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中英文对照外文翻译汽车变速器设计我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。
因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。
但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。
这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。
汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。
为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。
当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。
所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。
汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。
一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。
三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。
不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。
例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。
当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。
典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。
当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。
典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。
Electromagnetic ClutchThe electromagnetic clutch on the power to control the coil with separation of clutch.Electromagnetic clutch can be divided into: dry-ex monolithic electromagnetic clutch, dry more pieces of electromagnetic clutch, wet multiple electromagnetic clutch, magnetic powder clutch, turn to the difference of the electromagnetic clutch, etc.The electromagnetic clutch working mode and can be divided into: combining and power.Dry monolithic electromagnetic clutch: when a current coil magnetic force and "bit, clutch engagement in the" state, When the bit "power" coil, clutch in separate chips.Dry more pieces of wet multiple pieces, the principle of electromagnetic clutch: should pay an additional several friction torque, the same volume than dry monolithic electromagnetic clutch, wet multiple electromagnetic clutch work must have oil cooling and lubrication.Magnetic powder clutch: in active and follower placed between magnetic powder, no electricity when magnetic powder in loose, magnetic powder, cord with a follower and rotation. Advantages: through adjusting current to adjust torque, allow larger sliding. Faults: large temperature difference on the slide, relatively high pricesTurn bad type electromagnetic clutch: clutch, Lord, there must be a part from the rotation difference have torque transmission. Torque depends on the magnetic field strength and speed. Exciter current remain unchanged, speed and torque increases with severe decline, Torque remain unchanged, exciter current, reduce speed is more serious.Turn bad because of the electromagnetic clutch, driven components without any mechanical connection between, wear, magnetic powder consumption, no leakage, adjust current can change speed variator, make use of the advantages of, this is it. The major disadvantage of clutch rotor of eddy current will generate heat, the heat and speed is proportional to the poor. When the speedof the efficiency is low, the efficiency of the value and the driven shaft speed, which is η = n2 / n1Applicable to transmission system, is running conditions, driven and or separation.A separation between with follower, active in a rotation, follower, Active and follower, active state between mating between follower. BringWidely used in machine tools, packaging, printing, textile, light industry, and office equipment.The electromagnetic clutch commonly used for environmental temperature, humidity - - 50% less than 85%, no danger of medium voltage fluctuation, the coil not over the rated voltage of ± 5%features1. high response: because it is so dry type of torsion, can achieve the convenient quickly.362. good thermal durability strong: and the use of advanced materials, even the use of high frequency and high, also very durable.3. and assembly easy maintenance: belongs to the ball bearings inside the magnetic coil, so don't need static will also need not use rui remove carbon brush, simple to use.4. indeed, use, although have strong plate shell is not loose, shaking durability.Dry electromagnetic clutch when using ban, otherwise will lead to add oil dropped torque. CautionsThe electromagnetic clutch must be cleaned before installed and remove rust and sundry.The electromagnetic clutch can be installed on the coaxial, also can install, axial shaft must be fixed, active part and a follower parts are not permitted to axial shaft kiln, installation, active part and driven shafts coaxial tolerance between parts should be no more than LMM 0.Wet the electromagnetic clutch work, must add the lubricating oil in the friction between lubricating way, by (1) pouring oil lubrication, (2) oil lubrication oil into the bath, the part for about five times the volume of clutch, (3) axis high-speed and supply lubrication, action should adopt high fuel method. AxisTooth type electromagnetic clutch installation, must ensure end tooth have clearance between, no running gear grinding phenomenon, but not more than the delta.Electromagnetic clutch and brake for class B insulation, normal temperature of 40 degrees Celsius. When the temperature of the thermal limits does not allow more than 100 degrees Celsius, or coil and friction parts easy damage.Power and control circuit, the power supply for the clutch is generally dc 24 v (except for special orders. It consists of single-phase ac voltage phase or by antihypertensive and full rectifier voltage wave filter, and no power requirements, more than 1.5 times rated power electromagnetic clutch. Use half wave rectifying power supply must add free-wheeling diode. Install note1. please complete without water, oil etc. Use dry electromagnetic clutch friction parts, if oil stained with water or other substances, can greatly reduce friction torque, clutch sensitivity will become worse, in order to avoid using these situations, please added cover.2. and many places in the dust, please use the shield.3. used to install the