PhD research proposal
xxxxxxx, spring 2012
E-mail:xxxxxxxxxxx@https://www.doczj.com/doc/f913924003.html,
土压力计算研究
Overview
随着城市的发展，地下工程建设项目的数量和规模迅速增大，如高层建筑物基坑，大型管道的深沟槽以及由于地铁工程线路的越来越多、地铁换乘引起的基坑的深度越来越深。而且，城市建设的发展，带动地下空间的发展。目前各类用途的地下空间已经或正在世界各大中城市得到开发利用或在规划之中，如地下停车库、地下街道、地下商城、地下医院、地下仓库、地下民防工事以及多种地下民用和工业设施等。这些地下空间的建设也使得深基坑工程的规模和深度不断加大。然而，目前对土压力还缺乏足够的认识，但土压力问题又是设计中最关键的参数之一。如何正确计算土压力，具有理论研究意义，又有实用价值。
Introduction
经典土压力理论Coulomb 土压力理论(1776)和Rankine 土压力理论(1857) 因其计算简单和力学概念明确,自建立以来一直为工程设计所采用。上述两种理论都基于以下假定: (1) 挡土结构视为刚性体; ( 2) 土体是理想刚塑性体; ( 3) 服从Mohr -Coulomb 准则。依照经典土压力理论,得到的是极限平衡状态下的土压力值,土压力为直线分布。然而,经典土压力理论存在着两个明显的弱点:一是要求土体变形达到极限状态的临界条件:二是经典土压力理论没有考虑挡墙的变位方式对土压力的影响。国内外大量学者通过试验研究和理论分析对经典土压力理论进行不断修改和完善,形成更加符合实际的土压力计算方法。目前,土压力计算方法研究主要分为两大类:试验研究和理论研究。
试验研究方面分为刚性挡土墙和柔性挡土墙两方面研究；理论研究方面则在有限元法、土拱效应、强度指标与应力路径和时间、位移非线性影响等方面进行了研究。
The Problem
1、对刚性挡墙而言,不同的变位方式、墙面的摩擦特性,以及墙后填土的变形与强度特性都对挡土结构所受侧压力的分布规律、大小和作用点产生影响,这是经典土压力理论无法考虑的。
2、广泛应用于深基坑支护的连续墙、钻孔灌注桩、挖孔桩等属于一种轻型的挡土结构，在荷载作用下，其工作状态一般为弹性嵌固。它有别于刚性墙的特点是，由于撑锚系统及入土段土体的约束，在墙后土体的压力作用下，墙体产生挠曲变形，引起土压力的重新分布。同时，这一变形值要求控制在一定的范围内，以避免基坑周边设施受到破坏．因而一般不能
达到主动土压力的变形范围值。所以按传统的设计方法计算的土压力，与支护结构实际受力偏差较大。
3、在基坑工程中,原状土的应力路径、土与土中水的相互作用,使得作用于围护结构上的土压力与经典的土压力具有很大的差别。
以上问题只是土压力计算诸多问题中比较有代表性的。
Research Plan
1、首先，是准备阶段。这个阶段包括对国际上有关土压力计算研究的学习和了解。这个段段对我以后的研究至关重要。前期的学习、了解将决定着我对土压力计算的具体研究方向。
2、接下来我将进入分析阶段。通过分析来确定我在土压力计算的国际研究的位置和状态，并以此来确定研究的方法和手段。
3、我计划在以下几方面来对土压力计算进行研究：
(1) 完善数学模型。大量的试验和研究表明土压力同墙的位移、变位模式、时间、应力路径、土体非线性、蠕变和强度等多种因素有关。要重点研究如何在数学模型中反映上述影响因素,并实现施工过程的动态模拟。
(2) 开展全面系统的模型试验研究。由于土体性质及施工过程的复杂性,从理论上完全反映它们对土压力的影响,并建立相应的计算关系非常困难。因此,模型试验的研究就显得非常必要。模型试验不仅要模拟相似材料,而且要模拟施工方法及过程。
(3) 有限元模拟。有限单元法的突出优点是适于处理非线性、非均质和复杂边界问题。今后的研究重点应放在接触面的模拟研究,同时结合数学模型和模型试验考虑影响因素进行互补性研究。
(4) 多积累现场的量测数据。要对主要影响因素有针对性地进行深入探讨,去粗取精,去伪存真。在条件许可的情况下,要多做现场测试,以利于进行比较分析。
准留学生们在动手写个人陈述（Personal Statement）的时候往往摸不着头脑，不知如何下手，其实留学个人陈述只要在写之前理清思路和重点，就能下笔如有神助哦。专门提供留学资讯的Hotcourses中国小编就以一篇留学个人陈述范文为例，为大家解析一下留学个人陈述模板的框架和语言风格。 留学个人陈述模板的开头部分 留学个人陈述在开头需要直奔主题，因为外国老师不喜欢绕来绕去的措辞，最好在开始就表现出积极的态度，以及表明自己为什么想要学这个专业，同时也不要忘记了阐述自己的独特之处。当然，因为这个是开始，所以要以简单明了为主。 以下就是英文的模板例文： I graduated from xxx university with a degree in xxx (subject). I would like to apply xxx at youruniversity. With my great passion in the area, I hope to become an expert in xxxx industry. Iunderstand that xxxx university is famous for xxxx, it has established a great r eputation in thexxx industry with lots of graduates from becoming leaders in the field. I want to become one ofthem, and therefore, I am very interested and keen to be involve d in your university… 译文：我是某某大学某某专业毕业的学生，想申请贵校的某某专业。我对某某专业很感兴趣，希望将来能成为这个行业的专家。我知道贵校的这个专业十分出名，在业界有很高的声誉，也培养了很多此行业的精英。我想成为此行列中的一员，所以我很想成为贵校的一份子，在该专业领域深造。 分析：这个开头的语言简练，并以第一人称为主，能让招生老师一目了然。留学生们切记，开头段不要写太长太复杂的句子，因为长难句不仅会显得啰嗦，还会让人失去阅读兴趣。 留学个人陈述模板的主体部分 需要开始阐述留学生的学术背景，如果有工作经验的话，需要描述一下工作背景如何和此专业相关 英文模板例文如下： My preparation for your programme has been expansive and thorough. First, I have a sol idbackground in xxx and xxx. Second, during my undergraduate years, I joined a club cal led xxxwith the focus on xxx. Our projects dealt with xxx, and other xxx. My work outsid e the campus,in job placements through xxx university, granted me excellent opportuniti es for real-worldexperience. While exploring the possibility of graduate-level work, I discovered that my interests are perfectlymatched with your programme. My interest in xxx, especially, was piqued during my xxx class.The aspects of the xxx fascinated me and made me long to supervise a lar ge project in this fieldone day. Although I realise my current limitations, my whole-hearte d enthusiasm, combined withguidance from your exceptional faculty, will carry me throug h the rigors of studying and forge meinto an expert xxx after the one/two year master co
