分词ing型和ed型在英语中的用法及含义
现在分词ing型具有动词的特征以及形容词或副词的功能，可以作表语、定语、状语或在复合结构中作宾补。现在分词ing型具有主动意义。而过去分词ed型说明主语情感心理上的感受，往往具有被动的意义。
1、现在分词ing型作表语：
表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词具有主动意义，表示主语的特征，能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。例如：
a. The situation is encouraging. 形势很使人鼓舞。
She is greatly encouraged. 她深受鼓舞。
b. The food smells inviting. 这个才真诱人。
I don’t feel invited to enter such an ugly building. 我没有欲望进这么难看的建筑。
最常这样用的分词有：
amazing / amazed，astonishing / astonished，surprising / surprised，encouraging / encouraged，confusing / confused，disappointing / disappointed，exciting / excited，interesting / interested，puzzling / puzzled，shocking / shocked，worrying / worried，tiring / tired，satisfying / satisfied
2、现在分词ing型作定语
1）上述表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词可以作前置定语，仍然表示它所修饰的名词的特征，能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。它们与对应的过去分词作定语的区别同上。
He told us the disappointing news. 他告诉我们那令人失望的消息。
The amusing story set the amused audience laughed all the time. 令人捧腹的故事令感到好笑的观众大笑不止。
2）不及物动词的现在分词ing型作定语表示正在进行的动作。例如：
boiling water沸水developing country发展中国家moving train行驶中的火车3）注意现在分词和动名词作定语时的区别
一般来说，现在分词表示所修饰的名词的动作，两者在逻辑上是主谓关系；而动名词主要说明所修饰名词的性质、用途等。例如：
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 熟睡的男孩
a sleeping car = a car which is used for sleeping 卧铺车厢
a flying bird = a bird which is flying 飞鸟
a flying school = a school for training pilots 飞行学校
4）现在分词ing型还常构成合成词来作定语，如：
fine-looking building 漂亮的房子easy-going man 容易相处的人
far-reaching effects 深远的影响earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的变化
5）现在分词ing型作定语往往相当于一个定语从句，表示的时间通常有两种：
a. 表示正在进行的动作（变为从句时需用进行时态）：
Tell the children playing（= who are playing）there not to make so much noise.
Did you see the man talking（= who is talking）to Mr. Wang?
b. 表示经常性动作或当前的状态（变为从句时用一般时态）：
They lived in a room facing（=that faced）south.
The house standing（= that stands）at the corner of the street was built in 1995.
3、现在分词ing型状语
1）现在分词ing型可以作伴随状语，作用相当于and连接的并列句。例如：
Sally was lying in bed crying.
2）现在分词可以作时间状语，作用相当于一个时间状语从句。例如：
Hearing（= When they heard）the news, they all jumped with joy.
Walking（=When he walked）out of the room, he found the boy still there.
如果分词表示持续性动作，前面还可以带有when或while。例如：
Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.
3）现在分词ing型可以作原因状语，作用相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：
Being poor（As we were poor）, we couldn’t afford the expensive furniture.
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
4）现在分词ing型可以作条件状语，作用相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
Staying（=If you stay）here for some time, you’ll find the people here are friendly.
5）现在分词ing型可以作方式状语，通常在动词stand，go，come，sit等之后。例如：He stood leaning against the wall. 他站着靠在墙上。
She came running to the station. 她跑着来到车站。
6）现在分词ing型可以作结果状语，表示一种顺其自然的结果。例如：
The storm left, causing great damage and deaths.
4、现在分词ing型作宾补
现在分词作宾补常用于下列情况：
1）用于与感觉有关的及物动词，如see，notice，watch，observe，hear，listen to，look at，smell，feel，find等。转化为现在分词ing型时表示上宾语的状态或正在进的动
作。
I saw her coming down the street.
Do you smell soothing burning?
2）用于表示“使役”的动词如keep，get，leave，make，have等，表示主语使宾语一直处于某种状态中。例如：
The police had a hard time keeping the traffic moving.
