句法多样化专题 (Syntactic Variety)
1.并列
a)并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, …, and n n
i.A, B, C, … and other Xs…
ii.X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …
b)并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if… [并列复杂句]
i.what = something that
ii.how = the way/manner in which
c)并列形容词性成份
i.a1 and a2 + n
ii.a1 + yet/but + a2 + n
iii.a1, a2+ n + that…
iv.a1, a2, so a3that/as to…
d)并列副词性成份
i.ad1 and ad2
ii.ad1 + yet/but + ad2
iii.ad1, ad2, prep.
iv.ad1, ad2, so ad3that/as to…
e)并列动词
i.并列动词
a)…v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing…
b)S1 + v1-ing, S2 + v2…
ii.并列句子
a)…, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently…
b)not only/simply/me rely… but also/…as well/even…
c)neither… nor…
d)not that… but that…
f)并列从句: … that…, and that…[并列复杂句]
i.that引导的宾语从句
ii.that引导的定语从句
iii.that引导的主语从句
2.重复成分
a)重复形容词
i.… a. …, so a. that/as to…
b)重复名词 (同位语结构)
i.… n., n that…
ii.原样重复
iii.同义重复
a)归纳
b)演绎
3.从句
a)whether/if/what/how做宾语
b)when/whenever; while + -ing/-ed
c)if/whether + adj.
d)what/how/when/where + to…
4.倒装
a)否定词(组)位于句首
b)比较句中的第二个句子
c)虚拟语气条件句中(Had/Were/Should)
d)表语提前的倒装
i.prep.: Among…
ii.adj. phrase: Equally important is …
iii.-ing phrase: Matching… is …
iv.as: Obvious as it is, this cause has always been neglected.
5. 分割效果
1.并列
a)并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, …, and nn
v.A, B, C, … and other Xs…
vi.X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …
History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjects have to be learned from books, or primarily from books.
Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.
It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, or mythology.
It is necessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literature such as novels and mythology.
1.并列
b)并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if… [并列复杂句]
i.what = something that
ii.how = the way/manner in which
Most parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy, and usually do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglect influences the future development of their children.
Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, or what is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situation as a whole would mislead them.
1.并列
c)并列形容词性成份
i.a1 and a2 + n
ii.a1 + yet/but + a2 + n
iii.a1, a2+ n + that…
iv.a1, a2, so a3that/as to…
a small town → a small and peaceful town
a good teacher → a good and very impressive teacher
a stupid decision → a stupid and incorrigible decision
…
simple yet effective method
a direct and simple yet magically effective method
an irrational yet understandable decision
a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision
obvious yet not the most significant reason
expensive yet worthy course
slow yet indispensable process
A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....
All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life.
[T0105-P02-L3]
Most students can hardly stand for his typically dry and dull lectures that would normally continue at least several quarters without giving any essential information.
The impact that technology has had on our daily life and society in general, is undeniable. It will become even greater as computers get faster, smaller, smarter, and so inexpensive that virtually everyone will be able to own one.
A class led by a lethargic teacher could be extremely dull, dry, and so boring that drives everybody in the class into sleep.
Learning in essence is a process that is time-consuming, painstaking, and so hard that virtually only persistent few can finally have a sense of real achievement.
1.并列
d)并列副词性成份
i.ad1 and ad2
ii.ad1 + yet/but + ad2
iii.ad1, ad2, prep.
iv.ad1, ad2, so ad3 t hat/as to…
A conscientious teacher always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligently, and with the full consideration of all possible aspects concerning the subject.
1.并列
e)并列动词
i.并列动词
a)…v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing…
ii.并列句子
b)…, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently…
c)not only/simply/merely… but also/…as well/even…
d)neither… nor…
e)not that… but that…
f)并列从句: … that…, and that…[并列复杂句]
iii.that引导的宾语从句
iv.that引导的定语从句
v.that引导的主语从句
An absent-minded teacher lacks drive to make class intensely focused, often preparing nothing in advance, wandering among random topics, thus wasting and killing times of industrial students.
