Writing technique 1

牛津译林版（2023）选修第二册Unit 3 Helping People Extended Reading 课件(共12张PPT，内镶嵌视频)(共12张PPT)The chainofU3 ReadingPlease talk about your personal experience of sharing kindness or receiving kindness.lead-inHelp a classmate solve a math problemHelp the blind cross the roadCarry heavy bags for the old,Donate clothes and books to the poorShow someone the wayPre-readingThe chain of kindnessPrediction: What might happen in the passage according to the title and picturesWhile-readingQ3Q2Q1When ________________WhereWhoon the road near a solitary houseTom an old man a young girlQ4The old man and the young girl helped Tom repair the car without taking any . Deeply moved, Tom changed his towards his life afterwards.moneyWhat___________________________________,____________,______on a rainy nightelementsattitudeblindWhile-readingRead for the plot and feelingsBeginning(paras.1-2)Climax(para.11)Ending(para.14)The blind old man and the young girl help Tom_____ _____ _____ .fix his carTom changed his______towards life.attitudeMHGopelessTom came acrossa in the heavy rain.flat tyrerising action (paras.3-10)ratefulTom was told to continue the chain of . kindnessfalling action (paras.12-13)Tom saw the wheelchair ramp .differentlyInspiredOptimisticovedplotThe rain was coming down so hard that each drop seemed to explode as it hit the roof of the car.The windscreen wipers worked furiously to clean the glass.The rain beat down continuously.The rain was still pounding on the roof of the carrainnightroadthe coal-black nightIt was completely dark outside.The road was deserted except for him and his car.Writing technique 1: Use vivid description of the environmentto imply Tom’s emotions.How does the author describe the environment when the accident happenedAppreciate the writing techniquesdesperate, hopeless, defeated(verbs, adjectives and adverbs)Paras.3-11Appreciate the writing techniquesAnalyze the characteristics of the old manThe old man simply nodded his head;The two were concentrating on their work;Soon the old man stepped to the window;He made no move to take it;The grandfather waved a hand in front of his face.wordsactionsWriting technique 2: Use words and actions to describe the of the character .personalities“How can I help ” the old man asked with a smile on his face.“You’re all set.”“There is no need. Just be careful about getting home and continue the chain of kindness.”warm-hearted kindselflessCould you find out the words and actions used in describing the old man Paras.12-13Appreciate the writing techniquesHow did Tom see the wheelchair ramp differentlybefore theincidentafter the incidentHe saw it as a constant__________ of his own disability;he felt it laughing at him.He saw the side of everything;he did not feel pity for his disability.negativepositiveWriting technique 3: Use contrast to the changes of Tom.highlightreminderpositivecontrastPara.14How did Tom changeHe contacted his doctor to see if there was something he could do to increase his mobility.He pursued his long-lost dream of becoming a teacher.He reconnected with his family.He began to look forward to each new day and view it as an opportunity to help others so that he could continue the chain of kindness.Writing technique 4 : You’d better give a positive ending to the story. Post-readingFurther thinkingHow to understand “ the chain of kindness”It is a great way of creating a culture of helping others.It can help us build a community with a shared future for mankind. Take action!HomeworkOne day, Tom was in the supermarket and saw an old woman was waiting in a queue to check out. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ______________1.What happened to the old woman2.What would Tom do3.Why Tom did soTips:1. try to use writing techniques we appreciated in the article to make your writing vivid2. pay attention to the topic of the storyPlease complete this short story and show how Tom continued the chain of kindness. ( 80 words)。

When it comes to writing in English, there are various methods and techniques that can be employed to enhance the quality and effectiveness of your writing. Here are a few methods that can be particularly useful:1. The FiveParagraph Essay: This is a classic structure used in academic writing. It consists of an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports the thesis statement introduced in the introduction.2. The Narrative Method: This method is ideal for storytelling or recounting personal experiences. It involves setting the scene, developing characters, and moving the story forward through a series of events.3. Descriptive Writing: This technique is used to create vivid images in the readers mind. It involves using sensory details and figurative language to describe people, places, objects, or events.4. Expository Writing: This method is used to explain, inform, or describe. It often involves presenting a topic, providing supporting details, and concluding with a summary or a final thought.5. Persuasive Writing: Also known as argumentative writing, this method aims to convince the reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a specific action. It involves stating a clear position, providing evidence, and addressing potential counterarguments.6. Process Analysis: This method involves breaking down a process into its steps and explaining how to perform each one. Its often used in howto guides or instructional materials.7. Cause and Effect: This method explores the reasons behind a particular event or situation and the effects that result from it. It helps readers understand the relationships between different elements.8. Comparative Writing: This involves comparing and contrasting two or more subjects, ideas, or concepts. It can be used to highlight similarities and differences.9. The Journalistic Approach: This method is characterized by an objective tone and a focus on the five Ws: who, what, when, where, and why. Its often used in news articles and reporting.10. Reflective Writing: This method involves the writers introspection and personal insights. Its often used in personal essays or diary entries.Each of these methods has its own strengths and is suited to different types of writing tasks. Understanding and practicing these methods can greatly improve your English writing skills.。

