现代网络团购的营销策略研究英文文献
The technical basis of network marketing
Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet.
[Edit] the theoretical basis for the network marketing
Theoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory.
(A) Direct Response Network Marketing Theory
Internet marketing as an effective direct marketing strategy, network marketing that can be tested and measurable and can be evaluated and controlled. Therefore, the characteristics of the use of network marketing, you can greatly improve the efficiency of marketing and marketing decision-making effectiveness of the implementation.
Direct marketing theory is the 20th century, one of the 80's the concept of eye-catching. Direct Marketing Association of the United States for its definition is: "a place to produce any measurable response and (or) use the Stock Exchange reached one or more advertising media marketing system interaction." Directly Marketing the key to the theory that network marketing is that it can be tested, measurable, can be evaluated, which a fundamental solution to evaluate the effect of the traditional difficulties in marketing and marketing for more scientific decision-making possible.
(B) the network theory of relationship marketing
Relationship Marketing is a great importance since 1990 by the marketing theory, which mainly includes two basic points: First of all, in the macro level will be recognized that the scope of marketing a wide range of areas, including customer market, the labor market, the supply market , the internal market, the market stakeholders, as well as the affected market (government, financial markets); at the micro level, recognizing that the relationship between business and customers are constantly changing, the core of marketing should be a simple one-time past transactions to a focus on maintaining relations up long-term relationships. Socio-economic system, enterprises are a major subsystem, corporate marketing objectives by many external factors to the impact of marketing activities of enterprises is a consumers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, government agencies and social organizations the process of interaction, the correct understanding of the relationship between the individual and the organization is the core of marketing is also key to business success or failure.
The core of relationship marketing is to keep customers, to provide customers with a high degree of satisfaction with the value of products and services, by strengthening the links with customers to provide effective customer service, to maintain long-term relationship with customers. And long-term customer relations based on the marketing activities to achieve the marketing objectives of companies. The implementation of relationship marketing is not to damage the cost of business interests, according to research, for marketing a new customer costs five times the cost of the old customers, so to strengthen relations with customers and build customer loyalty can bring long-term enterprise interests, it is to promote a win-win strategy for businesses and customers. The Internet as an effective two-way channels of communication between businesses and customers can achieve low-cost communication and exchange costs, which companies build long-term relationships with customers to provide effective protection. This is because, first of all, enterprises can use the Internet to receive customer orders directly, customers can make their own personalized needs. Enterprises in accordance with customer demand for personalized use of flexible production technology to meet the customer needs to maximize customers in the consumer products and services to create more value. Enterprise customers can also understand the market demand, market segments and target markets, minimize marketing costs and increase the reaction rate on the market. Secondly, the use of the Internet companies to provide customers with better services and keep in touch with customers. Internet time and space constraints are not the characteristics of the convenience of our customers to maximize communication with the enterprise, customers can make use of the Internet in the shortest possible time in an easy way to access business services. At the same time, trading via the Internet to the entire enterprise can be achieved from the product quality, quality of service, such as transaction services to the entire process of quality control.
On the other hand, enterprises can also be via the Internet with business-related companies and organizations build relationships and achieve win-win development. Internet as a channel of communication between the cheapest, it can help lower costs in the supply of business-to-business yet, distributors such as the establishment of collaborative partnerships. Cases such as in front of the computer company Lenovo, through the establishment of e-business systems and management information systems with the distributors of information sharing, reduce inventory costs and transaction costs, and close cooperation between the two sides. Relating to the application of network theory will be the strategy behind the marketing services network in detail.
(C) The network of soft marketing theory
Marketing theory is soft against the industrial economy to the era of mass production for the main features of the "strong sales" of the new theory, the theory suggests that when customers buy products not only meet the basic physiological needs, but also to meet the mental and psychological level demand. Therefore, the soft marketing is one of the main characteristics of the follow netiquette, etiquette on the network through the use of clever marketing to obtain desired results. It emphasizes the marketing activities of enterprises at the same time the need to respect the feelings of consumers and the body read, so that consumers will be able to comfortably take the initiative to receive the marketing activities of enterprises. Traditional marketing activities can best embody the characteristics of a strong marketing promotions are two: the traditional advertising and marketing staff. In traditional advertising, consumers are often forced to passive reception of advertising messages, "bombing", and its goal is to impart information through continuous means the hearts of consumers impressed, as to whether the consumer was not willing to accept the need for need not be taken into account; marketing personnel, the marketing staff does not consider the object is willing to sell and needs, but according to the marketing staff to determine their own marketing activities carried out forcibly.