clutch long axis size please use JIS0401 H6 or JS6 specifications. The key for installation of shaft B1301-1959. Please use JIS by one.4. considering the factors such as the installation of thermal, please select the axial thrust in 0.2 MM below.5. and when installation, please will attract gap adjusting mechanical for specified minus 20%.6. please make bracket remain lightsome, don't use the clutch bearing heavy pressure.7. and on the screws assembled by using spring-loaded metal, please, and agents to prevent slack.Eight, the use of mechanical side frame maintain at the same time, also use wire as terminal board is connected.Maintenance and maintenance methodIn order to guarantee the electromagnetic clutch uninterrupted operation, must often to its maintenance and maintenance:1. often in the electromagnetic clutch of moving part to add lubricant.2 .and regularly check the length of the trip. Bit Because in the clutch running processes, because the profile of the bit wear, dynamic schedule length will be increased. When the bit stroke length than normal, must be adjusted to restore brake and the minimum clearance between the turntable. If the trip length increases to normal bit above, can greatly reduce the attraction.3.and if change the face of brake wear, should adjust and brake the minimum clearance between the turntable.4. check the bolt fastening degree, especially to tighten bolts electromagnet bolts and shell electromagnet, the yoke, magnetic coil of bolt, solenoid bolts and wiring bolts.5.and regularly check the moving parts of mechanical wear, and remove the dust on the surface of the part and electromagnets flowers and dirt.The basic usage1. connection with sundering: driving parts and the starting position is not installed between clutch, stop, start will be driven in connection with the necessary reaction do the action from cutting.2. each variable on homework: when the situation, this conversion speed, is not closed using clutch driven gears can place.3. positive &negative: load point of positive &negative switching, cooperate with the clutch is used as turning toward the driver.4. High-frequency operation: in the intermittent operation, quick cycle repeated use of motor, OFF the provided ON frequency Co., LTD, therefore, make use of the clutch of rapid response, high precision of braking.5.inches of dynamic mechanical began moving and position in the clutch engagement, only when the instantaneous actuatorDedicated to the single screw compressor machine updated the IntroductionAbstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressorplant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the aboveintroduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressorfor the production of reference works.First, introduce the layout of machine toolsDecide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh sizeand the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and therotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixedMachine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.Advantages: simple structure of the machine.Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotaryProcessing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above- mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the reduction of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobileBox at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangularsliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box splineshaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previousround by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, andthen screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.Φ 95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindleThe level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structureBefore spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structureBefore the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cuttingforce cutting force.Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameterφ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The secondstructure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.Main disadvantage of this structure:The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.Third, the depth of the tool feed controlRequired different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feedIts principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator,when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth ofTool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.It is a tool of control principle hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive anduser-friendly.Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.Four, the control gear drive spaceSingle screw machine screw in the processing, due to the spiral groove in the rotary tool and the workpiece rotation to complete the synthesis process. Just cut into the workpiece when the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going on a greater resistance knife, cutting tool at the workpiece to be cut when the role of the spiral groove, the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going up against a smaller knife and even by the spiral groove thrust workpiece.Because there is a box-hole processing machine tool, gear and other processing error, the tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, large amount of so-called open.Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious marks, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the screw.Upon completion of the assembly machine tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, in fact are subject to various errors gear, creating a backlash of the gear is too large.Machine tools in the mechanical transmission gear are used regardless of the accuracy of a few of the class, the designers take into account the gear manufacturing error, processing error box center distance, temperature, lubricating oil film thickness, the assembly error and other factors, machine design must ensure that transmission gear A certain amount of backlash, backlash decide the size of the gear tooth thickness tolerance size.Single-screw machine has the Main Drive from other machine tool structure specificity. In order to reduce transmission or reasonable gap single-screw machine tools currently used by the following two ways.The first is: the installation at the output shaft brakeTool at the output shaft rotating the location of cylindrical symmetry with radial brake, brake stand up to the tool front-end of the cylindrical rotary output shaft, brake for spring preload.The working principle of the brake is generated by the friction brake to increase the output shaft damping, reducing the sensitivity of the rotation axis.Are: brake and easy does not change the structure of the original machine tool structure, the method of indirect reduction to achieve the purpose of drive space, in practical applications there is a certain effect.One disadvantage: the pre-spring brake tool because of the cylindrical output shaft to exert a greater radial force, in fact increases the load machine torque, resulting in increased motor power at the same time gears, bearings to accelerate wear and tear.Disadvantage 2: pre-spring brake because of the output shaft of the cylindrical tool to exert a greater radial force on the possible geometry of the tool output shaft a negative impact on accuracy.Conclusion: This article describes four areas from existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introduction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the production of reference works.电磁离合器电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected tothe brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylin der to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s com partment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels.At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over ashort period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. Y ou must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is aclearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotatin g disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initialposition, the pull backsprings retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock brakin g systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars hadanti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM,Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly. Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists ofthree high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。
目录第一部分专业外文翻译材料原文 (2)第二部分专业万文翻译材料译文 (8)参考文献 (14)专业外文翻译材料原文Automotive power transmission device between the engine and the wheel drive train car called. It should ensure that the car has a variety of driving conditions necessary for traction, speed, and to ensure coordination between the traction and speed changes and other features that make the car has good power and fuel economy; also ensure the car can reverse, and left and right drive wheels can adapt to the requirements of the differential，And power transmission can be smoothly bonded or completely, the rapid separation as required. Driveline including clutch, transmission, drive shaft, main gear, differential and axle and other parts of the drive train in different ways according to the energy transfer is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic, electric transmission and so on. First, the composition of the transmission systemClutch function: 1, the clutch can gradually combined to ensure a smooth start car engines and automotive drivetrain. 2, the clutch can temporarily cut off the engine and drive train, easy engine starting and transmission shift, in order to guarantee smooth drivetrain shift work. 3, the clutch can limit the transmitted torque, to prevent overloading the driveline.Composition: active part, the driven part, the pressing means, separating means and control mechanism.Universal transmission function:in the car any angle and relative position between a pair of shafts to transmit power between changes often occur shaft.The universal drive axleDrive axle gearing (or transmission)power came through deceleration by twisting, changing the direction of power transmission power by deceleration by twisting, (when the engine is longitudinal) after changing the direction of power transmission, assigned to the left and right wheels, making the car running, and allows the drive wheels to the left and right at different speeds. Drive axle assembly is the last of its drivetrain from the main reducer, differential, axle and axle components.Transmission functions: (1)change the transmission ratio: expanding the scope of variation of torque and speed of the drive wheel to adapt to frequent changes in driving conditions, such as start, acceleration, uphill, so that the engine work in favorable conditions. (2) in the direction of rota0 tion of the engine under the same premise, so the car can travel backwards. (3) the use of neutral, interrupt the power transmission, to allow the engine to start, idling, and to facilitate the transmission shift or power output.Second, the transmission consists of：the speed change transmission mechanism and operating mechanism Most ordinary transmission gear and some planetary gear drive. Ordinary gear shift mechanism for general use gears and clutch slip. How associated gear slip displacement gear and gear points. With triple sliding gear shift, a large axial dimension; with displacement sliding gear transmission, compact structure, but smaller than the gear change. There mesh type clutch and friction points. When using the clutch is engaged, the transmission speed difference should stop or very hour, with a friction clutch for shifting in operation at any speed difference, but small carrying capacity, and can not guarantee strict two-axis synchronization. To overcome this drawback, the engagement clutch friction plate tops to, when the first gear wheel driven by the friction plates to the synchronous speed and then joined. Planetary gear transmission brake control gear available.Third, the structural characteristics of the transmission Automatic transmission automatically selects the gear .and has the following salient features: 1.Good driving performance.2.manipulate simple.3.high traffic safety.4. to reduce emissions. 