《普通高中英语课程标准（2020修订版）》（以下简称《新课标（2020年修订版）》）指出，通过学习语篇所承载的文化和价值观等具有深刻内涵的内容，使学生学会欣赏语言和多模态语篇的意义和美感，丰富生活经历，体验不同情感，树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。

拓展性阅读板块的增加不仅仅是提高学生的阅读能力，更重要的是能让学生对单元主题意义进行深度探寻，探语言之美，拓视野之阔，悟语篇之真，获得真实体验，联系实际并运用语言。

因此，拓展性阅读的赏析价值显得尤为突出，值得探讨。

本文以笔者所上的一节公开课——译林版教材选择性必修三第一单元Extended Reading的教学为例，以此来探讨怎样开展高中英语拓展性阅读板块的教学。

一、引导学生赏析语言之美，助其深度学习这节课的设计基于单元的主题语境“人与自然”“人与社会”，话题是“旅游”。

《普通高中教科·英语教师教学用书》指出，本单元Extended reading板块通过两则旅游日记，让学生领略非洲的自然和人文风光，体会人与自然和谐共生的重要性。

学生通过本节课的学习能否欣赏非洲的自然和人文风光呢？他们是否具备赏析能力呢？他们是否能领略描写非洲之美的语言呢？高中拓展性阅读文本为培养学生的赏析能力提供了载体，帮助学生深度学习。

本节课以两个问题引入：With the spread of Covid-19，it is difficult to travel.Are you eager to travel to take adventures?In your opinion，which continent is the most interesting?学生能够很快回答问题，由此切入本节课的内容。

教师可以表达“Exactly，Africa is a land full of mystery and charm.”本单元Extended reading板块的标题是An adven-ture in Africa，学生对adventure这个单词的中文意思非常熟悉，而教师搬出牛津字典对adventure的英文解释“an unusual exciting or dangerous experience，jour-neys or series of events”，再让学生通过标题预测作者一家人非洲之行将会如何。

英语作文写作手法分类举例Title: Classification of Writing Techniques in English Composition。

Introduction:Writing is an essential skill that allows individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and emotions effectively. In English composition, various writing techniques are employed to enhance the clarity, coherence, and impact of the written piece. This essay aims to classify and provide examples of different writing techniques commonly used in English composition.Body:1. Descriptive Writing Technique:Descriptive writing aims to create a vivid and detailed image in the reader's mind by using sensory details andexpressive language. It appeals to the reader's senses and emotions, making the written piece more engaging and immersive. For example:Original Sentence: The sun was shining.Descriptive Sentence: The golden sun, with its radiant beams, illuminated the landscape, casting a warm glow on everything it touched.2. Narrative Writing Technique:Narrative writing tells a story or recounts a sequenceof events. It involves the use of characters, plot, setting, and dialogue to engage readers and convey a message or experience. Narrative writing can be found in novels, short stories, and personal essays. For example:Original Sentence: I went to the beach and had a great time.Narrative Sentence: As the waves crashed against theshore, I eagerly made my way to the beach, feeling the soft sand beneath my feet. The salty breeze kissed my cheeks, and the sound of seagulls filled the air. It was a dayfilled with laughter, sandcastle building, and the joy of being surrounded by friends.3. Persuasive Writing Technique:Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint, take a specific action, or change their beliefs. It utilizes logical arguments, emotional appeals, and rhetorical devices to influence the reader's opinion. For example:Original Sentence: Recycling is important for the environment.Persuasive Sentence: By recycling, we can reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, conserve natural resources, and protect our planet for future generations. It is our responsibility to take action now and make a positive impact on the environment.4. Expository Writing Technique:Expository writing provides information, explains a concept, or clarifies a topic. It presents facts, evidence, and logical reasoning in a clear and concise manner. Expository writing can be found in textbooks, research papers, and informative articles. For example:Original Sentence: The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.Expository Sentence: The water cycle, a fundamental process on Earth, begins with the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, and rivers. This water vapor then condensesto form clouds, eventually leading to precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or hail.Conclusion:Writing techniques play a crucial role in English composition, enabling writers to effectively communicatetheir ideas and engage readers. By utilizing descriptive, narrative, persuasive, and expository writing techniques, writers can create compelling and impactful written pieces. Mastering these techniques will enhance one's ability to express themselves and connect with readers on a deeper level.。