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谢谢你的观看美国留学教育学专业的个人陈述英文模板 【- 专业资讯】 下面是我们搜集的几篇美国教育学专业的推荐信英文范文，希望对大家的美国留学申请推荐信写作有所帮助，我们提供的推荐信英文模板仅供参考，请大家不要照搬。 范文一： It is my conviction that the meaning of life does not dwell in the length of time that one can live or the material abundance that one can acquire, but in the richness and the wonderfulness of life itself. With the increase of my age, many things in my life have changed. But one thing remains constant, that is, I will consistently insist on doing what I like to do and hope that my endeavors can be valuable to the life of others. I see this as the only way whereby I can realize the value of my life. My undergraduate study focused on economics and I achieved remarkable scholastic performance in this field. My GPA is 谢谢你的观看
Personal Statement for Human Resource Management In this age of information, economic globalization is subjecting the entire world to an irresistible, all-encompassing and profound transformation. Any single nation has the likelihood to exceed the boundaries of its domestic market, and its natural and human resources to realize an optimum allocation of resources on the international level. By now, a pattern of multinational competition has developed and China’s accession into the WTO has provided it with a rare opportunity to integrate into the international mainstream economies and to realize its immense development potential. But at the same time China is bound to an important obligation—its solemn promise to abide by all the rules and regulations of trade as agreed upon by all the WTO member countries. Under such circumstances, it is necessary for China to open its market according to prevalent international conventions and practices and bring its mode of economic operation and management, along with relevant laws and regulations, into an international framework until absolute conformity is achieved. Against such a larger background, the physical and geographical concept of the nationality of an enterprise has been virtually eliminated. The intensification of international competition is bound to create resource allocation on a global scale. How to implement cross-population and trans-cultural management system and comprehensively elevate international competitiveness is a challenging subject that enterprises in developing countries like China have to face. It is precisely based on this recognition that I, now on the verge of completing my undergraduate program, plans to pursue a master’s program in management whereby I may study and research on how international economy operates and how multinational companies apply their effective management. My four-year undergraduate program in Broadcast and Television Journalism at the Department of Journalism and Information Communication of XX University of Science and