On the Internet, because information exchange is a free, equal, open and interactive, to stress that mutual respect and communication, on-line users pay more attention to the protection and privacy of personal experience. Therefore, using the traditional means of marketing a strong start in the Internet marketing activities are bound to backfire, such as the American company AOL has forced their users to send E-mail advertising, the results lead to the unanimous opposition of users, many users agreed to AOL at the same time the company server E-mail to retaliate, with the result that AOL's E-mail mail server in a paralyzed state, and finally had to apologize to quell public indignation. Network marketing is just soft from the consumer's
experience and needs and take pull-type strategy to attract consumers concerned about the marketing effectiveness of enterprises to achieve. Network on the Internet to carry out marketing activities, in particular promotional activities must follow certain rules of network formation of virtual communities, some also known as "netiquette (Netiquette)". Network marketing is soft netiquette rules to follow based on the clever use of marketing to achieve a subtle effect. Marketing theory on network application software in the network marketing sales strategy specific details.
(D) Network Integrated Marketing
In the current post-industrial society, the tertiary industry in the development of the service sector is the major economic growth point, the traditional manufacturing-based to being service-oriented development, new service industries such as finance, communications, transportation and other industries the sun at high noon. Post-industrial society requires the development of enterprises must be based on service-oriented, it is necessary to customers as the center, to provide customers with timely and appropriate manner, as appropriate services, the maximum extent possible to meet customer demand. Internet time and space as a cross-transmission of "superconductive" media, can provide timely customer service is located at the same time interactivity of the Internet can understand customer needs and provide targeted response, so the Internet era can be said to be the most consumers an attractive marketing tool.
Network of integrated marketing theory include the following key points:
Network marketing requires, first of all the consumers into the entire marketing process to the needs of their entire marketing process from the beginning.
Network marketing distribution system for the enterprise as well as stakeholders to be more closely together.
Corporate interests and the interests of customers to integrate together.
Internet on the role of marketing, you can through the 4Ps (product / service, pricing, distribution, promotion) play an important role in binding. The use of the Internet traditional 4Ps marketing mix can be better with the customer as the center of the 4Cs (customer, cost, convenience, communication) to combine.
1. Products and services to customers as the center
As the Internet has a very good interaction and guiding the user through the Internet under the guidance of the enterprise to choose the product or service or specific requirements of enterprise customers to choose based on the timely production and requirements and provide timely service, making Customer inter-temporal and spatial requirements are met by the products and services; On the other hand, enterprises can also keep abreast of customer needs and customer requirements in accordance with the timely production and marketing organizations to provide the production efficiency and marketing effectiveness. Such as the United States PC sales company Dell Inc., or a loss in 1995, but in 1996, their sales via the Internet to computers, the performance of 100 percent growth, due to customers via the Internet, you can design in the company's home page to choose and combination of computers, the company's production department immediately upon request, production, and sent through the postal service company, so companies can achieve zero inventory production, especially in the sharp decline in prices of computer components of the era, inventory will not only reduce the inventory costs can be avoided also because of losses brought about by high-priced stock.
2. Customer acceptable cost pricing
The cost of traditional production-based pricing in the market-oriented marketing is to be discarded. The price of new customers should be based on acceptable cost pricing, and based on the cost to organize the production and marketing. Customer-centric enterprise pricing, customers must be the determination of market demand and the price accepted standards, otherwise the cost to the customer to accept the pricing is a castle in the air. Business on the Internet can be very easy to implement, the customer can be made via the Internet acceptable cost, the cost of business in accordance with customers to provide flexible product design and production program for the user to choose until after the customer agrees to confirm the production and marketing organizations, all All these are clients of the server program in the company under the guidance and does not require specialized services and, therefore, extremely low cost. At present, the United States, General Motors Corp. to allow customers on the Internet through the company's own guidance system of the design and assembly of motor vehicles to meet their needs, users first determine the criteria for acceptable price, and then according to the price limit system to meet the requirements of style show vehicle, the user can also be used for appropriate changes, the company producing the final product just to meet the customer requirements of price and performance.
3. Products to facilitate the distribution of customer-oriented
Network marketing is one-to-one distribution channels, cross-selling of space-time, customers can order anytime, anywhere using the Internet and purchase products. Iron and steel manufacturers in France still a Luolin Zinox for example, the company was founded in 8 years ago, because of the introduction of e-mail and the world order system, so that processing time from 15 days to 24 hours. At present, the company is using the Internet to provide better than the opponent and more efficient services. The company's internal network and vehicle manufacturers to establish contact so that they could demand the other party promptly after the production of steel to each other online.