WritingThe Whole CompositionAim: The basic aim of a writing course is to develop the ability to write whole compositions (or essays, theses, papers).OutlineTopicThesis (Controlling Idea; Central Idea)------Thesis StatementIntroduction; Body (Main idea1, Main idea 2); ConclusionI IntroductionII Main Idea -------Topic Sentence (in the beginning: to tell briefly the content of a paragraph;at the end: to conclude the whole paragraph)A. Sub-ideaB. Sub-idea1. Supporting Detail2. Supporting Detaila. Fact 1b. Fact 2III Main IdeaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supporting Detail2.Supporting Detail3.Supporting DetailC.Sub-ideaIV Conclusion------- Restatement or summary of the main pointsTopic Outline: All entries consist of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, ie, gerund phrases or infinitive phrases. It is brief and clear.Sentence Outline: The entries are complete sentences. It provides a more detailed plan of the paper.Example. Topic: The School LibraryThesis: The library plays a very important part in a student’s life.Outline:I A student has to borrow books from the library.A.H e needs reference books for his elective courses.B.H e may want to read novels, stories and plays.II He reads newspapers, and magazines in the library.A.Many new magazines are on display in the First Reading-Room.B.There are newspapers from all provinces.C.Back numbers may be borrowed ate the counter.III He needs the library all the more in his junior and senior years.A.The library provides him with books for his research.B.He would not be able to write his graduation paper without using the library.ExerciseLies are usually considered very bad and rather indecent. However, we must admit that all of us have told some lies, either consciously or unconsciously. If we think about this seriously, we may conclude that lies are sometimes necessary and nobody can go without them. Do you agree with this viewpoint? Please write an essay of no less than 150 words.Sample:Outline: Lie: A Necessary Part of LifeI Introduction: Everyone tells lies from time to time.II Body: Telling lies is based on three purposesA.One is to obtain psychological balance and comfort1.We do not tell the truth to a very ill patient.2.One does not want to know the truth of one’s own fatal disease.B.One is to make a living.1.Businessmen deceive men about the value and quality of their products.2.Sales person lie to persuade us to purchase something.C.One is to ensure social order and peaceernment lies to stay in power.2.Religion lies to make people feel safe in following their lies.3.People want to maintain a certain kind of society.III Conclusion: Telling lies is an indispensable part of life.Key: From time to time everybody tells lies----little lies, white lies, necessary lies in order to obtain psychological balance and comfort, to make a living or to ensure social order and peace.In order to have psychological balance and comfort, you may not want to tell your seriously ill patient or relative or young kid that he or she is terminally ill and will die a painful death. Similarly you yourself do not want to know that your cancer is spreading so fast that you may not have more than 6 months to live in agonizing pain. Or you may lie to a friend , a colleague or your boss in order to save face, to gain some advantage over or to get a closer relationship with him or her.Telling lies is a kind of profession for certain people. In other words, some people make a living through telling lies. For instance, businessmen lie every day in order to deceive customers about the value and quality of their products. Again, sales people lie so as to persuade us to purchase something we may not need.Governments lie quite often to stay in power by persuading people that their needs and desires are being attended to and that they are safe. Meanwhile, many people know what lies to transmit so as to maintain the kind of society that both the people in power and many of its citizens want and need. Besides, religion lies in order to make people feel safe in following their lies.In conclusion, we lie in a word of lies. We can not live without lying and being lied to, for lying disguise our motality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd. So telling lies is a n indispensable part of people’s life.How to writer a paragraphA paragraph is a unit of thought; it is at once a unit in itself and part of a larger whole, that is, an essay.A paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and well developed. A paragraph is unified when all the sentences in the paragraph are focused on one central thought or on a single topic; when the writer wishes to introduce a new thought or topic, he should begin a new paragraph. A paragraph is coherent when it develops naturally and smoothly, and one sentence leads logically to another. There are many ways to develop a paragraph, for example, by process, by cause and effect, by comparison and contrast, etc.Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph.Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writer’s train of thought and understand what he is talking about.Coherence my not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logical order. He has to use good transitions so that one sentence runs smoothly to another.Learn to use transitional expressions1. Connectives and transitional phrases for spatial development:above before me here on the left across from below in the distance on the right adjacent to beyond nearby opposite to also further next to on top of up down close to beneath under around near to over2. Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development:first, second, etc. soon eventually in the meantime then thereupon at the same time next thereafter after an interval now after presently later afterward somewhat later finally at last3. Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development:first, second, etc. now for this purpose but as a result furthermore but at last moreover also consequently likewise another for example next yet for instance on the contrary once in addition in summary such in this case on the other hand then otherwise in conclusion thus in closing therefore4. Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons:another furthermore moreover equally important too, also at the same time besides then accordingly in fact in addition to like, likewise similarly just as…so in the same way5. Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts:on the contrary different from/ in contrast on the other hand to despite in spite of yet, but whereas unlike nevertheless not only…but also here…there years ago…today this…that the former…the latter then…now the first…whereas the second some…others on the one hand…on the other once…nowLearn to use Transitional Words:启：first, first of all, firstly, at present, lately, presently, to begin with, currently, generally speaking, in the beginning, in the first place, now, recently, it goes without saying, etc.承：after a while, also, at any rate, at the same time, besides, by this time, certainly, consequently, for example, for instance, for this purpose, from now on, furthermore, in addition, in addition to, truly, likewise, second, third, after a few days, in fact, in other words, in particular, in the same manner, incidentally, indeed, meanwhile, moreover, no doubt, obviously, of course, particularly, similarly, so, then, still, secondly, thirdly, what is more, etc.转：anyway, after all, all the same, especially, but, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, in the same way, at the same time, on the other hand, luckily, yet, conversely, in other words, however, fortunately, in particular, etc.