Can you get the clock going again?
Who has left the machine running all night?
4）用于介词with的复合结构中，表示正在发生或发生了的动作，体现主动概念。例如：She fell asleep with the light burning.
A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.
With the boy leading the way, we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路）
Teaching plan for Unit 5 Learning about Language (Revising the ~ing form) Introduction In this period students will first be guided to review some basic knowledge about –ing . After that they may be given materials to learn about the –ing form. Finally they shall take a quiz to consolidate their knowledge. Objectives 1.To help students learn about the –ing form 2.To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions 3.To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures Procedures Step 1. Warming up by asking questions 1 what is –ing? 2 what’s the function of –ing? 3 what is the meaning of –ing ? what’s the difference between –ing,to do and –ed? Step 2. Learning about grammar 动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语，表示的是主动与进行，其构成形式如下， 一：-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing 1.–ing短语的一般式和完成式 Eg (talk) and_____(laugh), the students went into the classroom. , he couldn’t afford to buy a house. (poor) 2–ing短语的完成式(having + 过去分词)作状语,表示在句中谓语之前发生的动作和
-ED分词 一. –ed分词作前置修饰语 1.来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语 来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动意义和完成意义；而能作上述用法的–ing分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。试比较： frozen food a freezing wind a bored traveler a boring journey a lost cause a losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the last finishing touch the spoken word a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine a closed shop the closing hour written language writing paper 有些-ed分词通常不能单独用作前置修饰语，但若加前缀un-或者为副词所修饰而构成“副词+ -ed分词”的复合形容词以后，便可作前置修饰语，例： uninvited guests badly- built house untold sufferings far-fetched reasons unheard-of stories newly-born children
2.来自不及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语 来自不及物动词的-ed分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这种用法的仅限于retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown这几个词，这些前置修饰语仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义，例： a retired worker = a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped the risen sun = the sun that has just risen 某些来自不及物动词的-ed分词，单独一个词不可以作前置修饰语（如不可说“a behaved boy, a traveled businessman”）,但若与某些副词构成复合形容词，便可作前置修饰语，例：well-behaved children = children who behave well a widely-traveled businessman = one who has traveled widely 二. –ed分词作补语 能用作补语的-ed分词也大都来自及物动词。凡是已经形容词化了的-ed分词，大都可以既作名词修饰语又作主语补语或宾语补语，例： The door remains locked.
i n g分词做状语的句子-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
ing分词做状语的句子 ing分词做状语的句子现在分词作伴随状语 例句1：smoking a cigarette , he entered the meeting hall. 他抽着烟，走进了会议厅。 例句2：i gazed into the dark sky thinking about where i would belong. 凝望着漆黑的夜空，我心里思索着路在何方。 注释：现在分词作伴随状语，表示非谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作或状态而发生的。 现在分词作条件状语 例句1：throwing yourself into your study, you will find it pleasant and productive. 如果你投入到你的学习中去，你会发现学习即愉悦又有收获。 例句2：speaking in english everyday, you will hander this language step by step. 每天都用英语说话，你会一步一步掌握这门语言。 注释：现在分词作条件状语时相当于一个if引导的条件状 语从句。比如例句1也可以写成：if you throw yourself into your study, you will find it pleasant and productive.
现在分词作时间状语 例句1：seeing the actors singing and dancing, the little baby did likewise. 当看到演员们载歌载舞的时候，小宝宝也学者手舞足蹈。 注释：相当于when he saw the actors singing and dancing, the little baby did likewise. 例句2：having finished reading passage one, we then moved on to the second passage. 完成第一章之后，我们进而进入第二章。 注释：相当于after we finished passage one, we then moved on to the second passage. 现在分词作让步状语 例句1：being a kid, he has much knowledge about love affairs. 虽然是个孩子，他知道很多关于爱情的事。 例句2：having learned english for years, he still can't speak freely. 虽然学了很多年英语，但是他还是不能自由交谈。 注释：例句1和例句2都可以变换成though引导的让步状 语从句。比如例句1也可以写成though he is a kid, he has much knowledge about love affairs. 现在分词作原因状语 例句1：being sleepy, the boy couldn't focus on his study.