Technology has enabled me to acquire an open mentality, acute insights and rich practical experience. I have been the top student of my class, not only because of my consistent No. 1 ranking in terms of academic performance but also because of my role as major organizer of a number of extracurricular activities related to journalistic practices. As vice head of our university’s TV station, I produced a great number of special feature programs. I interned at a local newspaper office and at XX Provincial TV Station, winning a provincial-level award for my journalistic reporting. I was the assistant producer of a special show about XX Province in a serial program
留学申请个人陈述范文 留学申请个人陈述范文 个人陈述样本一： 个人陈述 申请人：********* 申请学校及专业：************* 尊敬的学校领导，您好，我很高兴能写这样一篇文章向您描述我的个人背景，以及对贵校和想 学专业的一些见解。 我叫*******，是一个活泼开朗、热情大方的女孩，我做事积极上进，有责任心，适应能力很强。我是一个即将毕业的大四学生，大学四年让我学到了许多专业的知识，马上要毕业了，我不打算工作，也没有选择考研，而是非常希望去贵校继续学习，因为我对时尚买手与产品管理这个专业有着浓厚的兴趣。我出生在中国北方的一个沿海城市，父母一起经营着一家广告公司，在他们的努力下，我从小到大一直过着衣食无忧的生活。因为工作的关系，我的父母很注重穿衣打扮，这对我也有着潜移默化的影响，平时我很喜欢看各种时尚杂志，逛商场，买服装、饰品，对时尚产业有着非比寻常的热爱。所以，我想在大学毕业以后去贵校求学，学习时尚和管理的知识，成为一个真正 懂时尚，并且可是在时尚领域工作的人。 上中学的时候我就知道，意大利是欧洲文艺复兴的发源地，在艺术、时尚、宗教、料理、电影、建筑、经济及音乐等方面具有重要的影响力，现在的意大利走在时尚最前沿的国家，拥有无数顶尖的时尚品牌，在悠久的历史文化的衬托下，散发着无穷的魅力，去意大利求学是我一直以来的梦想。意大利优秀的学校很多，最吸引我的就是贵校--Polimoda。我了解到，Polimoda时尚学院是全世界最为著名的时尚专业院校之一，有着优厚的师资力量，是国际时尚奢侈品业备受推崇的专业院校，坐落在国际时尚创意设计与奢侈品管理教育之都、世界历史文化名城意大利佛罗伦萨，在实习
英国留学申请之英语专业个人陈述(PS)范文 English Personal Statement I have a few strong passions in life; Indie music, Chelsea FC and literature. Since there are no university courses for the former two my decision concerning what to study at university is a simple one. ' The only people for me are the mad ones, the ones mad to live' was once said by Jack Kerouac in his work On The Road; the opportunity to experience living while studying amongst some of the finest literary minds in the country is overwhelmingly exciting for me. Ifeel that for too long I have been confined to my suburban prison where my talent for English Literature is being wasted amongst the desolate, uninspiring confines of Mid Bedfordshire. Moreover, sidestepping the risk of sounding arrogant, I have been told I possess a flair for the subject and my grades would certainly suggest so. The subjects I took for my AS levels were English Literature, History, Government and Politics and Communication Studies. For my A levels I decided to stop taking Communication Studies as I deemed it was best to focus on three subjects. Nevertheless, I believe that all three of these subjects have contributed more understanding to my knowledge of English Literature. History，for example, has aided my ability to pick out key points within text and also contextualise any written work I may be asked to study. Government and Politics has taught me many political philosophies that are evident in literary works, for example in Year 12 we studied the play Translations which is littered with Nationalist and Imperialist viewpoints. Communications Studies revealed to me a whole new dictionary of ideologies I wasn't previously aware of. Another benefit of taking these subjects is that they are all examined by both coursework and timed exams. This means that through hours of practice and familiarisation I have refined my exam techniques.