合：consequently, accordingly, eventually, finally, at last, as a consequence, as a result, above all, at last, at length, by and large, briefly, hence, thus, in sum, in conclusion, in short, on the whole, to speak frankly, in summary, to sum up, in a word, to summarize, etc.Coherence of the paragraph启文：to begin with, to start with, first(ly), in the first place, in the beginning, generally speaking, etc.时间与过程：presently, recently, now, afterwards, meanwhile, simultaneously, in the meantime, by this time, next, earlier, the next step, from now on, finally, etc.增加：moreover, furthermore, in addition, too, and, second, third, equally important, what’s more, etc.类似：likewise, similarly, moreover, etc.方向：here, over there, beyond, opposite in the distance, to the left, etc.举例：for example, for instance, n amely, take… for example, etc.转折：yet, whereas, anyway, however, despite, in spite of, on the other hand, otherwise, still, conversely, etc.结果：therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, inevitably, naturally, then, etc.强调：at any rate, certainly, obviously, in fact, in particular, indeed, no doubt, especially, of course, fortunately, etc.收尾：in conclusion, to summarize, in summary, to sum up, in sum, finally, at length, eventually, on the whole, as has been told, in short, briefly, in other words, therefore, above all, etc.ExpositionExposition means to make something known and explain it to make the reader understand. An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.The purpose of it is to inform. It mainly deals with processes and relationships. An expository essay explains how an object is made, how it is used, and how it may change. In an expository essay, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significance in history. Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast, an analysis of their causes and effects, or definition.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this, the writer should:1.Limit his subject or the scope of discussion; for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay;2.Prepare enough material (details or examples) to help his explanation;3.Present his facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject;4.Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions; and5.Make his exposition, if possible, interesting or moving.1.IllustrationIllustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. Good examples help to clarify a writer’s thought by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade or convince the reader.1) pattern:I Introduction: States general idea to be proved (usually in a thesis statement)II Body: Gives illustration(s), all of which support the general idea.III Conclusion: Restates the thesis, if appropriate; or provides a sense of completion to the paper.2) Useful Expressions:for example, as an example, to give another example, for instance, as an illustration, let me illustr ate by, This can be illustrated by…; An example of this is/ involves; to provide a specific case…; such…as; take… for example/ instance, etc.Ex1. On Keep Healthy2. Honesty is not Always the Best Policy2.Division and Classification1.introductionDivision is used to deal with one thing. Its purpose is to separate that thing into parts. Classification is used to organize things which share certain qualities. Its purpose is to group these things systematically.Division stresses the distinction between things, whereas classification emphasizes the similarities. The former deals with the whole while the latter, the parts.eful expressions:first (of all), in the first place, first and foremost, most important of all, to begin/ start with, in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, thirdly, fourthly, lastly, finally, I want to make one final point…, I want to begin/ conclude by saying…, etc.3.patterns:1) Division: exa. composition: introduction; body; conclusionb. a pair of glasses: frame, lens2) Classification: exa.courses: elective, required/ obligatoryb.courses: taught in native language, taught in foreign language4.Exercises:1)Ways of Spending One’s Spare Time2)Kinds of Second Jobs3. Comparison and Contrast1. A comparison explains how things are similar, and a contrast, how they are different.Principles of selection and development in writing a comparison and contrast paper:1)Only items (usually two) of the same general class can be compared/ contrasted.2)A comparison and contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns, thesubject-by-subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.In the former pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on the other; while in the latter case, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared/ contrasted.2. Mode 1: (better in short essays, where few aspects are considered, or where the writer’s interest is on the whole.)I Topic SentenceII Subject 1A characteristic 1B characteristic 2C characteristic 3,4,5…III Subject 2A characteristic 1B characteristic 2C characteristic 3,4,5…IV Concluding SentencesMode 2: (preferable in long essays where many aspects are mentioned)I Topic SentenceII Characteristic 1A Subject 1B Subject 2 (in comparison/ contrast to A Subject 1)III Characteristic 2A Subject 1B Subject 2IV Characteristic 3A Subject 1B Subject 2V Concluding Sentence3. Example 1:I IntroductionII Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepA Point 1------PriceB Point 2------Options AvailableC Point 3------Gas MileageD Point 4------Frequency of RepairIII Discussing Object B------ Shanghai SuntanaA Point 1------PriceB Point 2------Options AvailableC Point 3------Gas MileageD Point 4------Frequency of RepairIV ConclusionExample 2:I IntroductionII Point 1-------PriceA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaIII Point 2------Options AvailableA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaIV Point 3------Gas MileageA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaV Point 4------Frequency of RepairA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaVI Conclusion4. Useful Expressions in Comparison Essay:1)Both X and Y are _________.2)X and Y have/ seem to have/ seemed to have/ happen to have sth in common/ much in common/ some features in common/ many features in common/ some common features.3)4)In the same way X ________, Y __________.5)X corresponds to ___________.6)A comparison between X and Y demonstrates/ results in/ reveals/ suggests/ shows/ seems interesting.7)X is like Y in ____________.Useful Expressions in Contrastive Essay:1)X is different from Y.2)X differs from Y.3)X and Y differ/ seem to differ as far as the main postulates are concerned.4)There are some/ a great difference between X and Y.5)In contrast to X, Y __________.6)Unlike X, Y __________.7)Whereas/ While/ Whilst X ___________, Y ____________.8)X ___________ in contrast, Y __________.9)Y __________, while/ whereas/ whilst on the other hand, X ___________.5. Some transitions used in comparison:both, each, at the same time, similarly, like, likewise, as, too, also, compared with, etc.Some transitions used in Contrast:on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast (with/ to), instead (of), the opposite (of), unlike, although, while, whereas, but, however, yet, nevertheless, etc.6. Example: Traditional Family and Modern FamilyI Similarities (general idea)A Nuclear FamilyB The Role of FatherC The Role of MotherII DifferencesA The Man Role1.Traditional Family: Head of the household (work outside)Modern Family: Both work2.Traditional Family: Man makes