5. You can extend engine and driveline life. 6.increase productivity. but the automatic transmission drawback is:Its structure is more complicated, but also more difficult to repair. Another automatic transmission transmission efficiency is not high enough, of course, by matching engine optimization, lockup, and other measures to increase the number of gears, thetransmission efficiency can be close to the efficiency of the automatic transmission manual transmission level.Fourth, the transmission Category:1), according to the gear ratio change the way: a stepped, stepless and comprehensive formula①stepped: a step-most widely used transmission, which uses a gear drive, with a number of valuation ratios.a gear train used by different: there is a fixed axis (ordinary gear transmission) and the axis of the rotary transmission (planetary gear transmission) two.b. At present, the transmission drive cars and light and medium trucks than the usual 3 to 5 forward gears and one reverse gear.c. In the heavy-duty vehicles using a modular transmission, the use of more stalls, usually made of a combination of two transmissions.②stepless: stepless transmission ratio within a certain range can be varied by an infinite number of levels.a. Are common type and a hydraulic power (dynamic liquid) two.b. Electricity formula also used in the driveline trend widely used, its variable transmission member for DC series wound motor.c. A hydraulic drive unit is a hydraulic torque converter.③comprehensive type: integrated gearbox is defined by the torque converter and gear-type stepped transmission consisting of hydraulic mechanical transmission. Transmission ratio can be made infinitely variable within a few discontinuities between the maximum and minimum range, the current is widely used.2), by manipulating points: Forced manipulation, automatic and semi-automatic actuated actuated①. Forced actuated transmission shift lever operated directly by the driver, used for most cars.②. Robotic gearbox gear ratio selection (shift) is automatic. The driver simply manipulating the accelerator pedal, you can control the speed.③. Semi-automatic gearbox, there are two forms of manipulationa.Kind of common robotic several stalls, the rest of the stalls operated by the driver;b.The other is a preselected type, i.e., the driver in advance with the button selected gear, when the clutch pedal or the accelerator pedal is released, turned an electromagnetic device or hydraulic device to shift.3), by using the method points: manual transmission (MT), the automatic transmission (AT), manual transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT), double-clutch gearbox and EMT, AMT sequence transmission, etc.Fifth, the transmission worksCar needs transmission, which is by the physical characteristics determined by an automobile engine. First, any engine has a speed limit, speed exceeds this maximum, the engine will explode. Secondly, if read horsepower and its application, you will know when have reached the maximum horsepower and torque, low speed range of the engine. For example, the engine may at 5,500 r / time to produce maximum horsepower. In the vehicle acceleration or deceleration, so that the presence of the transmission gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels can be changed. By changing the gear ratio, the engine speed can be maintained below the speed limit, and the engine rotation speed zone close to optimum performance. Ideally, the range of the transmission gear ratio change is very large, and thus the engine always operates in the best performance of a single speed. This is a continuously variable transmission (CVT) of the CVT gear ratio range of the concept is virtually no limit. Past, CVT will not work with a four-speed and five-speed transmission contend in cost, size and reliability, so they are not visible in production cars. Currently, the improvement of the design of CVT has been so popular. Toyota Prius is a hybrid car using CVT.A transmission connected to the engine through a clutch. Thus, the same transmission input shaft speed and the engine.Six, synchronizerSince the transmission input shaft and the output shaft to the respective speed of rotation, there will be a "synchronous" change gear problems. Two rotation speed is not the same gear meshing force is bound to happen impact collision damage gear. Therefore, the transmission shift to adopt the old "feet clutch" approach, upshift stay a while in the neutral position, the downshift to refuel door in the neutral position, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is more complex and difficult to grasp accurate. So the designers to create a "synchronizer", by synchronizing allows gear to be engaging to a consistent speed and smooth engagement. There are pressure-type synchronizer, inertial and other types of self-energizing type. Currently on all synchronous transmission inertia synchronizer is used, which is mainly composed of clutch, synchronization lock ring and other components, it is characterized by relying on friction to achieve synchronization. Clutches, synchronized to be joined on the lock ring and ring gears are chamfered (locking angle), the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outer ring gear to be engaged in contact friction cone. Locking cone angle have been made in