留学申请材料详解个人陈述格式规范要求 个人陈述，Personal Statement，也就是留学申请中常常提及的PS，这份文章多为学生自由发挥，多数学校不会给予具体细致的要求。而一篇格式标准规范的个人陈述，不仅会令审阅者心情愉悦，也间接反映出了申请人的文化素养。因此，点课台教育为同学们总结了个人陈述中出现的各种格式规范。 标题 通常来说，个人陈述的标题可以直接用Personal Statement 或者Statement of Purpose，请把标题写在正文之前或者做在页眉页脚里面。因为PS通常属于学校要求提交的文书类型之一，如果另取题目可能对审阅者造成不便，所以一般建议同学们不要铤而走险、因小失大；大多数美国教授也相对也比较喜欢规范化和标准化的格式。 页眉与页脚 个人陈述中可以添加页眉和页脚，你可以写下你的姓名，申请学校或申请专业等等信息，比如：University of XXX , Personal Statement。但要注意，内容要精简，主要目的在于便于查阅；招生审阅者的工作量我们是可想而知的，如果格式的标准、一目了然就会给他们留下不错的印象。 正文布局 根据英文写作的习惯，个人陈述的正文一般顶格写，选择两端对齐的排版方式，这种排版方式比较适合于英文文字作品。另外一种左对齐方式也比较常见，也是可以接受的。段落与段落之间可以适量增加段前段后行距，便于查看。 字体及间距 用Microsoft Word编写比较方便，正文可以使用Times New Roman或者Arial 的十二号字体，单倍行距。当然，必须留心个别学校个别院系可能会有比较细致的要求，如果在申请要求中有具体要求，一定要按照申请学校的要求设置。 字数 一般来说，学校对个人陈述的字数要求控制在1,000字以内，一般800-900字之间为宜。就差不多是两页的样子。不过有些学校会对留学文书有明确的字数要求，这时你就要做出相应调整，特别是在要求的字数比较少时，即使不能全部细致表达，也要有取有舍，将字数控制在要求之内。 行数
法国留学个人陈述范文 一起来看看法国留学个人陈述范文。 个人陈述样本一： 个人陈述 申请人：********* 申请学校及专业：************* 尊敬的学校领导，您好，我很高兴能写这样一篇文章向您描述我的个人背景，以及对贵校和想学专业的一些见解。 我叫*******，是一个活泼开朗、热情大方的女孩，我做事积极上进，有责任心，适应能力很强。我是一个即将毕业的大四学生，大学四年让我学到了许多专业的知识，马上要毕业了，我不打算工作，也没有选择考研，而是非常希望去贵校继续学习，因为我对时尚买手与产品管理这个专业有着浓厚的兴趣。我出生在中国北方的一个沿海城市，父母一起经营着一家广告公司，在他们的努力下，我从小到大一直过着衣食无忧的生活。因为工作的关系，我的父母很注重穿衣打扮，这对我也有着潜移默化的影响，平时我很喜欢看各种时尚杂志，逛商场，买服装、饰品，对时尚产业有着非比寻常的热爱。所以，我想在大学毕业以后去贵校求学，学习时尚和管理的知识，成为一个真正懂时尚，并且可是在时尚领域工作的人。
上中学的时候我就知道，意大利是欧洲文艺复兴的发源地，在艺术、时尚、宗教、料理、电影、建筑、经济及音乐等方面具有重要的影响力，现在的意大利走在时尚最前沿的国家，拥有无数顶尖的时尚品牌，在悠久的历史文化的衬托下，散发着无穷的魅力，去意大利求学是我一直以来的梦想。意大利优秀的学校很多，最吸引我的就是贵校--Polimoda。我了解到，Polimoda时尚学院是全世界最为著名的时尚专业院校之一，有着优厚的师资力量，是国际时尚奢侈品业备受推崇的专业院校，坐落在国际时尚创意设计与奢侈品管理教育之都、世界历史文化名城意大利佛罗伦萨 ，在实习和就业方面都有着巨大的优势，如果能在这样一所优秀的学校学习，会是我一生都为之自豪的事情。 