4. Repressively turn promotions to strengthen communication and contacts with customers
Is the promotion of traditional enterprises, through certain media or tools of oppression customers to strengthen the company's customers and product acceptance and loyalty, customers are passive and accept the lack of communication with customers and contacts at the same time The high cost of the company's sales. Internet marketing is a one-on-one and interactive, and customers can participate in the company's marketing activities in the past, so the Internet can strengthen communication with customers and contacts and a better understanding of customer needs, attracted more customers agree . The U.S. company Yahoo's new star (Yahoo!) Company to develop a network in Internet information retrieval tools for classification, as the products are highly interactive, the user can think it is important for their classification information to Yahoo Yahoo The company immediately joined the classification of information products for the use of other users, so no need for advertising their products on well known, and in a short span of two years the company's stock market value of billions of dollars, an increase of as much as several hundred times.
[Edit] The main method of Internet Marketing
Commonly used methods of network marketing system
(1): Search Engine Marketing
(2): Email marketing permission
(3): Online Advertising
(4): Web resource cooperation
(5): Viral marketing
(6): a membership-based network marketing
Common method for classification of network marketing:
Are there businesses in accordance with sub-sites:
No site online marketing
Web-based network marketing business
To carry out Internet marketing does not necessarily have to have their own web site, in the absence of site conditions, enterprises in the network to carry out effective marketing. Free web site marketing mainly depends on the network marketing and e-mail marketing virtual community.
Web-based network marketing is the subject of network marketing, it's main problem is the web site planning, construction, maintenance people, as well as with other marketing to promote the integration of methods. If the type of e-commerce website, web-based network marketing will be involved in product, price, and other traditional marketing channels and marketing a range of issues to consider.
译文：
网络营销的技术依据
网络营销是基于技术基础设施的计算机网络技术、信息技术为代表。计算机网络的现代通信技术和计算机技术相结合的产物,它在不同的地区专业计算机设备外部连接的通讯线路放到一个大,强大的网络,从而使大量的电脑可以很容易地相互传递信息,共享硬件、软件、数据和其他资源。和网络营销密切相关,对计算机网络有三种类型:上网、内扩网和联网。
网络营销的理论依据，网络营销的理论基础是直接营销网络理论、关系营销网络理论、市场营销理论和网络软件整合营销理论。
(A)直接反应网络营销理论
网络营销作为一种有效的直接营销策略,网络营销可以测试，测量，评估及控制。因此,网络营销的特点是你可以大大提高效率的销售和营销决策实施的有效性。
直接营销理论20th世纪80年代是一个引人注目的概念。直销协会的美国的定义是:“一个地方产生任何可衡量的反应和使用证券交易所达成一个或多个广告媒体营销体系的相互作用。“直接营销的关键。该理论认为,网络营销,它可以被测试,可衡量的,可以评估的基本解决方案,效果评价传统的市场营销及销售困难更科学的决策可能”。
(B)关系营销网络理论
关系营销是一个伟大的重要性自1990年以来,由市场营销理论,主要包括两个基本点:首先,在宏观水平将会认识到市场的范围广泛的领域,包括消费者市场,劳动力市场,供应市场,国内市场,市场利益相关者,以及影响市场(政府,金融市
场);在微观层面,认识到商业和客户之间的关系都在不断发生变化,市场营销应该的核心是一个简单的一次性过去的交易变成关心起长期保持关系的关系。社会经济系统、企业是一个主要的子系统,公司的营销目标许多外界因素的影响,是我国企业营销活动的消费者、竞争者、供应商、分销商、国家机关、社会团体的互动过程中,正确认识两者之间的关系是个体和组织的核心,也是关键营销业务的成功或失败的原因。