the design of appropriate choice, conical friction makes meshing gear sets to be quickly synchronized with the ring, but will produce a locking action to prevent the gear meshing before synchronization. When the inner cone synchronization lock ring and outside the ring gear to be engaged cone contact, the role of friction torque gear speed quickly reduce (or increase) to synchronous speed lock ring is equal to both synchronous rotation, gear relative to the genlock loop speed is zero, and thus the moment of inertia also disappeared, then under the force of the push, the clutch unimpeded synchronization lock ring engagement ring, and further engagement with the ring gear to be engaged and to complete shifting process. Transmission and synchronizers implementations from different manufacturers in different ways, but the basic principle is the same. Acting synchronizer is in contact with the canines before, so that the collar and the gear friction contact occurs. Thus, before the canine bonding, you can make the collar and the gear speed to achieve synchronization, as shown: blue cone axis gear engagement ring cone friction between the cone and the collar of the shaft ring and gear synchronization. Slide along the outer collar, so that theengagement gear canines. Automatic transmission fluid coupling function why no increase in torque effect: fluid coupling, only the pump and turbine, turbine oil without changing the flow direction of the guide wheel. When working pump oil to pass turbine wheel, and then through the turbine wheel return pump, oil pump through the turbine wheel return changed the direction of rotation, the flow direction and the opposite direction of rotation of the pump impeller. Engine crankshaft while being rotated, the need to overcome the resistance from the reverse of the turbine oil. Engine power has been weakened. Therefore, only the coupling fluid coupling condition, and never have increased torque conditions.When the car started and low speed high torque is required, and fluid couplings can not meet this need. So early production car with hydraulic coupling has started slow, slow-speed zone speed obvious shortcomings.In order to meet the needs of the car started and needs more torque at low speeds, and Hyundai have all switched to the torque converter. When the torque converter pump wheel fast moving, turbine load and driving resistance by the slower speed limit, between the pump and turbine produces a speed difference. This speed difference exists in the entire variable torque area. This speed difference on the formation of residual energy. That is, since the number of pump rotation is faster than the number of revolutions of the turbine, so that the oil pump to the turbine in turn drives the turbine in addition to, but also the remaining part of the energy, which is the residual energy. The difference between the number of revolutions of the pump impeller and the turbine, the greater the greater the residual energy. This residual fluid coupling in energy become an obstacle to the resistance of crankshaft rotation, and finally converted to heat, wasted. Torque converter is different, the speed difference between the pump and turbine is larger, the better residual energy only when the pump is higher than the number of vortex rotation revolutions to produce residual energy in order to increase the torque. Turbine braking (when the stall point and the starting point) of its maximum torque ratio. Fluid from the pump to turn a turbine, and then by changing the direction of the guide wheel and then return to the pump wheel, between the pump and turbine oil circulation formation. Only the presence of oil in circulation,in order to produce the torque conditions. With the increase in the number of revolutions of the turbine, the torque of the linear decline. After a critical point, the same number of turbines and rotary pumps, oil pump drive rotation of the turbine wheel in addition to, but has no residual energy, oil flow angle is changed to a minimum point, turbine oil returned toward the guide wheel on the back. Because of the one-way clutch is only responsible for the lock, turn left, turn right and not lock, so when the oil shocks on the back of the guide wheel is fixed on the one-way clutches, guide wheels began to rotate, the guide wheel starts spinning the moment is called the critical point . Prior to the critical point after coupling conditions for variable torque conditions, the critical point. Torque converter torque ratio increases with the turbo speed decreases, and decreases the number of revolutions of the turbine increases. I.e., with the running resistance torque increases, according to the running resistance of the automatic stepless variable torque in the low speed region. Torque converter transmission efficiency is increased with the number of revolutions of the turbine increases: only when the pump and turbine speed is close, will have a coupling conditions. Coupling conditions only in the car at high speed only, no coupling conditions at low speeds. As a guide wheel torque-device remains stationary while the torque conditions, the coupling conditions began to rotate. If the guide wheel rotating at the moment when they condition, it shows that the occurrence of a one-way clutch slip faults. When the guide wheel coupling conditions must be rotated, so when you do not spin, there is a one-way clutch catching fault occurred. The automatic transmission has been able to achieve automatic shift work because the driver depresses the throttle position or engine intake manifold vacuum and the traveling speed of the car can command the automatic shift system working, automatic shifting system, the control valves different working conditions will control the transmission gear mechanism and the brake is separated and combined with the release of the brake clutch, and changing the power transmission