时尚买手与产品管理是我一直以来都非常想上的一个专业。我认为，一个好的时尚买手，需要非常高的时尚敏感度，眼光要非常好，具有优秀的判断力和服装品位，必须是既理性又具有创造力，熟知服装的面料、流行，服装的设计要点、加工工艺及流程、周期 ，了解消费者以及市场，同时对报表、财务也非常熟知，懂得如何平衡成本和预算。我相信通过学习时尚买手与产品管理这个专业我能够拥有这些能力，我热爱这个专业。 我想在我完成课程，有了专业知识和实习经验以后，回到我的祖国，因为中国消费人口多，专业人才稀少，时尚业相对来说落后，
出国留学文书写作：个人陈述(PS)的写作方法 自述，即Personal Statement，是所有出国文件中最重要的部分，它是申请者最主要的自我包装。申请的过程就是要把自己倾销给评审者的过程。你的任务是让这一文件反映你的个性和才智。写自述即使对以英语为母语的北美、英联邦国家学生也是颇费心力的事情。对中国申请者来说，用英语写作本来就是困难的事，更何况自述是为了表现和包装自己，有违我们的文化习俗，所以写起来往往倍感吃力。中国申请者往往没有面谈的机会，因而这份文件愈发显得重要。 需要忠告所有的申请者：必须捉住机会，充分且恰如其分地表现你的人格魅力、聪明和已取得的成就。制作自述要花大量的精力，决不能草率从事。你已经花费了多年的心血，完成了大学甚至是研究生的学习，你也可能又在随后的工作岗位上积累了宝贵的经验，现在又通过艰苦卓尽的努力成功地考过了IELTS、TOEFL和GRE。然而，你的任务并没有结束。你必须静下心来，有条不紊地处理多种文件，这其中自述是重中之重。 怎样真正地把此项工作当作重中之重呢?并不是让你赶紧往买一本所谓范例然后照着抄，而是要借此机会严厉、认真和全面地审阅自己的才能、潜能以及出国留学的目的。这种对自己的能力、向往和追求的透彻了解是写作自述的基础。根据笔者在国外求学、工作的经验，可以这么说，在写好自述这件事上，中国留学生可以说是遇上了一个深层次而且是重大的文化差异。其中所谓“深层次”就是说这个差异不是西方人喝咖啡中国人喝茶、西方人称“Darling”而中国人称“孩子他妈”那样简单。 国外很多“雇主”和大学的录取评审者非常重视求职者、求学者对自身
是否了解以及对自己的前途和目标是否明确。在他们的文化中，这样的自我了解被视为是人的素质中很重要的一部分。同时，他们也十分重视对此作出个性化表达的能力。我并不是要讨论文化题目，而是力求以最短的篇幅给申请人以最大的实用指导。切记不要把写作自述一事当作官样文章而草率应付。国外教育机构的官僚主义经常愈甚于我国，但要求写自述，的确不是官样文章，而是给申请者一次表现自己的机会。请各位申请人切记，这样的表现一定要富有个性。 怎样判定自述是否反映了个性呢?最简单的办法就是看第二个人是否能写出一样的或是差未几的内容。真正富有个性的自我先容是不可能与其他人的自我先容雷同的。尽管有很多人有着看上往类似的求学、求职经历，但是每个人对学习、工作、事业和他人的感受应该是独特的。即使两个人所有的学习和工作经历都相同，也都计划往同一个领域深造，但是引发他们对该学科感爱好的外部事物和内心感受也必定是有区别的。所以，在我们谈到写作自述其他留意事项之前，首先要求申请者要独具创意。在写作时认真而全面地审阅自己的方法就是默默地自问如下题目： 1. 对所要申请的学校和专业是否有了深进、细致的了解;能否做到在写自述时紧扣学校和专业的要求及特点，突出自己的申请上风? 2. 我的人生经历中有什么独特的、非同平常的地方?在我的家庭生活和社会生活中有哪些人或事件影响了我的人生观和事业追求?这些影响有什么与众不同的地方? 3. 我最初是如何对目前所选专业感爱好的?我在其后的岁月中又是如何加深了对这一学科领域的熟悉的?我在这一领域已经取得了什么样的成绩?是什么因素使我相信自己能够在这一领域有所建树?