big decisionModern family: Shared by couples3.Traditional Family: Man not help with houseworkModern Family: Shared by couplesB The Women’s Role1.Traditional Family: Quit for birthModern Family: Work after birth2.Traditional Family: Live on man’s incomeModern Family: Live on her own incomeC The Role of Children1.Traditional Family: Taken care by motherModern Family: Child-care centre2.Traditional Family: School-age children dependentModern Family: School-age children independent6. Exercises1)Travelling by Train and by Plane2)Chinese and Western Medicine or Food4. Cause and Effect1. A cause paper begins with an introduction which briefly describes the effect, and then the entire body of the paper analyses the causes, each of which is generally discussed in one paragraph.An effect paper reverses the procedure. It begins with an introduction describing the cause, and the rest of the paper discusses the effects.2. Modes(1) Effect—Cause (eg. Smoking results in a series of negative effects)I Topic SentenceII Effect 1III Effect 2IV Effect 3,4,5…V Concluding Sentence(2) Cause—Effect (eg. Students study English for different reasons)I Topic SentenceII Cause 1III Cause 2IV Cause 3,4,5…V Concluding Sentence3. To introduce cause:because, since, if, as a result of, is caused by, due to, owing toTo introduce effect:as a result, cause, lead to, for this reason, so, therefore, thusGroup 1Because of/ Since/ If (CAUSE) + SV (ie main sentence)(EFFECT) :eg. Because/ Since children watch too much TV, they lose creative ability.If children watch too much TV, they will lose creative ability.Group 2SV (CAUSE) + so/ as a result/ for this reason/ consequently/ therefore/ hence/ because of this/thus, + Clause (EFFECT)eg. Children watch too much TV, as a result/ consequently/ for this reason, they lose creative ability.Group 3As a result of/ Because of/ Due to/ Owing to (CAUSE) + noun or gerund, + Clause (EFFECT)eg. As a result of /Because of too much TV/ watching too much TV, the children lose creative ability.Exercises:Smoking has always been a controversial question throughout the world. Some people say smoking is very bad to the health while others insist that it is very good. What is your idea on this? Clarify your reasons.5. DefinitionDefinition is necessary when one uses a term that may have various denotative and connotative meanings or shades of meanings.There are two main types of definition---logical or formal, and extended or informal.The logical or formal definition is the dictionary definition which is rigid in form. It is often used in clarifying meanings of concrete or non-controversial terms. It consists of three essential parts: t he term, the class, and the difference. For example, “A dentist is a person whose work is filling. Cleaning, taking out teeth and fitting artificial teeth.”Extended of informal definitions are used when discussing ideals, concepts, or emotions. They also use classification and differentiation, but they are not rigid in form and are extended. The principles for giving an extended definition is:1)A definition paper discusses abstract terms such as liberty, individualism, love, beauty,etc.2)It answers fully, though often implicitly, the question “What is… ?”3)It may be either deductive or inductive.●The deductive essay begins with a definition which is followed by other expositorypatterns: general statement to specific conclusion●The inductive essay reaches the definition after employing any of the other methodsof development: facts to general conclusion●The final part of the essay is often a restatement, in which the essentials of thedefinition are summed up or reinforced,Exercises:1.Happiness2.Values3.Individualism6.Argumentation1. general ideaThe purpose of exposition is to inform, while the purpose of argumentation is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing--- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related--- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.1.Modes of argumentative paperModel 1A IntroductionB Body: Present problem 1, 2, 3…C Conclusion: Give solutions (give possible solutions; or give alternative strategies)Model 2A Introduction: Provide a brief overviewB Body: Effects to cause 1, 2, 3…; or Causes to effect 1, 2, 3…C Conclusion: Give more undesirable consequences (Effects)2.Requirements for argumentative essay:(1)A debatable point(2)Sufficient evidence(3)Good logic: All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logicallyconnected with the conclusion and with each other.●Inductive reasoning: It starts with facts and proceeds from facts to a generalconclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.●Deductive reasoning: It moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion.(4)Clear logic: A typic argumentative essay consists of three parts:●Introduction: identify the issue to be discussed and explain the importance of such adiscussion;●Body: present the evidence;●Conclusion: reaffirm the proposition stated at the beginning.In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views.Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arranged:a.from the least to the most importantb.from the most familiar to the least familiar, andc.from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult(5)Good use of the other three types of writing--- description, narration, and especially thevarious methods of exposition. (6)An honest and friendly attitude3.Exercises:1)New Technology --- Good or Bad2)Smoking Does Harm to Your Health7.Argumentation1. general ideaThe purpose of exposition is to inform, while the purpose of argumentation is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.Argumentation frequently makes use of the other three types of writing--- description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are very closely related--- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.4.Modes of argumentative paperModel 1A IntroductionB Body: Present problem 1, 2, 3…C Conclusion: Give solutions (give possible solutions; or give alternative strategies)Model 2A Introduction: Provide a brief overviewB Body: Effects to cause 1, 2, 3…; or Causes to effect 1, 2, 3…C Conclusion: Give more undesirable consequences (Effects)5.Requirements for argumentative essay:(7)A debatable point(8)Sufficient evidence(9)Good logic: All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logicallyconnected with the conclusion and with each other.●Inductive reasoning: It starts with facts and proceeds from facts to a generalconclusion. In other words, you move from specific examples to a general statement.●Deductive reasoning: It moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion.(10)Clear logic: A typic argumentative essay consists of three parts:●Introduction: identify the issue to be discussed and explain the importance of such adiscussion;●Body: present the evidence;●Conclusion: reaffirm the proposition stated at the beginning.In the body, it is advisable that you devote the first one or two paragraphs to a consideration of the other side of the case before stating and amplifying your own views.Then in each paragraph that follows, you add something new and important to your argument. The evidence you provide should be arranged:d.from the least to the most importante.from the most familiar to the least familiar, andf.from the easiest to accept or comprehend to the most difficult(11)Good use of the other three types of writing--- description, narration, and especiallythe various methods of exposition.(12)An honest and friendly attitude6.Exercises:3)New Technology --- Good or Bad4)Smoking Does Harm to Your Health。