path of the transmission gear mechanism, transmission gear to achieve transformation.A conventional hydraulic automatic transmission according to changes in traveling speed of the car and the throttle opening degree, the automatic transmissiongear. Its shift control is mechanically converted vehicle speed and the throttle opening signal to control the oil pressure and the oil pressure is applied to both ends of the shift valve, to control the position of the shift valve, thereby changing the shifting actuator elements (clutches and brakes) of the oil. Thus, the work of hydraulic oil into the corresponding actuator, the clutch combination or separation, or release the brake, the control of the planetary gear transmission upshift or downshift to achieve automatic transmission.Electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission is added an electronic control system based on Automatic Transmission formed. It does this by monitoring the operating state sensor and switch and automobile engine, the driver's instructions to accept, and the obtained information into an electric signal is input to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit based on these signals, the shift control valve via the solenoid valve of the hydraulic control apparatus to open or close access shift clutch and brake oil passage, thereby controlling the gear shift timing and transformation, in order to achieve automatic transmission .Torque converter utilizing flow of the liquid, the torque from the engine is transmitted to the rear planetary gear mechanism is increased, at the same time, the hydraulic control apparatus according to the travel required (throttle opening, vehicle speed) to manipulate the planetary gear system to obtain the corresponding The gear ratio and rotational direction, to achieve upshifts, downshifts, forward or backward. The above process, the torque is increased, the throttle opening degree and the vehicle speed signal to the hydraulic control means to manipulate, and change the direction of rotation than the planetary gear transmission mechanism, are performed automatically inside the transmission, the driver does not need to operate, namely, automatic shift (shift). Electronically controlled automatic transmission system: Many modern vehicles equipped with electronically controlled automatic shifting device, can more effectively control the transmission shift, to enhance driving performance, fuel consumption saving effect.专业万文翻译材料译文汽车发动机与驱动轮之间的动力传递装置称为汽车的传动系。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。
附 录A双离合器变速箱(Dual Clutch Transmission ，以下简称DCT)是当前发展最迅速的新型变速箱，它以传统手动变速箱为基础加入双离合器和电控组件，获得优异的性能表现和良好的燃油经济性。
已经成为继可变气门正时、可变气门升程、涡轮增压和缸内直喷之后的又一个技术亮点。
简单说来DCT 是两个传统手动变速箱的集合体(分别为奇数和偶数挡)，拥有两个离合器，两根输入轴，但仅有一根输出轴。
离合器的分离与接合，以及挡位切换都在电脑的掌控下通过液压机构进行控制，因此也能提供手动换挡模式。
动力传递效率高(意味着油耗低)、挡位切换迅速和成本低于传统自动变速箱是双离合器变速箱的三大优势，因此得到越来越广泛的应用。
双离合器变速箱由法国人Adolphe K égresse 在二战前发明，计划用于配备充满传奇色彩的雪铁龙Traction ，但当时的市场状况并不适合商业应用。
双离合器变速箱在等待了半个世纪后才开始配备民用车。
上世纪80年代初，保时捷自行研发了全球首台双离合器变速箱，利用电控系统将双离合器变速箱的结构变得足够紧凑，称为Doppelkupplungsgetriebe(德语，简称PDK)。
首款PDK 双离合器变速箱抢先配备956和962勒芒赛车，以及奥迪Sport Quattro S1拉力赛车，并获得不俗战绩。
并获得不俗战绩。
但赛场与市场毕竟存在不小的距离，但赛场与市场毕竟存在不小的距离，但赛场与市场毕竟存在不小的距离，双离合器又花费了双离合器又花费了二十年降低成本和提升耐用度才成功实现商用。
大众于2002年为高尔夫R32(第四代高尔夫，PQ34平台，2003款)配备DSG(Direct-Shift Gearbox)双离合器变速箱，这是双离合器变速箱首次配备量产车。
这是双离合器变速箱首次配备量产车。
与传统自动变速箱相比，与传统自动变速箱相比，与传统自动变速箱相比，大众的这台大众的这台DSG 省去了液力变矩器和行星齿轮组，取而代之的是湿式双离合器和简单的斜齿轮。
外文资料翻译Automobile ClutchNowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later. The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth. Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks. Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance.As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly. The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission. Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation. The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise.In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch. It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car. It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active. The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair. It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc. Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof. Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch. Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon.Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models.Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect. Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort. The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load.As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise.Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool 1,increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch. In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch. Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip. But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others.In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch. Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss. Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects. Now this technology is not perfect.The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine’s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves .Thus , the two parts held together . However , back – and – forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .汽车离合器现今所用的盘式离合器的先驱是多片盘式离合器，它是直到1925年以后才出现的。