关系营销的核心是保持客户,为客户提供了高满意度和价值的产品和服务,加强与客户的联系提供了有效的客户服务,与客户保持长期关系。和长期的客户关系基于营销活动来达到市场目标公司。关系营销的实施不是损害成本的商业利益,根据研究、为销售一个新顾客的成本费用5倍的老客户,加强与客户的关系,建立顾客忠诚度能带来长期的企业利益,是为企业和客户促进双赢的战略。互联网作为一种有效的双向沟通渠道之间的业务利益,根据研究、为销售一个新顾客的成本费用高于5倍的老客户,加强与客户的关系,建立顾客忠诚度能带来长期的企业利益, 是为企业和客户促进双赢的战略。互联网作为一种有效的双向沟通渠道企业之间可以实现低成本和客户交流及费用,公司与客户建立长远关系提供了有效的保护。这是因为,首先,企业可以利用互联网直接收到客户订单,客户可以使自己的个性化需求。企业根据客户的需求,提供个性化的使用灵活的生产技术,以满足客户需要最大化顾客在消费产品及服务,创造更多的价值。企业的顾客也可以了解市场需求,市场细分和目标市场,降低营销成本, 在市场上提高反应速率。其次,利用互联网公司向客户提供更好的服务,保持与客户的联系。上网时间、空间限制的特点客户的不便,以最大限度企业之间通信,客户可以利用互联网的优势,在最短的时间在一个简单的方法来访问的业务服务。与此同时,
贸易通过国际互联网将公司的整个企业就可以实现从产品的品质,优质的服务,如交易服务的全过程质量控制。
另一方面,企业也可以通过互联网与工作有关的公司和组织与建立关系,实现双赢发展。互联网是一个便宜的沟通渠道,它能帮助降低成本提供业务,经销商等建立合作伙伴关系。案件在前面的计算机公司联想,通过建立电子商务系统和管理信息系统信息共享的销售商,降低库存成本和交易成本,和精诚合作的两个方面。关于应用网络理论将后面的营销服务网络策略进行详细的介绍。
(C)网络的软营销理论
营销理论对工业经济是柔软时代的大规模生产为主要特征的“强大的销售”的新理论,理论表明,当顾客购买的产品不仅满足基本生理需要,而且能够满足精神和心理层面的需求。因此,软营销是最重要的特点之一的遵循网络礼仪,礼节在网络上通过使用聪明的营销来获得期望的结果。着重阐述了企业营销活动的同时需要尊重消费者的情感和身体,让消费者能够舒舒服服地主动接受营销活动的企业。最能体现传统营销活动的特点是一个强大的市场推广，传统的广告和营销人员。在传统的广告,消费者往往被迫的被动接受广告信息“炸弹”,其目的是传递信息通过不断刺激着消费者的心,令人印象深刻,消费者不愿意接受需要不需要被考虑,营销人员不考虑目标是否愿意购买和需求,仅仅根据营销人员,决定自己的营销活动进行了并且有说服力。
在互联网上,由于信息交流是一个自由、平等、开放、交互的,要强调的是互相尊重、沟通、在线用户更加注意保护和隐私的个人经验。因此,使用传统的
营销手段的一个强势的开局在互联网上的营销活动一定会适得其反,如美国公司AOL强迫他们的用户发送电子邮件广告,结果导致用户的一致反对,但是许多用户同意美国在线(AOL)同时公司服务器电子邮件报复,结果是美国在线(AOL)的电子邮件的邮件服务器在一个瘫痪状态,最终不得不向平息公众愤怒。网络营销只是从消费者需求和采取的经验和后拉式战略来吸引消费者关心企业的营销效果来实现。网络在因特网上开展营销活动,尤其是促销活动必须遵循一定网络虚拟社区的形成规则,有的也被称为“网络规范(典范)”。网络营销是柔软的典范巧妙遵循规则基于营销达到一个微妙的影响。营销理论在网络应用软件在网络营销策略的有着具体细节。
(D)网络整合营销
在当前的工业社会,第三产业发展的服务行业是主要的经济增长点,传统的manufacturing-based成为服务型的发展,新的服务行业,例如金融、通信、交通等行业太阳在午间。后工业社会要求企业的发展必须建立在服务型,这是必要的,以客户为中心,为客户提供及时、适当方式,适当的服务,尽最大可能地满足客户的需求。互联网作为一个cross-transmission时间和空间的“超导“媒体,能及时提供客户服务位于互动网络的同时能理解客户的需求,提供有针对性的反应,因此网络时代可以说是消费者最迷人的行销工具。
网络整合营销理论包括以下重点:
网络营销的需要,首先消费者整个营销过程的需要他们整个营销过程中从一开始就是显而易见的。网络营销配电系统作为利益相关者及企业更紧密地联系在
一起。企业利益和国家利益客户整合在一起。网上营销的作用,你可以通过4 p(产品/服务、定价、分销、促销)中发挥重要的作用。具有约束力。网路的使用传统的4 p营销组合可以更好地与客户为中心4 c标准(顾客、成本、便利、沟通)结合。
1产品和服务,以客户为中心
随着互联网有非常良好的互动,指导用户通过互联网企业的指导下选择产品、服务或具体的要求,企业用户选择基于及时生产要求,提供及时的服务,使客户inter-temporal和空间要求遇见的那个产品和服务;另一方面,企业也可以赶上客户需求和客户的要求按照及时生产和销售团体提供生产效率和市场的有效性。像美国这样的销售公司戴尔电脑公司,或损失是在1995年,但在1996年,他们通过国际互联网将公司的电脑销售成绩100%的增长,由于客户通过国际互联网,你可以设计公司的主页来选择和组合的计算机,该公司生产部门后立即要求,生产,通过发送邮政服务公司,公司可以实现零库存生产,特别是在价格的急剧下降的计算机元件的时代,库存不仅会降低存货成本是可以避免的也因为损失所带来的高价库存。
2客户可接受的成本定价
传统的成本在市场营销生产型定价是必须丢弃。新客户的价格应该建立在可接受的成本定价,并基于成本来组织生产和销售。以客户为中心的业务企业定价、客户必须确定市场需求和价格的公认标准,否则成本对顾客接受定价是一个空中的城堡的画面。在互联网业务可以很容易实现,客户可以通过网络可接受的成本,成本的商业依照客户提供灵活的产品设计及生产程序为用户选择之前,确
认客户同意的生产和销售机构,所有的这一切都是客户公司的服务器程序指导下,不需要专门的服务,因此,极低的成本。目前,美国,通用汽车公司,让客户在互联网上通过公司自身的制导系统的设计、组装汽车来满足他们的需要,用户首先决定接受的价格标准,然后根据价格上限系统符合要求的风格展示工具,用户也可以用于适当的改变,公司生产最终产品仅为满足客户需求的价格性能比。
3为了便于分布产品客户导向
网络营销是一对一的分销渠道,销售的时空,客户可以订购随时随地使用互联网和购买产品。钢铁制造商在法国还是一个Luolin Zinox例如,公司成立于8年前,因为引进的电子邮件和世界的秩序系统,所以加工时间从15天24小时。目前,公司正利用互联网提供比对手更有效率的服务。公司的内部网络和汽车制造商建立联系,以便他们彼此在线可以要求对方后马上生产。
4Repressively转的促销活动来加强沟通和接触与客户
是促进传统企业,通过一定媒介和工具的压迫客户加强公司的客户与产品验收、忠诚、被动,接受客户与缺乏客户的交流与联系同时成本高的公司销售的方式。网络营销是一个一对一的互动，顾客都可参加公司的营销活动,所以互联网能够加强与客户的交流与接触和了解客户的需求,吸引了越来越多的客户目光。美国雅虎的新恒星(雅虎)公司发展网络网络信息检索工具对分类,这些产品都是高度交互的,用户可以认为它是重要为分类信息的雅虎公司立即加入雅虎信息产品的分类为使用其他用户,所以不需要广告商品的著名的,在短短两年的公司的股票价值数十亿美元的市场,增加多达数百次。
[编辑]的主要方法,网络营销
常用的方法,网络营销系统
(1):搜索引擎营销
(2):电子邮件行销许可
(3):在线广告
(4):网络资源合作
(5):病毒性营销
(6):一个会员制的网络营销
共同的方法分类网络营销的:
有企业依照sub-sites:
没有地盘网上销售
网络的网络营销业务
实施网络营销不一定要有他们自己的网站,在缺乏立地条件、企业实施有效的营销网络。免费网站营销主要取决于网络营销和电子邮件营销虚拟社区。
以网络为基础的网络营销网络营销的主体,它的主要问题是网站规划、建设、维护人民,以及其他的整合营销推广的方法。如果类型的电子商务网站,基于互联网的网络营销将参与产品、价格、和其他一些传统销售渠道和销售一系列问题需要考虑。