●主语相同的两个句子并列，“and”对应的中文应该是“也”。
Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are the major source from which people obtain knowledge.
书本记录着思想和理念，也．是人们获取知识的主要来源。
therefore
● 2. …, and t hus …
consequently
subsequently
as such
Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are therefore the major source from which people obtain knowledge.
书本记录着思想和理念，所以也
．．．是人们获取知识的主要来源。
History has to be vague and ambiguous, and is therefore/thus so interesting that many are obsessed, because people always cannot help trying to know the truth.
历史必然模糊含混，也正是如此，它才那样有趣以至于很多人都被深深的吸引，因为人们总是忍不住要追寻真理。
Chinese children unfortunately have few rights to make their own decisions, and subsequently often have to do things that they do not enjoy doing at all.
很不幸孩子们很少有自作主张的权利，也因此常常只能去做自己不喜欢做的事情。
Modern vehicles have extended the range of people’s activity, and thus made much more goods available to local markets.
现代交通工具延伸了人们活动的范围，也因此使市场上的商品数量增加了。
It is the nature of human that determines that people tend to trust themselves rather than others, and consequently they often misguide by their own feelings rather than reasons.
这是人性所决定的：人们倾向于相信自己而不是相信别人，也因此常常被自己的感觉所误导，而不是遵循理智。
3. 元素并列的其他手段
肯定句: also; as well; too; equally; of equal importance…
否定句: either, neither; nor
A good environment will make people happier.
A nice environment will also make people healthier.
A poor environment will not make people happier.
A bad environment will not make people healthier either.
或
Nor a bad environment will make people healthier.
4. not… but
计算机不仅给人们带来了方便，还是人们学得更多。
Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.
补充: 分割效果
1) 主语和谓语动词之间
2) 助动词和实意动词之间
3) 系动词和表语之间
only also…
not simply but … as well.
merely even…
not that… but that…
Not that emails or telephones have made people less personal, but that people themselves have become less personal. One of several possible reasons is that people usually lack of adequate communicating skills.
A good environment will make people happier.
A nice environment will make people healthier as well.
A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it
will even make them more productive.
2.重复成分
a)重复形容词
vii.… a. …, so a. that/as to…
b)重复名词
viii.… n., n that…
In fact, history is interesting, so interesting that many are obsessed by it, because people always cannot help knowing the truth.
Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from a curious child, an answer that makes no sense at all, and might have unforeseeable negative consequence in the future.
3.从句
a)whether/if/what/how做宾语
a)when/whenever; while + -ing/-ed
b)if/whether + adj.
c)what/how/when/where + to…
d)…, n + of + which…
深入研究转折
1. 形容词的转折并列
simple yet effective method
a simple, direct, practical yet magically effective method
irrational yet understandable decision
a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision
obvious yet not the most significant reason
expensive yet worthy course
slow yet indispensable process
A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....
2. 包装（反复取非）
History is useful.
History is not useful.
It is commonly believed that history is not useful. However, this is a prevailing misunderstanding.
Hypocrites lie.
Hypocrites do not tell the truth.
Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.
Hypocrites have many forms, but they have one thing in common: Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.
Although most people were hostile to the hypocritical behaviors, and believe profoundly in the sacredness of truth and the inviolable freedom of those who dare to tell the truth, they often betray their principle, dignity, and in effect become accompanies of other hypocrites. Hypocrites have many forms, but always have one thing in common: they essentially have no principle at all. They tell the truth when and only when they feel the truth is on their side, otherwise they would refuse rather than accept the truth, or remain silence even choose to lie for the sake of their own safety if they find they are threatened, even when that threat is at most potential.