英国留学个人陈述范文(英文） 个人陈述(PS)是国内学生申请英国大学研究生必须要提交的申请材料之一。个人陈述也是申请者对自己的评述，如个人能力、性格、爱好等。个人陈述的好坏有时和申请成功紧密相关。 那么如何出一篇好的个人陈述呢?首先大家要反思自己的学习经历;确立文章的主题，写作也要有自己的特色。同学们可以多参看写优秀的个人陈述范文，结合自己的实际情况才能写出好的PS. 由于商科类申请的同学偏多，小编特地为大家分享一篇商科类的个人陈述，希望大家可以从中找到灵感。 As a child I often accompanied my father to his small coin shop and spent hours watching him work. When I was older, I sometimes set up displays, waited on customers, and even balanced the books. This experience instilled in me the desire to own and manage my own business someday, yet I understand that the business world today is more complex. This complexity requires more education, and with that in mind, I am applying to the Master’s of Business Administr ation program at Indiana University Bloomington (IUB). 通过一个故事开头，讲述自己为何对business感兴趣。 In addition to my helping out in my father’s business, I have had numerous other work experiences that further enhance my qualifications for this program. My resume enumerates the various positions I have held at Kerasotes Theaters, Chili’s restaurants, and Indiana University’s new Student Recreational Sports Center (SRSC), and what all of these positions have in common is an emphasis on serving the public effectively. Further, as an assistant manager at the Showplace 11 and a staff coordinator at the SRSC, I have gained valuable expertise in managing employees and creating work schedules. Both of these positions have allowed me to develop my sales and people skills, which are extremely important in an increasingly service-driven marketplace. 讲述自己的相关经历。但是感觉在谈及经历时候不够具体，应该说明具体做了什么事情，从中得到什么经验或者教训。
,,, 出国留学申请个人陈述英文模板,,,,,,,,,,,Personal Statement , Born in Beijing, China’s political capital, cultural center and economic hub, and nurtured in a well-cultured family and an empowering community, I have developed a meaningful outlook on lie. I identify myself with such values that one gives meaning to life when one lives to give. Success stories of my parents , relatives and friends along their career-path have entrenched my belief in being independent and confident as a contributing memeber of the community. As I look back on early days of my schooling , I am just as grateful to my working parents for having sent me to one of the best boarding schools in Beijing where I received quality primary education and learned to appreciate independence. As I recall , being independent was probably the biggest asset I gained as a teenager with the absence of parental guardianship for most of those 6 years. After I upgraded to secondary school, I offered to go to school by bike. Though hesitant at first, my parents gave their well-thought-out consent to the 15-km ride average Chinese parents would simply veto in the first place given the “one-child policy”and subsequent “little emperors”pampered by parents and grandparents. Thankfully, that day-to-day routine bike trip,rain or sunshine,tempered my strong character. I have been holding myself to highest standards, academically and physically from primary school days