动词-ed分词的用法 一、基本概念 1.分词的定义 1.动词的-ed 分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2.过去分词的语法作用：过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词（相当于被动语），在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 1）过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如： Don't touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的（它是被打坏的）。He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2）过去分词做定语：单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。 如：The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 （excited people 被激动了的人） We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。（被资质认证过的老师，或经过资质认证的老师。）过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如： Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗? The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如： The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。 3）过去分词做状语： -ed 分词和-ing 分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 ①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when 或while 来强调时 间概念。如： Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市
英语语法-ing分词的用法 ing分词的用法 1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式完成式 主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
一，现在进行时 Ⅰ现在进行时的用法表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作 Ⅱ现在进行时时间状语及标志性词 now 现在look 看（后面有明显的“！”） listen 听（后面有明显的“！”） Ⅲ现在分词的构成 ①一般在动词结尾处加ing go—going look--looking ②以不发音字母e结尾的动词，去e加ing。write—writing ③以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个字母，再加ing. get—getting run—running ( swim, run, put, get, sit, begin) Ⅳ现在进行时的构成 肯定句: 主语+ am/is/are+ doing +其他+时状. Eg: He is doing his homework now. 否定句：主语+am/is/are +not+ doing+其他+时状. Eg: He is not doing his homework now. 一般疑问句：Am/Is/Are +主语+ doing+其他+时状？ Eg: Is he doing his homework now? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+am/is/are Eg Yes, he is. 否定回答：No, 主语+am not/isn’t/aren’t Eg: No, he isn’t. 二，一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,通常与过去的时间状语连用: yesterday ,last week(month,year), in 1990 （1）系动词be的过去时: am(is) →was, are →were 陈述句：He was at home yesterday. 否定句：He wasn’t at home yesterday. 疑问句：Was he at home yesterday? Yes ,he was./No ,he wasn’t. （2）行为动词的一般过去时: 陈述句：主语+动词过去式+其它 I go to the movie. →I went to the movie. 否定句：主语+助动词didn’t+动词原形+其 I don’t go to school today. →I didn’t go to school. 一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+其它 Do you have breakfast? →Did you have breakfast? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t. Yes, I did. /No, I didn’t. （3）规则动词的过去式变化规则变化规则例词 一般在词尾加—ed. play→played 以不发音的e结尾的，只加--d. like →liked love →loved 以辅音字母+y 结尾的，变y为i ,再加—ed. study →studied carry →carried 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed stop →stopped plan →planned
现在分词 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home
高中英语现在分词的用法 1）- ing分词（短语）作主语： 1. 动词-ing 形式作主语表示抽象的或泛指的动作, 谓语动词用单数。如： 1. Talking to him is talking to a wall. 对他说话等于对牛弹琴。 2. Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。 3. Walking is my only exercise. 散步是我唯一的运动。 4. Talking mends no holes. （谚）空谈无济于事。 5. Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 1. 为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 常见的作表语的名词或短语有：no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time 等。如： It is worthwhile discussing with her. It 's no good waiting here. Let 's go home. It was a waste of time reading that book. 2. 动词-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not。如： Your schoolmate 's not coming home made her parents worried. 2）-ing 分词（短语）作宾语： 1. I suggest ending the meeting. 我建议结束会议。 2. He admitted taking the money. 他承认钱是他拿的 3. I couldn ' t help laughing.