It’s fortunate that our society always has a small portion of citizens who always try to insist their principles and struggle to defend even when tremendous cost is anticipated. When nearly everyone in this society had learnt to remain silence, Doctor Jiang Yan Yong stood out and shouted the truth about SARS. When nobody in this country is not afraid of AIDS, Doctor Gao Yao Jie is rushing around to help the helpless. When most people in this country believe money is everything, and should be made by whatever means is possible, Zhou Li Tai, as a lawyer, is persistently fighting for the weakest group who might be incapable of paying his consultant fee.
Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.
A good environment will make people happier.
A nice environment will also make people healthier.
A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will even make people more productive.
Modern transportation vehicles such as automobiles have not only made more goods available in the local markets, but they have also lowered the price of the products in the markets.
Listening 1.开头——复习+主旨 例外：①课堂复习——不考标志过去时态 开始标志：now,today，OK，while ②教师道歉 ③归纳法开头，先给出例子，再给出结论--记例子主体&论点 2.结尾——推断+细节 3.注意重复细节与观点 4.举例——记例子主体，注意提示词 5.定义解释——其中关系 6.注意可以停顿 7.注意课堂引导词——remember now OK while imagine today 8.授课中问答 9.因果关系 10.听清层次——firstly secondly... 11.注意转折 12.Listen again 专业术语不变避免原词重复 Speaking notes Q1&Q2 To start with I believe most of people would choose... However i would like to choose... today i have two arguments to supports to support my idea. Today i mainly have one important argument to back up my idea Take me for example... For instance... For example Furthermore what's more
To summarize to conclude all in all Based on the two points i have already mentioned ...will always be my choice... Q3 1.The school wants/plans to do The school policy is... The school wants to carry out a policy which is... 2.sb suggests/advises that the university should (stop) do... 3.In the conversation，the man disagrees，and he has two points In the listening material，the man agree with the policy because of the following reasons... 4.First，the school think，however the man think... Second... Based on the two points the man disagree. Q4 In this set of material，the reading passage introduce a theory/principle/definition...which means(suggests) that... In the lecture，the professor uses/gives us/provides us/offers us one/two examples to explain/illustrate/demonstrate/clarify this theory. The first is about... The second is ... Q5 1.time conflict ①to find sb else to replace/take place of you to find sb to help him