作文框架写作技巧Writing an essay involves a structured framework that allows for an organized and coherent presentation of ideas. 作文写作涉及一种结构化框架，可以使想法有组织地呈现出来。

One important aspect of writing an essay is to understand the purpose of the essay and the target audience. 作文的一个重要方面是了解作文的目的和目标受众。

The introduction of an essay serves as a roadmap for the readers, introducing them to the topic and providing context for the discussion that follows. 作文的引言作为读者的路线图，向他们介绍主题并为接下来的讨论提供背景。

The body paragraphs of an essay should present evidence, examples, and arguments that support the thesis statement. 作文的主体段落应提供支持论文陈述的证据、例子和论证。

Transitions between paragraphs are important for maintaining the flow of the essay and guiding the readers through the logicalprogression of ideas. 段落之间的过渡对于保持作文的流畅性和引导读者沿着逻辑思维的进展是很重要的。

Concluding an essay involves summarizing the main points, restating the thesis, and providing a final thought or reflection on the topic. 结尾结束作文包括总结主要观点、重新陈述论点并对主题提供最终思考或反思。

有写作文的技巧的英文英文：Writing an essay is a skill that requires practice and patience. There are several techniques that can help improve your writing and make your essays more effective. One important technique is to carefully plan and outline your essay before you start writing. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure your essay has a clear and logical structure.Another important technique is to use a variety of vocabulary and sentence structures. This will make your essay more interesting to read and will also show the examiner that you have a good command of the language. For example, instead of using the word "good" repeatedly, you can use synonyms like "excellent," "superb," or "outstanding" to add variety to your writing.It's also important to support your arguments withevidence and examples. This will make your essay more convincing and will show that you have thought carefully about your topic. For instance, if you are writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you can includestatistics about the health benefits of regular physical activity or personal anecdotes about how exercise has improved your own well-being.Additionally, it's crucial to pay attention to grammar and punctuation. A well-written essay should be free from errors and typos. You can use grammar checkers and proofreading tools to help you identify and correct any mistakes in your writing.Finally, it's important to practice writing regularly. The more you write, the better you will become at it. You can also read essays and articles written by others to learn from their writing style and techniques.中文：写作文是一个需要练习和耐心的技能。

