of the National Academy of Sciences committee and opposed regulation of radiation exposureD.he or she was disorganized and inconsistent in chairing the panelThe age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy , in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Keasey"s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty,self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor"s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann"s pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won"t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Ann feel bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?（分数：2.00）A.An outline for future researchB.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood termsC.A confirmation of an established authority"s theoryD.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry(2).According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the following points?（分数：2.00）A.The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.The intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts(3).It can be inferred that the underlined term "public duty" in the context of the passage means which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.The necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.A justification for punishing transgressionsC.An obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.The assignment of punishment for harmful action(4).According to the passage, Keasey"s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgmentsB.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomyC.They do not understand the concept of public dutyD.They make arbitrary moral judgments(5).According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assignB.They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harmC.They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of other childrenD.They justify any action that protects them from harm四、Section B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)rDNA TechnologyAfter thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell"s genetic code. The technology has created excitement and controversy because it involves altering DNA—which contains the building blocks of the genetic code.Using rDNA technology, scientists can transfer a portion of the DNA from one organism to a single living cell of another. The scientist chemically "snips" the DNA chain of the host cell at a predetermined point and attaches another piece of DNA from a donor cell at that place, creating a completely new organism.Proponents of rDNA research and development claim that it will allow scientists to find cures for disease and to better understand how genetic information controls an organism"s development. They also see many other potentially practical benefits, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Some corporations employing the new technology even claim that by the end of the century all major diseases will be treated with drugs derived from microorganisms created through rDNA technology. Pharmaceutical products already developed, but not yet marketed, indicate that these predictions may be realized.Proponents also cite nonmedical applications for this technology. Energy production and waste disposal may benefit: genetically altered organisms could convert sewage and other organic material into methane fuel. Agriculture might also take advantage of rDNA technology to produce new varieties of crops that resist foul weather, pests, and the effects of poor soil.A major concern of the critics of rDNA research is that genetically altered microorganisms might escape from the laboratory. Because these microorganisms are laboratory creations that, in all probability, do not occur in nature, their interaction with the natural world cannot be predicted with certainty. It is possible that they could cause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases. The effect of genetically altered microorganisms on the world"s microbiological predator-prey relationships is another potentially serious problem pointed out by the opponents of rDNA research. Introducing a new species may disrupt or even destroy the existing ecosystem. The collapse of interdependent relationships among species, extrapolated to its extreme, could eventually result in the destruction of humanity.Opponents of rDNA technology also cite ethical problems with it. For example, it gives scientiststhe power to instantly cross evolutionary and species boundaries that nature took millennia to establish. The implications of such power would become particularly profound if genetic engineers were to tinker with human genes, a practice that would bring US one step closer to Aldous Huxley"s grim vision in Brave New World of a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles．Questions：（分数：10.00）(1).What is the author primarily concerned with doing in the passage?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).According to the passage, what are the potential benefits of rDNA technology? Please sum up briefly.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What are the major arguments of opponents of rDNA research and development? Please make a brief summary.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).In the last sentence of the passage. the author makes reference to "a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles". What is his purpose by doing that?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅲ Writing(总题数：1，分数：30.00)31.Directions:Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topicWhat Qualifies a Good Translator?（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

1/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。

北京语言大学（回忆）翻译硕士英语一、单选20个二、阅读4篇前两篇各有5个选择题后两篇是根据文章回答问题，共5个问题三、写作题目方向是“What qualities should a competent person possess？”英语翻译基础一、词语翻译：BP EU WHO WWF2/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2DNAMalthusian theory DPRK FIFAGoldman Sachs 南水北调拳头产品经济适用房红色旅游区孟子穆斯林入乡随俗破釜沉舟水浒二、英译汉：是关于环境会议讨论的文章，呼吁发达国家应当对不发达国家与岛国承担起更多责任而不是推卸责任。

三、汉译英：关于世博会的文章，世博会是一次空前的盛会。

介绍鳞次栉比风格独特的世博建筑和眼花缭乱的各国展品，包括希腊的雅典娜雕塑，春秋战国时期的铜车马和法国绘画大师的杰作。

汉语写作与百科知识一、名词解释：科学发展观3/12【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3十二五通货膨胀宏观经济阿姆斯特丹斯宾诺莎犹太教自然权利秦观七夕节轴心时代纵横家二、应用文：写一篇450字的邀请函，邀请各界专家学者来北京XX 大学参加美国诗人XX 的研讨会，安排住在大学招待所，交通住宿费用自负，联系张XX，欢迎各界专家学者光临。

三、大作文：《孟子离娄下》中的《齐人有一妻一妾》，写一篇800字的记叙文或者议论文。

原文：齐人有一妻一妾而处室（1）者，其良人（2）出，则必餍（3）酒肉而后反（4）。