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英语概要写作技巧!(2)

英语概要写作技巧!(2)
英语概要写作技巧!(2)

新高考下,英语概要写作如何突破?这里有秘籍!Alvin 天学网

2019-08-22

概要写作是浙江新高考英语中出现的新题型,不同于应用文写作强调范文模仿和词汇运用的重要性,概要写作更侧重考查学生阅读和写作的双项能力,目前面临英语高考改革,很多学校和老师也在训练这种题型。

2016年高考考试说明对概要写作题的要求是:提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

阅卷时学生将主要考虑以下内容:

?对原文要点的理解和呈现情况

?应用语法结构和词汇的准确性

?上下文的连贯性

?了解各要点表达的独立性情况

既考察了概括能力,也考察了对文章整理结构的把握能力。

那么具体来讲,概要写作应该怎样做呢?

概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。

要点获取

要点的获取过程就是文本的解读过程,对于结构清晰的段落,可以通过筛选主题句找出要点,但是并不是所有文章都可以直接找出主题句,对于主题句不明确的文章或段落,也可以

使用找关键词或设计主问题的方法。

1

筛选主题句

主题句是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句。通常情况下自然段是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是总—分或是分—总的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段落的首尾。

如人教版Module 3 Unit 1 Festivals and celebrations 的第一段,该段第一句陈述人们用节日来纪念名人,并举了屈原、哥伦布和甘地的例子来说明,学生比较容易就能找到主题句,从而抓住该段落的要点。

另外,我们也可以特别关注如so,therefore,thus这样的标志性词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的一个总结,很可能就是主题句。

2

寻找关键词

在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,那么,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。

例1 [浙江省新高考模拟试卷精编第十二套概要写作]

Is there water on the planet Mars? Is there life on Mars? Was there ever life on Mars? Scientists from NASA wanted to know the answer to these questions. They built a spacecraft called the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.

通过阅读,我们可以提取关键词Scientists from NASA,built,the Mars Climate Orbiter,travel around,get information,然后把关键词进行整合,连词成句得出这段话的要点:Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information.

3

设计主问题

主问题是指,阅读教学中从教学内容整体的角度或学生的整体参与性上引发思考、讨论、理解、探究的“牵一发动全身”的重要问题。由于概要写作是对原文篇章结构或段落中的主要事实或观点进行简要重述,把握住原文的各要点,读懂、读透原文是重点。因此,主问题的设计可以在有效的课堂教学时间下尽快帮学生们提炼出关键词,缩小切入点。

例2:[Module 1 Unit 4 A night the Earth didn’t sleep]

为引导学生从整体上快速抓住文本信息,笔者设计了这样一个主问题:

In what order is this passage organized?学生抓住文章以时间为主线,分为before—during —after 三个部分。在清晰文章脉络和结构后,学生继而提炼出了文本的三个关键词:sign、damage和rescue,这样各个段落的主题句也就顺理成章地出来了。

Para 1: Strange things were happening,but people thought little of these events.

Para 2~3: It seemed as if the world was at an end. Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.

Para 4: Slowly the city began to breathe again.

要点转述

《考试说明》对概要写作时“使用自己的语言”提出了较高的要求,这就要求学生不照抄原文,进行自主表达。可以从下面四个方向进行转述。

1

同义替换

同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语、句子成分或者句子代替从原文当中找出的要点。

上文例1,我们把关键词连词成句得到了要点Scientists from NASA built the Mars Climate Orbiter to travel around Mars and get information,但这个句子带有原文色彩,很可能会被评卷教师认为是抄自原文。对于这个句子,可以使用同义替换的方法,用sent/ made/created等代替built,用explore代替travel around Mars and get information。如此,我们得到要点Scientists from NASA sent the Mars Climate Orbiter to explore Mars。

2

语态转换

语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。比如将上文例2中的第1段要点从主动语态转换成被动语态。

原要点:Strange things were happening,but people thought little of these events.

语态转换后的要点:Strange things were happening,but they were ignored.

3

词性改变

在进行要点转换的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词。这时,可以尝试改变该词词性,如把动词改成名词或者把形容词改成名词等。

例如学生在金丽衢十二校2016学年高三第一次联考的概要写作中,得到了以下要点:Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores.前半句话可以同义转换成Many students are stressed during the exam period,后半句可以用词性转换,将expect改成expectation,这样得到了转换后的要点:Because of the high expectation from their parents and teachers, many students are stressed during the exam period.

4

句子重构

只有掌握了多种形式的句式,如定语从句、非谓语动词等,才能写出层次清晰、内容练达的概要文章。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。因此,教师可以对学生进行针对性训练,使其体会并学习如何能化复杂句式为简单句和整合重组松散句这两种缩写技能。

对于意义松散的几个句子,理清各句之间的逻辑关系之后重新改写,用一句话表达意思,如上文提到的例2。

原要点:It seemed as if the world was at an end. Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed.

改写后的要点:In a few seconds, the whole city was in ruins.

例3:[Module 4 Unit 5 Theme parks]

Theme Parks是一篇脉络清晰、结构简单、通俗易懂的文章。学生在阅读完全文之后,可以快速找到每个主题公园所在段落的主题句为每段的首尾句。但课文原句结构复杂,内容较长,我们可以用一句多译、结构重组的方法把它变成通俗易懂、紧凑型的句子。

Disneyland: Disneyland is a theme park which…

Dollywood : Dollywood is quite remarkable,because…

Camelot Park: Camelot Park will offer you a fantastic experience of ancient England.

要点衔接

概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列和堆砌,《考试说明》要求一篇优秀的概要写作应该有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。

因此,在获取要点和转述要点之后,应该特别关注各要点内部的联系和逻辑结构,用适当的衔接将要点进行连接,从而连句成篇,最终得到一篇结构紧凑的概要。

参考文献:

刘菊,杨敏. 2013.“过程法”教学模式在英语概要写作教学中的应用[J]. 考试与评价(大学英语教研版)(4):58-61.

孙鑫. 1991. 主题句在高中英语课文整体教学中的作用[J]. 山东外语教学(2):85-86.

赵奔奔,金小微. 2016.“U型三步法”在高中英语概要写作中的尝试[J]. 英语教师(10):95-110.

陈盈. 概要写作三步曲[J]. 疯狂英语(教学版), 2017(3):55-57.

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1. 合并简单句成为复合句或并列句 例句:My mother works in a bank. My mother is forty-eight. 第一种方法:合并为并列句: My mother is forty-eight and she works in a bank. 第二种方法:运用引导词连接为复合句: My mother is forty-eight, who works in a bank. 2. 将下列简单句连成复合句或并列句。 (1) For some people mathematics is a great pleasure. They are able to think absolutely. (2) A team of management consultants was called in to make an investigation. Production had dropped 14 percent over the past year. (3) I visited my uncle. I had not seen my uncle for eight years. _______________________________________________________________________________

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