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高考英语介词专题复习

高考英语介词专题复习
高考英语介词专题复习

高考英语介词专题复习

一﹑考点聚焦

1、介词的分类与语法功能

(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。

介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、throughout 等;短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词,如from behind / above / under、until after等。

分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、疑问词加不定式等。

(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。

2、介词搭配

(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。(2)常见“形容词+ 介词”搭配。

(3)“名词+ 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。

(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如:

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day

one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before

(4)till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。

但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。

(5)in、after、later

①in + 一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。

②一段时间+ later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示:“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after + 点时间,用于各种时态。

另外,in + 一段时间+ ’s + time 与within + 一段时间的用法如下:

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态,不超出,在……之内)

(6)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。

(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity用电,by machinery用电器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

③交通工具类

另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法,with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permission)。

(8)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外,(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。

②except除去,除……之外(不再有)。

③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what

从句,此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

④except that … 除了……一点以外。

⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:

A.前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。

B. 后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。

C. but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for … 如不是……

(9)between与among.

(10)表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词,又是连词。

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

(13)介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。

②介词for表示时间的省略要求。

(A)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:I stayed with her all the morning.(B)表示一段时间的短语之前,for可以省略,也可以不省略。如:I have been waiti ng here (for) more than three hours.

(C)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:I haven’t seen you for thir ty years.

(D)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

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