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Chapter 7第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy， the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed， in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution， the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law， common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。
联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。
I.The Monarchy君主制1.Elizabeth II， her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second， by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories， Queen， Head of the Commonwealth，Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。
The Industrial Revolution工业革命1. Reasons/Conditions(1) Huge MarketThe parliament supported commerce and industry. Theterritories Britain captured during Seven Year’s war provided Britain with necessary raw materials and market for itsproducts.(2) Colonial Exploitation--- England acquired enormous wealth from colonies.⏹East India Company (1600)—the trading monopoly in Indiaand parts of East Asia.⏹Colonies in America, Asia, Africa, and Australia(3) Enclosure MovementTime:in the 16th and 17th centuriesResults:a. creating “landless laborers”.b. Deprived landowners of their property.Enclosure Movement:It means to turn the common land into private property. It caused much poverty from 13th century to 19th century. But it increased the number of yeomen and encouraged the development of woolen weaving industry. Another wave in the period of 1760—1820 created a new class of landless laborers and factory workers. In 1876 the enclosure of common land was limited by law.2. Processa. The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry, marked by important inventions in industry.Textile Inventions:Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机1765water frame 水力纺纱机1769power loom 动力纺织机1785These inventions prepared way for a new system of large scale production.In transportation:1814, The first steam locomotive蒸汽机车1825,the first railway was completed.By 1850,Britain had established a railway system.By the middle of the 19th C. Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.3. Consequences(1) Economical Consequences●Its industrial productivity increased dramatically. --- Britain was by 1830the “workshop of the world.”●Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financialcenter in the world.The country underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds(利兹), Birmingham (伯明翰) andSheffield (设菲尔德). In 1850, the urban population was half of the whole population in Britain.(2) Political Consequences•There emerged two new contrary classes: the industrial proletariat(工业无产阶级) vs. the industrialbourgeoisie(工业资产阶级)•Political conflicts between them worsened。