网络营销参与与消费者行为外文翻译 本科毕业论文设计外文翻译原文 Internet Marketing Involvement and Consumer Behavior Introduction One of the most stunning aspects of the past few years has been the speed at which the Internet market has expanded and matured This rapid rate of Internet adoption has resulted in an extraordinary pace of change in the marketing landscape- and opened up a variety of opportunities for marketers All across Taiwan and around the world shopping centers are closing their doors as consumers turn to the Internet for all of their shopping needs The Internet as the primary on-line marketing channel is now overtaking the commercial on-line servicesIn fact all of the on-line service firms now offer Internet access as a primary service Users can send e-mails exchange views shop for products and access newsfood recipes art and business information As the Internet establishes its position as a mainstream marketing channel consumer criticism regarding Internet marketing strategies have increased as well Critics worry about information privacy including issues related to the acquisition and dissemination
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of Googel. shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot- bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
互联网网络营销外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Peter Kenzelmann. Technical Consultancy in Internationalization[J]. International Marketing Review, 2006, 4(3):20-29. 英文原文 The technical basis of network marketing Peter Kenzelmann Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet. The theoretical basis for the network marketing Theoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory. (A) Direct Response Network Marketing Theory
1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";
文献出处：Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
（ 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)
Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the
网络营销策略分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
Network marketing strategy analysis of VANCL Abstract:21 century is the information century, the development of science technology, economic and social is to meet the coming of age. The network marketing is also the Internet for media, to implement marketing campaigns in the new ways, method and idea, more effective individual and organization the realization of the trading activities. Enterprise how to develop the network marketing in such a huge market potential, occupation in emerging markets, to the enterprise both opportunities and challenges. The network marketing is also produced in the change of the values of consumers: meet the needs of the consumers, is the enterprise manages the core of the eternal. Using network of this high- technology to provide consumers with various types of service, is a important way of future competition advantage. V ANCL makes a huge success by the network marketing, and becomes a Chinese clothing network marketing market leader in the short term. Based on the network marketing way as the foundation, reading V ANCL marketing strategy. Key words:Network marketing Marketing strategy V ANCL The network marketing as a new marketing concept and marketing mode in a digital economy times, even if the enterprise opened up more broad market, and can lead and reforming the traditional marketing. The network marketing compared with the traditional marketing has the personality, interactive, economy, efficiency and obvious advantages, if V ANCL want to market in big foothold, it must learn to use the new marketing method, the most suitable for enterprise of the integration of traditional and modern marketing method. 1、The marketing situation of V ANCL With the development of the Internet, e-commerce enterprises emerging batches. The e-commerce market in other properties, once created "clothing direct sales model" the myth of a brief period of prosperity in PPG after into decline. And take the