一.雅思大作文的15大考察内容 考察频率最高专题： ? 1. 教育：儿童，中学，大学教育体制和方法 ? 2. 科技发展对生活的影响 ? 3.文化的组成因素和保护 ? 4.生活方式的转变和社会观念 ? 5. 全球化及其影响 ? 6. 环境问题和环境保护 ?7. 政府投资 考察次重点专题： ? 1. 艺术的价值 ? 2.媒体的作用 ? 3.广告的影响 ? 4.动物的保护和动物实验 ? 5.城乡差距和城市化 ? 6.犯罪 ?7.弱势群体：妇女的权利，妇女参军 ?8.体育 雅思写作错误检查表（10条） 1.使用了正确的语法结构：时态语态，主谓一致，从句，用词准确(名词，动词，形容 词的形式)，介词，冠词 2.句式有变化 3.使用了一定量的词汇 4. 拼写没有错误 5. 观点明确，语意精准不模糊 6. 每段主题句都表明了该段中心思想，所有拓展句支持句都紧扣主题 7. 大量的过渡性词语(逻辑连接词)，使句子间和段落间都具有逻辑性和条理性 8. 提供了足够的细节，例子或论据 9. 每一段话都得到充分展开 10. 每一段话都紧扣文章主题 如何应用： a.1347当做检查项目，其他当做考前提醒 b.时间紧，就改第一段和每段的前两句话 三.大作文首段基本写作策略---三步走 1.转述背景，扩展题目(setting/ background information )：把题目所提供的背景再用自 己的话拓展转述同义替换一下 题目：It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sports or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to be a good sports person or musician. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 考官写的开头段： The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sports, art or music. 2. 说明意图(statement of purposes)：
09.02.01 翻译 专八真题+散文佳作108篇 听力特快 普特听力网 互相英语 特点： 1.较正式的文体 2.只翻译划线部分（汉译英不用看，英译汉最好看完整） 3.人生哲理，道德教育 注意： 1.时间分配 2.书写工整 3.难点应对相对难点绝对难点 英语与汉语对比： 1.英语重结果， 汉译英要还原逻辑关系，还原结构 2.英语重直线，汉语重螺旋 English meat with Chinese bones. 3.语重分析，汉语重综合 还原逻辑词（重点） 4.英语多长句，汉语多短句 5.英语多被动，汉语多主动 6.英语多省略，汉语多补充 E.g. Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。
7.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心重心前置 8.英语多写实，汉语多联想 9.英语多引申，汉语多推理 “但是”的区别意义： 让步：对推论的否定 转折：直接否定 虚度年华：spend life in vain 翻译时，加插入语处理是一个很好用的方法。实践注意点： 1.理解清晰 字面→实质 例如：冷若冰霜→icy manners to their fans 词语的逻辑关系： 1)偏正 2)动宾 3)并列 2.表达困难 1)拼写 2)时态 3)虚拟域去 4)表达突破 例如：若有所失→a vague sense of loss
如果考试中遇到难点，要灵活处理 上下义改写+同义词替换 2009.02.02写作 教育的目的： Adequate expertise fd Professional commitment Upright conduct Competent mental condition 经典写作模式 Agree or disagree? Introductory paragraph(不写题目) 1. general statement →背景交代 开头先写一个与主题思想相反的观点（以第三人称的方式） ◆多用大词（3个或3个音节以上） 大词含量10%＊400=40 Some /many /a number of people who think this view that……claim that…… Large /great /huge /certain/ considerable /infinite/tremendous /enormous /astronomical Hold /believe / insist / propose / assert/ maintain Idea /standpoint ◆实词要多样化variety
常用万能句型： 1、Nothing has received more praise and abuse than something 译文：没有什么能像…这样毁誉参半。 2、There is no doubt that 译文：毫无疑问 3、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子 译文：之所以…主要在于 4 、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此…以至于…） 译文：如此…因此 5、It is conceivable that + 句子 译文：可想而知 6 、Leave much to be desired 译文：…远不能令人满意 7、The most obvious reason for this phenomenon is that 译文：造成该现象的最主要原因在于 8 、A is to B what C is to D 译文：A 对于B 就恰如C对于D 9 、There are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 译文：造成该现象的原因有许多。 10、When it comes to ……， 译文：一谈到… 11、No one can deny the fact that…
译文：没有人能否认 12、To be sure, the topic concerning ……can always attract our eyes 译文：无疑，有关…话题总是能够引起人们的关注 13、Never has …failed to fascinate us in modern society 译文：在当代社会…总是能够引起人们的关注 14、Simply put,… 译文：简而言之， 15、It is no overstatement to say that 译文：可以毫不夸张地说 16、…is a good case in point 译文：…就是一个绝佳的例子 17、People assume different attitudes towards this issue 译文：人们对该问题的观点不一而同。 18、As is widely-accepted,… 译文：众所周知， 19、To conclude,… 译文：总之， 20、Nothing is further from the truth than this opinion 译文：没有任罕菊净种说法比这种观点更加荒唐了。 21、There is an element of truth in both opinions 译文：这两种观点都有其可取之处。 22、Another consideration in this case is that…