中文分词实验 一、实验目的： 目的：了解并掌握基于匹配的分词方法，以及分词效果的评价方法。 实验要求： 1、从互联网上查找并构建不低于10万词的词典，构建词典的存储结构； 2、选择实现一种机械分词方法（双向最大匹配、双向最小匹配、正向减字最大匹配法等）。 3、在不低于1000个文本文件，每个文件大于1000字的文档中进行中文分词测试，记录并分析所选分词算法的准确率、分词速度。 预期效果： 1、平均准确率达到85%以上 二、实验方案： 1.实验平台 系统：win10 软件平台：spyder 语言：python 2.算法选择 选择正向减字最大匹配法，参照《搜索引擎-原理、技术与系统》教材第62页的描述，使用python语言在spyder软件环境下完成代码的编辑。 算法流程图：
Figure 错误！未指定顺序。. 正向减字最大匹配算法流程
Figure 错误！未指定顺序。. 切词算法流程算法伪代码描述：
3.实验步骤 1)在网上查找语料和词典文本文件； 2)思考并编写代码构建词典存储结构； 3)编写代码将语料分割为1500个文本文件，每个文件的字数大于1000字； 4)编写分词代码； 5)思考并编写代码将语料标注为可计算准确率的文本； 6)对测试集和分词结果集进行合并； 7)对分词结果进行统计，计算准确率，召回率及F值（正确率和召回率的 调和平均值）； 8)思考总结，分析结论。 4.实验实施 我进行了两轮实验，第一轮实验效果比较差，于是仔细思考了原因，进行了第二轮实验，修改参数，代码，重新分词以及计算准确率，效果一下子提升了很多。 实验过程：
-ing分词用法归纳 1. -ing分词概述 -ing分词的基本形式是由动词加-ing 构成，与动词的现在分词形式一致。 -ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式；一般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表： 2. -ing分词的意义 (1) -ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如： He used to stand there thinking. 他过去常站在那儿思考。 They held activities celebrating their culture. 他们举行活动来庆祝他们的文化。 (2) -ing分词若在suggest, insist等动词后或作结果状语时，表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后； He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。 He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。 Her mother went away alone, leaving her crying there. 她母亲一个人走了，让她一个人在那儿哭。 (3) -ing分词若在forget, regret, remember等动词后或作时间状语时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如： Can you still remember living there? 你还能记得在那里的生活情况吗？ I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管他对我们不友好，我对帮助他还是不后悔。 (4) -ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。如： I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。 (5) -ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如： Keeping on doing morning exercises is a good habit. 坚持做早操是一种好的习惯。 (6) -ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如： Not having received her answer, he decided to write to her again. 由于没有收到她的回信，他决定再给她写封信。 (7) -ing分词的主动形式，表明逻辑主语所动作的发出者；过去分词表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如： Seeing from the top of the mountain, you will find the town very beautiful. 你从山顶上看，就会发现这座城市很美。 Seen from the top of the mountain, the town looks beautiful. 从山顶上看去，这座城市看起来很美。 (8) -ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如： Not knowing what to do, he went to ask the teacher for help. 由于不知道该怎么做，他去请求老师的帮助。 Not having made it clear, he went to ask the teacher about it again. 由于他没有弄明白，他又去向老师询问这件事。 3. -ing分词的句法功能
初中英语现在分词用法总结 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ① It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ② It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③ It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④ There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/
意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤ There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/ 无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥ There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦ There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有：
高中现在分词用法练 时间：20150529 一 1. (make) full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。 (= After we have made full preparations...) 2. (be) ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 (= Because he was ill...) 3.His father died, (leave) him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱. (= and left him a lot of money.) 4.He lay on the grass, (stare)at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。 (= ...and stared at the sky for a long time) 5. (work) hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。 (=If you work hard at your lessons.) 6. (know)all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 (= Although they knew all this.)Rewrite the following sentences. 7. When he approached Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. ________________ Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. 8. The person who is translating the songs can speak seven languages. The person _________ ___ ______can speak seven languages. 9. Because he comes from Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question. _______ _____ Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question. 10. She sat at the desk and did her homework. She sat at the desk ______ ____ __________. 11. The picture that hangs on the wall is a world-famous one. The picture _______ on the wall is a world-famous one. 12. Because he di dn’t receive an answer, he decided to write another letter to him. ____ ____________ an answer, he decided to write another letter to him. 13. When he sees the mountain, he always thinks of his hometown. _______ the mountain, he always thinks of his hometown.