TRANSMISSIONManual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referredto as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, twoinput shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose.The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly withclutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The firstshaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaftgear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmissionshaft, through to drive to gear reducer.Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaftgear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also controldevice, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio,the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can acceptpower transmission.Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of theirgear rotating, transform an "synchronization problem". Two rotating speeddifferent meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet clutch" method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Thereforedesigners to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will makethe meshing gears reach speed and smooth.Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc,it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization.Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface ofgear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid producesa locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapiddecrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spunconcurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process.functional (1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for tractionengine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the differentdemands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reachedon 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistanceWhen When carrying carrying carrying uphill, uphill, uphill, driving driving driving resistance resistance resistance was was was great. great. great. And And And the thecharacteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range. (2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction,and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverseto realize the car drive backward.(3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power ofthe drive wheels.(4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat.constituteBy continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control twoparts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of theoperation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize thetransformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle,Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of geartransmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of differenttransmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is alsoshifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gearpair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work.Classification,1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three.(a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axisof rotation.b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic typeetc.(c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission andstepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change.2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds.(a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers.(b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear.(c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into twokinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory)shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedalor accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance1 transmission gears maintenanceTransmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear toothsurface by bluntThe impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are:(1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the directionTooth thickness shouldof the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer,not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced.due to fail togear clearance is mainly(2) gear teeth,broken toothmeet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load.If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiuafter-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs,should smile.(3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50.(4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neckwith clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed.2 the overhaul. Transmission shellGearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are:(1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replacedor 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair.(2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screwhole threads connecting bolts damage and between shellThreaded hole, can take damage with screw repair.3 transmission shaft of maintenanceTransmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsionalmoment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are:(1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not onlyoffset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noisetransmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearingdamage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwisethan 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome.side of thein stress and more seriouswear JianChi wear(2) JianChispline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more thanusd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neckkeyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft.(3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft withmaintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair.4 synchronizer overhaulA. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock hornscone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation ofrapid synchronous, and not be change in time. B. B. locking locking locking pin pin pin type type type inertial inertial inertial synchronizer: synchronizer: synchronizer: locking locking locking pin pin pin type type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced.If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced.变速器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT MT。