托福写作圣经： 1.写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚；（就是解释） 2.习作考试不基于考试的真实身份；（可以作假，真情实感没有任何意义） 3.写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平（unique, critical ideas mean nothing） 4.写作考试不测试考生的真实想法； 5.写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译； 6.写作考试不同于平时写作； 7.写作内容和语言同等重要； 8.观点的层次比观点的数目更重要； 9.逻辑错误比语法错误更严重; 10.跑题就完蛋（finish egg）. “T he longer, the better.”------黄金规则 Use best structure and sentence Sentence: “我认为…………….” I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that…………. In my opinion From my point of view From my perspective/angle As far as I am concerned I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that My viewpoint/belief/opinion is that……… As I see/view/perceive/ the problem/question/issue/case/discussion/argument/controversy……. 托福作文不需要标题 段落格式：缩行式，空行式 教材推荐： 俞敏洪：《托福词根》 张洪伟，戴云《托福词汇10000》 张道真，《实用英语语法》 戴云，《托福语法精要》 张洪伟，戴云《新托福写作词汇小伴侣》 句子训练方法 1.多种方法表达同一句意 e.g A 对B很重要 1) A is important to B
雅思写作完全攻略Total Solution of IELTS Writing 俞伟国 －2009－ 雅思考试作文部分题型 课时安排： Marking System Essay Writing Introduction Body Conclusion Structure Report Writing
(From Mat Clark) 近年雅思考试中国大陆考区作文部分得分情况Band4 or below: 15%-20% Band5: 60% Band6: 15%-20% Band7: <5% Band8 or above: Rare Key Language Features in Marking System Task Response: 1. No evidence of digression/irrelevant content 2. Adequate Words 3. Position + Supporting Ideas + Development Coherence and Cohesion 1.Logical overall structure 2.Topic Sentence 3.Cohesive devices Lexical Resource 1.Accurateness 2.Authentic Vocabulary (Less-common Vocabulary) 3.Variety Grammatical Range and Accuracy 1.Accurateness https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef18666358.html,plex Sentence 3.Variety
欢迎光临俞老师的BLOG: Chapter One－Essay Writing 第一章. 议论文完全攻略 _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Part One－Introduction －闪亮开篇－ －Version 5.7－ Structure of Introduction 1. Background Information (1). Lead-in Sentence (Introduce the subject of the topic) (2). Public Opinion (State your position) 2. Statement1．主体背景（Background Information） (1) In the last century, the first man walking on the moon said: “It is a big step for mankind”. However, some people think it made ______________________________, when _______________________________________________________________ _ he time, the first for
、| !_ 一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就这么忘记了.. 关于新托福复习计划和教材使用的建议 9月21日更新，根据参加9.15的朋友们的反馈，弱化了Longman 综合教程的使用，强调了OG和Delta的使用。 目前对新托福复习应该如何安排还少有具体的意见和方案，我在这里仅仅根据对市面上可以利用的教材的理解，已经考过新托福的CDers的反馈，和个人经验编写此帖，肯定有不少不成熟的地方，希望大家一起来讨论，完善，谢谢！ 这个计划主要针对英语水平一般（大概CET4、6之间），没有考过旧托福的考生设计，总体时间大概5个月左右。如果基础较好，可以参考下面的冲刺阶段方案。但备考计划其实也很有个性化色彩，受个人目标（分数）、基础、可支配时间、学习习惯等因素影响，所以一下计划仅供参考，请根据自己的情况做相应的调整。 第一阶段：新托福预热阶段（或者称为适应阶段）时间：距离考试3－5个月的时期建议准备的材料和使用方案：1.王玉梅的《TOEFL词汇》（2005版），外加电脑软件《新东方背单词4》。 新托福词汇量相较旧托福的确有所加大，所以建议准备王玉梅的词汇书（词汇量