⾼级英语第⼀册Unit1课⽂Unit 1: The Middle Eastern BazaarA. Teaching Objectives (Vocabulary/ Paraphrase/ Structure/ Style/ Rhetoric)1. know the background of “Middle Eastern Bazaar”2. grasp the main idea and the theme of this essay3. master the language used in a special way in the essay4. paraphrase the difficult sentences and understand the structure of the text.5. appreciate the description writing and rhetoric skills in advanced level6. conduct a series of discussing, analyzing, presenting activities related to the theme of this essay.B. Teaching PointsI. Background informationII. Introduction to the passageIII. Text analysisIV. Rhetorical devicesV. Special difficultiesVI. Style & Type of Writing:VII. Writing Technique:I. Background Information1. Middle Eastern Countries2. Architecture of Gothic StyleII. Style & Type of writing1. Type of literature: -- a piece of objective description2. The purpose of a piece of objective description: ---to record and reproduce a true picture with opinions and emotions of the author excluded3. Ways of developing a piece of objective description: ---to begin with a brief general picture, divide the object into parts and organize the detailed description in order of spaceStructural analysisPart I. (para.1) (Th e Middle Eastern takes you back …)General atmosphere: ancient & primitive/ harmonious/ lively, active, vigorous, & healthyPart II. (paras 2 - 4) (Then as you … at intervals.)The cloth market: muted/ sepulchral/ Bargaining is the order of the day.Part III: (paras. 5 –7) (One of the most picturesque… lie beside them.)The coppersmith market and other markets: sound and light/ smell/ varied characters/ harmonious Part IV: (paras: 8-9) (Perhaps the most unforgettable…)The mill where linseed oil is extracted: the description of the mill/ Words describing soundIII. Text Analysis (Effective Writing Skills)1. making effective use of specific verbs2. using adjectives accurately3. using five human senses---vivid description of hearing, smelling, seeing, tasting and touching4. using rhetorical devices properlyIV. Rhetorical DevicesV. Special Difficulties1. The comprehension and appreciation of the words describing sound, colour, light, heat, size and smell. (identifying figures of speech)2. The appreciation of the words and expressions used for stress and exaggeration. (translating some paragraphs)3. Some useful expressions such as to make a point of, it is a point of hono ur…, and etc. (paraphrasing some sentences) VI. Writing Technique:1. from Macro to Micro2. words appealing to senses: light & heat, sound & movement, and smell & colour and taste.3. nouns, adjectives and even adverbs used as verbs: thread, round, narrow, price, live, tower and dwarf.4. words imitating sounds: onomatopoeia5. stressful and impressive sentence structures:I . Background information1. What occurs to you when the term Middle East is mentioned?veiled women/ men in robes or turbans/ copper vessels/ carpets (rug, tapestry)/ spices/ Muslins/ The mosque/ The Koran/ Allah/ Desert/ Camels/ Caravansary/ Trade caravan/ Silk Road/ mirage/ Petroleum/ desert, sandstorm, sand dust/ Gulf wars/ Jerusalem (Holy City)…/2. Middle East：A. The area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to North Africa and eastward to IranB. It is the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia, Babylon, EgyptC. It is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and IslamRefer to Note 23. bazaar:an oriental muslin market-place where a variety of goods is sold. The bazaar played an important role in the society, which demonstrated that the handicraft economy was prosperous. People relied on that kind of economy in their daily life. It is a significant contrast to our modern society.eastern: oriental东⽅---- ant. Occidental西⽅4. Gothic: of a style of building in Europe between the 12th and 16th cs., with pointed arches, arched roofs, tall thin pillars, and stained glass windows-- Gothic architecture哥特式建筑-- Gothic novel: characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror and having pseudo-medieval setting哥特式⼩说.-- The first written by Mary Shelley in the 18th c.-- Frankenstein弗兰肯斯坦II．Text Analysis (Language points and examples)1. Singular us e of EYE and EAR indicates one’s power of sight and hearing/ having a due sense of/ be a good judge of. 3) The big poster caught my eye. 4) The view was pleasing to the eye.5) Keep an eye on that man. 6) Turn a blind eye/ a deaf ear to sth/sb.7) She has an ear for music (sensitive).blind in one eye ＝lose an eye / compound eyes/ the naked eye2. extend:1) Cause to cover a wider area; make larger.e.g. The car part has been extended.2) Cause to last longer.e.g. We have been to the embassy to have our visas extended.3) Hold out toward sb.e.g. I nod and extend my hand.-- Extended family: a family which extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, uncles, ants, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.-- Extend: to extend one’s business/ to extend a railway/ to extend a school building/ to extend one’s power and influence into/ to extend one’s visit for a few days more/ to extend sympathy to/ to extend a warm welcome to/ to extend help to the poor/ an extended meandering river/ one’s extended residence in 3. shadowy: full of shadows1) They took a stroll along a long, shadowy, cobbled path, hand in hand.* of uncertain identity or nature2) A shadowy figure appeared through the mist.Shadow: used figuratively3) The shadow of war fell across Europe.4) Only one shadow lay over Sally's life.5) He lived in the shadow of his father.4. glare: strong, fierce, unpleasant light1) The red glare over the burning city could be seen a 100 miles away.2) One can’t keep any privacy in the full glare of publicity.3) The tropic sun glared down on us all the day.*stare angrily or fiercely at:They stood glaring at each other.5. thread one’s way: move carefully or skillfully in and out of obstacles1) She threaded her way through the tables.Make/ penetrate/ elbow/ kick/ wangle/ squeeze/ cut/ eel/ push/ head/ slash/ fight/ feel/ labor/ kneel/ kill 6. throng: a great many people assembled together (cf. crowd)1) There are always throngs of people on Tien An Men Square.2) The department store was thronged with people.3) People thronged to see the new play.(Throng differs from “crowd in that it carries a stronger implication of movement and of pushing and a weaker implication of density.)7. clear away: to remove from (as a space) all that occupies or encumbers, or that impedes or restricts use, passage or action8. conceivable: that can be conceived, imagined, thought of1) people of every conceivable: age, appearance, nationality, occupation, background, temperament; religion, taste, blood type2) buildings of every conceivable: shape, style, building material, height, size, color3) books of every conceivable: theme, style, level, size, color, price, …gardens of every conceivable ...4)（conceive / deceive / perceive / receive）9. penetrate: to enter or force a way into; to pierce.e.g.A smell of burnt branches and leaves penetrated the courtyard.院⼦⾥弥漫着⼀股树枝和树叶烧焦的⽓味。