实验一、中文分词 一、实验内容 用正向最大匹配法对文档进行中文分词，其中： （1）wordlist.txt 词表文件 （2）pku_test.txt 未经过分词的文档文件 （3）pku_test_gold.txt 经过分词的文档文件 二、实验所采用的开发平台及语言工具 Visual C++ 6.0 三、实验的核心思想和算法描述 本实验的核心思想为正向最大匹配法，其算法描述如下 假设句子： ， 某一词 ，m 为词典 中最长词的字数。 (1) 令 i=0，当前指针 pi 指向输入字串的初始位置，执行下面的操作： (2) 计算当前指针 pi 到字串末端的字数（即未被切分字串的长度）n ，如果n=1， 转(4)，结束算法。否则，令 m=词典中最长单词的字数，如果n （2）原代码如下 // Dictionary.h #include -ED分词 -ED分词 -ED分词（-ED Participle）即传统语法所指的“过去分词”（Past Participle）, 是非限定动词之一。 -ED分词有两种形式：规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词＋-ED 构成；不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上，它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING 分词相同，可以作表语，定语，状语，也可以用在复合结构中，不管它作什么成分，其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。 一、-ED分词与-ING分词的区别 虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ED分词表示被动的意义而-ING分词则表示主动的意义；-ED分词表示已经完成和被动的动作而-ING分词则表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，在表现形式上，-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING 分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。 1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态 The book is quite interesting. I am interested in the book very much. The play is more exciting than any I have ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted. 2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 1) Having been served lunch，_________ . ［A］the problem was discussed by the members of the committee ［B］the committee members discussed the problem ［C］it was discussed by the committee members the problem ［D］a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee (B) 2) _______for her anthropological(人类学的) research，Margaret Mead also was involved with(涉及) the World Federation for Mental Health. [A] She is noted primarily [B] Noted primarily [C] Primarily is noted [D] She primarily noted (B) 3) Considered one of the leading poets in America today，___________ . ［A］a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez ［B］Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays ［C］a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written ［D］there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez (B) 3. 作定语时，①-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前； 一、现在分词：在句中可以做表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。 二、现在分词的基本用法 1. 作表语：表主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing。 2. 作定语： (1). 表示主动的、进行的状态：The girl wearing blue skirt is my sister. = The girl who is wearing blue skirt is my sister. （比较：The factory being built now is a big one.） (2). 说明被修饰词的性质和特征：This is an interesting story. (3). 相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开：Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. (4). 与adv. / n. 构成复合词作定语：This is an English-speaking country. 3. 作状语：表示主动的、进行的状态，其逻辑主语是句中的主语。(如果不是，需在v.-ing 形式前加名词或代词作逻辑主语: Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.) (1). 原因状语：Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. (2). 时间状语：Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. (3). 条件状语：Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. (4). 让步状语：Weighing almost two hundred kilograms, the stone was moved by him alone. (5). 结果状语：He died, leaving nothing but debts. (6). 伴随状语：He sat by the desk, begging. 注意：The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine. 由此可知伴随状语的特点：①主语所做的另一动作或②与谓语动作(状态)同时发生或③对谓语进行补充说明。(7). 方式状语：Following their teacher, the students entered the room quietly. 4. 作宾补：表示主动的、进行的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的“主表”或“主谓”关系：We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) / I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) 三、现在分词的两个基本特点 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行：a developing country, boiling water, rising sun (比较: a developed country, boiled water, risen sun) 2. 在语态上表示主动：the ruling class 统治阶级，the exploiting class 剥削阶级(比较：the ruled class 被统治阶级，the exploited class 被剥削阶级) 四、独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。其本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 A lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. （原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. （条件） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. （伴随） An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. （结果） The meeting over, they all went home. （时间） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. （结果） The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （伴随） Another story to be completed, the writer stayed up almost every night. （目的）英语 -ED分词 的用法
现在分词用法讲解
相关主题
文本预览