大，收录5000多个单词）。而且，《新东方背单词4》中的托福词库和王玉梅书的词汇量最接近，也是5000出头。建议一开始背诵词汇书，在背诵2周到一月之后，开始用《新东方背单词》复习背过的单词。书本比较适合单词初记，软件比较适合用来筛选出自己难以背出的单词来进行强化记忆（用软件的单词测验功能筛选出难记单词）。如果按照每天新背一个list的进度，40天可以背完第一篇。（但要注意不要放松对旧单词的复习，巩固旧单词的重要性不亚于背新单词）。当然，另外有X红岩、俞敏洪、李笑来的词汇书也比较受欢迎。如果大家手头已经有或者在背那三本，问题也不大，不过会比《新东方背单词4》的托福词库要少。另外，四本书中李笑来那本词汇书量最小，2140个核心词汇，不建议有3个月以上备考时间的朋友准备。 2.旧托福真题 新托福毕竟是旧托福的延伸，所以旧托福也有一定的参考价值。建议在背了3周新词（一半单词）时，开始练习旧托福真题。主要是练习听力的partB、C和阅读题。（基础一般的同学，建议用2000以前的听力真题练习，语速比较慢）不过不一定要像考试那样练习。比如托福听力刚刚听时，不一定要急着做题，而尝试听懂大意，一遍不行就两遍、三遍……同时，旧托福听力partC还可以用来听写和跟读，并帮助提高口语能力。阅读也不用急着像旧托福考试要求的平均11分钟做完一篇，可以放慢做题节奏。语法虽然在新托福里不是一个单独考察项目，但其实融入了口语和作文中，
新东方内容整理 7．11： Writing: A.托福写作主要是注重daily affairs,而不是political issues. 注重的是examples,而不是critical thinking and reasoning. 是低级写作，而不是高级写作。 注重vocabulary和sentence structure. B. score5： a．Effectively address the topic and task. b. well organized: Structure: Introduction Body1 Body2 Body3 Conclusion C. unity(切题)，progression(层次)，coherence(连贯，承接词) Firstly, . Theoretically speaking, . For instance, . Moreover, . Briefly, . d．Word choice, syntactic variety 词汇的转换： E.g. 好：good better best nice(低级) Excellent, perfect, （中级） Outstanding, brilliant, fantastic, awesome, remarkable, impressive, extraordinary, fabulous （高级）词组的转换：由低级结构向高级结构转化。 陈强调了由adj.+n.向n.+of+n.的转化。 E.g. A man of wisdom An individual of intelligence A man of respect A book of deep philosophy A magazine of good sales A flower of beauty Patriotism is the tree of liberty refreshed from time to time with the blood of tyrants and patriots. Thomas Jefferson It was the best of time, it was the worst of time; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. We have everything before us, we have nothing before us; we are all going direct to the heaven, we are all going direct to the other way.
最新新东方听力笔记 概述： 一．雅思听力基本情况 可做任何标记。 分数段：12-18：4分19-24：5分25-30：6分 31-35：7分 36-38：8分39-40：9分根据难易要乘系数 二．两个误区 听懂核心词汇，掌握拼写。 极少考理解，多考记录信息点，所听即所得。 三．两个基本范围 1． survival english （社会生活，人际交往等） 2． academic english （学术类，教育类，热点话题） 四．问题 1．利用停顿时间抢读后面题目 2．直接书写答案 3．区分考试安排者声音，根据指导做题 4．手眼耳并用，听看写一体 五．雅思听力四大特点 1. 国际口音：（英、美、澳）（英音50%，澳20%，美20%，其他10%） 不利：习惯美音，不习惯英音，必须熟悉英音； 有利：新口音（大西洋口音，适于中国人）；动词短语不是考试重点（掌握一般程度：第一个意思即可），去掉了很多地域性的方言。 2. 四段叙述：1、3section是对话，2、4section是陈述，一般来说难度递增。 不利：a.不知道听力磁带和题目间如何建立关系——采用顺序原则(85%)：答案顺序和问题顺序一致。 b.无法集中注意力（听力中不包含问题，无法对大脑产生刺激）——改变听力学习习惯，练习时应聚精会神，忌跑神和恐慌。 有利：不是每句话都要听懂，应试图听懂每一句包含答案的句子（先看题，再猜答案，然后做题） 3. 边听边做： 不利：a.阅读量大——要求快速阅读（技巧+能力）——速读 b.写量大——要求手眼耳并用（加强听写能力，掌握四级单词听写） 有利：a.不考推理、总结、归纳题，主要考查细节，所听即所得。 4. 题型多样：10种题型 不利：不熟悉题型 有利：难度较低 六、听力应试策略 短期目标：1.紧扣9套题，十种题型，十种场景。 2.记补充的单词和地名。四级词汇(大学英语四级速听速记)。 3.精听六盘磁带。 中期目标：1.短期任务。 2.再做一点题。听力强化最新指南，雅思听力课外强化教程，英语中级听力（关于hotel/resta urant，news不听）。 3.背单词。 长期目标：1.加强发音以及听音的训练。 2.再做一些题目。
Are parents the best teachers? Obviously, in most cases the earliest teachers people have are their parents, and parents are generally most concerned about the development of their children. However, it is not completely true to say that parents are the best teachers. 显而易见，很多时候人们最早的老师是他们的父母，父母通常是最关心孩子的发展的。然而，说父母是最好的老师并不完全正确。 First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, parents more or less have some bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy everything including the bad ones from their parents. Another decificiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, when their children do not follow the instruction, the children will be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. 