长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试
外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著；李泽辉 译 摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解
中英文对照外文翻译 network marketing Peter Kenzelmann Abstract:Today, mankind has entered the era of rapid economic development of e-commerce-based network. A full range of rapid development and wide application of computer network technology on contemporary society, but also brought great changes to the enterprise marketing management. Network Marketing the new marketing methods to adapt to the changes of the era of the development of network technology and information networks, it has changed the traditional marketing concept, marketing strategy, marketing, ways and means, will become the mainstream of the current era of corporate marketing. The face I had many problems in the SME network marketing, we should also be a clear understanding of the inevitability of its development, which requires all aspects of synergy and cooperation, to build a good network consumption environment, and promote the continued development of network marketing. Keywords: network marketing sales model of network management marketing planning SME. https://www.doczj.com/doc/f06310914.html,work Marketing Theory Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely
青岛大学 毕业论文(设计)科技文献翻译 院系：自动化工程学院控制工程系 专业：自动化 班级：2009级4班 姓名：史发涛 指导教师：于金鹏 2013年4月10日
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中文3316字 附录 附录一：英语原文 Internet marketing It's always great to hear that remodelers are having a stellar year -- referrals are coming in, solid leads are turning into clients, and business is booming. However, one part of the total business pie that can easily be forgotten; amidst all of this success is marketing. It's amazing how often you hear that the first thing to go is one's marketing plan for the year -- marketing is too expensive or my budget just doesn't call for marketing this year. Au contraire, marketing doesn't have to break the bank; the new age of marketing is all about the Internet. Internet marketing involves many segments and some that this article will touch upon include the basics: Web site development, search engine optimization and marketing via e-mail. The Internet has been called the Information Superhighway -- for many reasons, might I add. Millions of people surf the Internet for information every day, but are they getting what they are looking for? Studies have shown that people give up on looking for what they want if they can't find it in eight clicks. It is your job, as the Web site provider, to offer this sought-after information in a clear and easy-to-find manner. Your Web site is an asset The Web site is the key player in your marketing and sales endeavors -- no matter how big or small your company may be. Your site should serve as a portal for potential customers and as a marketing tool for your remodeling company. Potential customers, in their own leisure time, can learn about your company, see your work, meet your employees, etc. For many, this is the first impression they have of you and