段落展开法写英文作文英文：Paragraph expansion is a writing technique thatinvolves taking a single sentence and expanding it into afull paragraph. This technique is useful for providing more detail and context to a topic, as well as for improving the flow of a piece of writing.To use paragraph expansion, start with a sentence that introduces a topic or idea. Then, consider what additional information or examples you could provide to support that sentence. This might include statistics, anecdotes, or quotes from experts. As you expand on your initial sentence, be sure to use transitional phrases and sentences toconnect your ideas and create a cohesive paragraph.For example, let's say that my initial sentence is "I love to travel." To expand on this sentence, I mightprovide examples of some of my favorite trips, such as abackpacking trip through Europe or a beach vacation in Hawaii. I might also discuss the benefits of travel, suchas gaining new perspectives and experiencing different cultures.Overall, paragraph expansion is a powerful tool for improving the depth and clarity of your writing. By taking the time to expand on your initial ideas, you can create more engaging and informative pieces that resonate withyour readers.中文：段落展开法是一种写作技巧，它涉及将单个句子扩展成完整的段落。

Writing Technique (分析建议类)1) As is known to all, sth. does bring a lot of benefits to sb. / sth. else.2) First, it can greatly strengthen …, thereby changing … for the better. (正面分析I) 3)Besides, it can make /render sb. /sth. esle better able to …(正面分析II) 4) And best of all, it can help sb. …(正面分析III) 5) But all the above does not mean / follow that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects sth. brings about. 6)If …, as a succession of scientific studies reveals / implies / suggests, there are more chances that … (负面分析I) 7) In addition, the more…, the worse… (负面分析II) 8)And worst of all, … (负面分析III)9)Therefore, a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of sth.10)On the one hand, …(建议I) 11)On the other, …(建议II) 12) In sum, sth. can do sb. / sth. else good or harm, all depending on …(结论句)Requirement:Write a composition (three paragraphs) of no less than 120 words on the following topic starting with the above pattern. Topic: The Effects of Exercise on Our HealthClass:Name: Number:Score:Writing Directions: Write a composition of no less than 120 words with a C ause and Effect structure on the following topic.1. 锻炼确实能给我们带来许多好处。

英语作文写作手法介绍Writing Techniques Introduction。

Writing is a form of art that requires creativity and skill. There are various writing techniques that can be used to enhance the quality of written work. In this essay, I will discuss some of the most common writing techniques and how they can be used to improve your writing.1. Imagery。

Imagery is a writing technique that involves creating a mental picture in the reader's mind. It is achieved by using descriptive language that appeals to the reader's senses. For example, instead of saying "the sun was shining," you could say "the sun was a blazing ball of fire in the sky." This creates a more vivid image in thereader's mind and makes the writing more engaging.2. Metaphors and Similes。

Metaphors and similes are figures of speech that compare two things. Metaphors directly compare two things, while similes use "like" or "as" to make the comparison. For example, "her eyes were diamonds" is a metaphor, while "her eyes sparkled like diamonds" is a simile. These techniques can be used to make writing more interesting and to create a deeper meaning.3. Personification。

写作文运用的说明方法英文回答：Exposition is a writing technique that explains, informs, and presents information about a particular topic. It aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter by presenting facts, evidence, and analysis. The primary purpose of exposition is to educate, clarify, and persuade the audience.There are several types of exposition that serve different purposes. Some of the most common types include:Analytical exposition: Breaks down a complex topicinto its component parts and examines their relationships.Persuasive exposition: Presents a specific argument and provides evidence to support it, aiming to convince the audience of the author's point of view.Descriptive exposition: Provides a detaileddescription of a particular object, person, place, or event, using sensory details and vivid language.Narrative exposition: Incorporates a narrativestructure to explain or illustrate a concept or topic.Compare-and-contrast exposition: Examines the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.When writing exposition, it is important to considerthe following elements:Clarity: The writing should be easy to understand and free from ambiguity.Objectivity: The author should present information accurately and without bias.Support: The author should provide evidence to support their claims and assertions.Organization: The writing should be structured logically and coherently.Exposition is a versatile writing technique that can be used in a wide range of contexts, including academic writing, journalism, and technical writing. It is particularly effective for conveying complex information and persuading the audience of a particular viewpoint.中文回答：说明文是一种写作手法，它解释、告知和呈现有关特定主题的信息。

一Writing Technique of A Rose for Emily •Abstract: The language of this novel is very special. The author uses some figure ofspeech which is rather interesting and amazing. What we should pay more attention is the Writing Technique of this novel, which enables the article more vivid and attractive.1 The Writing Techniques: Skillful Rhetoric, Unique ImaginationThought-Provoking Implication.2 Tone: Conversational, gossipy, Mysterious, Bizarre, strangeGrotesque, Southern Gothic, Conversational, gossipy.3Language style: Long, complicated sentences, big, bookishwords, Lots of description, not muchdialogue.Skillful Rhetoric: At the very beginning, the author describes Miss Emily’s house “only Miss Emily’s house was left, lifting its stubborn and c oquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores”.Naturally, the house is just a common object and has no typical characteristics. However, it is the author that endow Emily’s house with human features by using ―Stubborn‖ and ―coquettish‖.Unique Imagination:―When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows—sort of tragic and serene‖. The author is good at adding some extra feelings subjectively to an irrelevant object, just as the description of Miss Emily’s house.Thought-Provoking Implication: There is also a very interesting description in her funeral. ―The very old men –some in their brushed Confederate uniforms.‖ n fact, Miss Emily represents some brave people who have courage to challenge the feudalism. It is the reason why the author molded her rebel.。