首先，并不是所有的父母都是好老师。作为常人，有些父母或多或少会有些坏习惯。甚至尽管父母本能地献身于子女的教育，结果也可能是让人失望的。因为所有的孩子都会无意识或下意识地从父母身上模仿一切，其中也包括坏习惯。父母作为教师的另一个缺陷就是父母缺乏教育的常识。我们会经常看到父母通过让孩子按照预先安排好的方向发展来实现自己怀有却未能实现的梦想。讽刺的是，当他们的孩子不遵守他们的指令时，孩子就会被认为是不听话或所谓的反叛。实际上，是父母而不是他们的孩子违背了常识。 Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are perhaps capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than has ever been before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possiblity outside the family. 此外，有些父母有资格作为好老师，但并不是他们中的所有人都是最好的。当孩子们上初级学校的时候，家长可能会在所有科目上比学校里的专业教师教得都要好，这毫不令人感到惊讶。但这种情况不会持续很久。我们生活在一个知识以几何速度增加并在同时变得更加专业化的世界里。所以今天想在某一领域成为专业人员要比以前花费更长的时间。没有家长能在所有领域都成为专业人员，尽管他们可能在一个或更多的领域是专家。明智的父母常常是尽早地释放而不是控制他们的孩子。他们知道家庭之外空间广阔。 Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teacher’s reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parent’s love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein’s mother and that of Forest Gump are both good examples. On the
一、概括： 1.写作考试介绍： Time: 60mins 20mins TASK1 150words 40mins TASK2 250words 2.考试题型： TASK1 Process 和Introduction 题目罕见出现。 TASK2 I. Discuss Eg: 2005年7月9日 Some people think the government should pay for health care and education, but other people do not think it the government’s responsibility. Discuss both and give your opinion. II. Advantages and Disadvantages Eg: 2005年5月14日 Some school leavers go to travel or work for a period of time instead of going directly to university. What are the advantages and disadvantages for their studies? III. Agree or Disagree Eg: 2005年6月25日 People think that the news media has influenced people’s lives nowadays, and it is a negative development. To what extent do you agree or disagree? IV. Your Opinion Eg: 2005年3月5日 Some academic subjects are useful for children’s future career while others such as music and sports are not so useful. What is your opinion. Give your reasons. V. Problem, Reasons and Solutions Eg: 2005年1月22日 Statistics suggest that nowadays an increasing number of crimes are committed by the young people. Explain the reasons for this and give solutions. 二、小作文解析（T ASK 1）： 1．通用格式： ⑴OPENING—1SENTENCE--- A. Paraphrase 5W & B. Overall trend Ⅰ.Line phases Ⅱ.Pie classification Ⅲ.Bar the gap between A&B e.g. The graphs and charts tell us a clear overview of the characteristics and trends of…… It can be seen from the table that….. 详细见白书P6/下，“Referable IELTS Writing opening &writing” ●RULE 1： A.不可以抄题目 B.不可以写“According to ….”，只能写“In that figure….” C.不可以写“below/following” D.不可以写“that/this” E.第一段不出现数据
