高中英语写作指导-《概要写作》
该题型提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。原文以说明文、议论文为主,概要,基本就是段落大意。每段用一句话概括,或者两段一个大意,最多用两句话概括。
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性
(3)上下文的连贯性
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况
(一)高分要诀
1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。
这就要求考生在写作时要找关键词和主题句,准确理解、分析原文要点,归纳段落大意。
2.各要点的表达既要相对独立,又要有适当的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。
3.所用句型力求简单,安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。
4.不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
此外,在写作时,要尽量使用短句,慎用长难句。例如,尽量少用关系代词which,who 等引导的定语从句,而采用动词-ing形式和过去分词做定语。
5.多使用概括性词语,少用具体描述性词语。注意要点之间的衔接。
概要写作中的衔接过渡词汇:
列举过渡目的过渡让步过渡承接过渡first of all
first
second
third
in the first place initially
to start with furthermore
in addition moreover what’s more finally with the aim
of
for the sake
of
with a view
to
for the
purpose of
although
it is true...that
even though
of course
certainly
admittedly
indeed
true
as soon as
as a matter of
fact
so to speak
however
as it were
day after day
year in and year
out
举例理由时间总结
as an illustration for instance one example for example just as
in particular such as namely
to illustrate
a case in point take...for since
by virtue of
so
given
as a result of
because (of)
due to
in view of
on account of
owing to
the reason why
in other words
lead to
for this reason
before
since
as
until
meanwhile
at the moment
when
whenever
as soon as
just as
according to
all in all
to summarize
in summary
in conclusion
as a
consequence
lastly
by and large
finally
consequently
to sum up
hence
总括过渡词
表示时间表示强调比较
as a rule
as far as I am concerned
as for me economically speaking generally speaking
in my opinion in my view
in some at times
after
afterwards
from then on
immediately
later
meanwhile
next
now
until
while
then
above all
after all
in fact
particularly
that is
anyway
chiefly
even worse
more often
than that
similarly
similar to
the same as
accordingly
both...as
at the same time
in the same
manner
in a similar way
in common
总括过渡词表示时间表示强调比较respects
obviously
on a large scale on a personal level practically speaking simplistically speaking
to take the idea further most
important of
all
needless to
say
no doubt
to be sure
in common
equally
important
for one
thing...for
another
likewise
(二)高分三注意
(三)成篇三步骤
1.阅读
(1)认真阅读给定的原文材料,如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍;阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。
(2)画出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子;决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要;对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
(3)简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。
2.写作
(1)尽量用自己的话完成,不要直接引用原文的句子。
(2)应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序,这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
(3)写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
删除细节,只保留主要观点。选择一至两个例子:原文中可能包括五个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至两个例子。把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子:如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。避免重复:在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明,但是这在概要写作中是不能使用的;应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。压缩长句。
附1:概要写作常用句式:
附2:
(1)表示文章的内容以及研究目的
①This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...
②The article focuses on the topic of...
(2)表示研究的结论
①The result showed that...
②The author found that...
③It was concluded that...
(3)表示推荐、观点或建议
The author suggests/considers that... Suggestions are made for...
3.修改成文