Lesson 2: Introductions ---- Four types of questions 1. Discussion Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Topic- study in groups or alone Answer- sometimes better alone, usually better in a group People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to working alone. While there are some benefits to studying independently, I believe that group work is usually more productive. 2. Opinion Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmers. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Topic- community service for all teenagers Answer- 3 choice (agree, disagree, balanced opinion) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. (agree) I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good idea. (disagree) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. In my opinion, it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried work. (want mention both side) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. While I disagree with the idea of making such programmers compulsory, I do believe that voluntary community service could benefit young people. 3. Problem and solution Some people reoffend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? Topic- criminals reoffend Answer- several reasons, a variety of measures (government, communities) It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more crimes. There are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law, but governments could certainly take steps to address this issue. 4. Two-part question As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Topic- job satisfaction Answer- several factors, unrealistic / impossible Work plays a central role in our lives, and we would all like to feel fulfilled professionally. While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction, it would be unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work.
新东方·北京2008年7月 庄重 整理：Sketch K＆Tina （思琦＆萌萌） 2008年7月28日第一讲 一．托福写作的评分系统 官方指南 按分数档次进行微调 评判：一分钟内浏览给分数档次 根据闪点+- 1分 必须给评分者短时间内最好的印象 不能在关键的地方犯恶心的错误 关键：各段首句，文章末句及具有强结论的句子 恶心：主谓不一致 时态问题 名词单复数 印象极为关键：紧扣题目，紧扣要求 二．如何取悦评卷人 1 必须有清晰的整体脉络
2 必须有自然的段间衔接 3 经典的用词用句 经典用词用句的锻造： 用词：动词 核心动词的动词的使用是写作能力的标志 e.g,: eat ---consume 英语写作表达的美在于用不同的单词表达相同的含义 e.g.:show ---display --- demonstrate 近义词的积累 英语中“好”的词有： Good / ok Perfect / glorious / terrific / fantastic Superb 用句： It 作形式主语或形式宾语 e.g. : It is easy to learn English there be 倒装、虚拟、强调 名人名言（不要使用c-e）（千万不要乱编） ***said + 直接引用———不用 ***believed + 自由表述 -----用 可用人物: Kant& Nietzsche 只用于道德和爱心之类的话题 三．文化差异对应试写作产生的影响 1 必须有清晰的结构 观点鲜明的开头 紧扣主题的结尾 由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落 引导：主题句一定要在该段首句 2 必须要有统一的中心 3 自然的衔接（衔接为其生命） 中文：意合语言 英文：形合语言 逻辑关系的显性化 逻辑关键词 衔接方法：1 重复词：概括重复直接重复和齐头重复 2 序数词：first…second… 3 关联词：并列 and 转折 but 让步 although 递进 in addition 因果 because e.g. Because of having rain ,he developed a high fever , and thus has to sleep at home .his absence resulted in the reduction of his pay. 4 转折和让步之间的差别 让步好于转折 democracy 民主 e.g. they are poor ---they suffer from poverty They are hungry ---they struggle against starvation ------they suffer form poverty ,struggling against starvation 左手：遣词造句的上升 右手：思维方式的改变 e.g: 我们不会把所有秘密告诉其他人 we don’t tell others all the secrets we don’t let others know all the secrets we hide some secrets from others everyone has privacy 四．平时训练写作的方法 境界：手中有文章心中有文章出口成章 手中无文章心中有文章 手中无文章心中无文章妙笔生花 《新东方英语中学版》 1 阅读 I will think about it 没戏