高考英语概要写作方法
Part I. 什么是摘要?
A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.
概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。
对于成绩较差的同学来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。
读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上，所谓“读写任务”其实是“读”和“写”的有机结合，“读”的材料是为了后面的“写”提供情景，同样，“写”也是对“读”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。
一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的写作步骤：
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)
三、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句” 即“主题+主题的什么”。
附：2007年广东高考概括部分评分细则：
1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分;
2.机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分;
3.稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分;
4.创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分。
5.结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。
高考英语概要写作技巧
Part II. 写概括的具体方法
Ⅰ.The Steps of Writing a Summary
A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage
tells us that----- - --.
B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)
C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of speech词性转换法
Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法
语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should ________ more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..
5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children__________ scolding.
6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法
D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details
Skill2: Omit the repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words )
Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
（高一1 胡圳杰）
Original:
Why do some animals die out?
In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes. Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.
Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out.
Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.
Summary:
In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods, which destroys animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also caused some animals to become extinct. Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.
（高一2 王楚涵）Writing 1
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Yesterday Matt was sick.I picked up Archie from the sitter and Eloise from school and decided to run to Target for a few things.I had hoped to be in and out quickly.
I found a line with just one person ahead of me and began organizing my items on the conveyor.After placing my items，I looked up to see that the person ahead of me was an elderly woman. She was paying for her items with change and wanted to purchase each separately.I was frustrated with this woman and the inconvenience she had placed on me.
But then I watched the young employee with this woman.I watched him help her count her change，ever so softly taking it from her shaking hands. When she asked if she had enough to buy a reusable bag，he told her she did and went two lines over to get one for her and then repackaged her items.Neveronce was this employee angry.He was nothing but patient and kind.
As I was watching him，I saw that Eloise was too.She was standing next to the woman，watching the employee count the change.I realized I hadn’t been inconvenienced at all.That my daughter was instead witnessing kindness and patience and being taught this valuable lesson by a complete stranger.
When the woman was finished，the employee began ringing up my items and thanked me for my patience.I then thanked him for teaching us patience and kindness by his treatment of that elderly woman.When he was finished I pushed my cart through the store trying to find the manager.I wanted her to know of the employee’s kindness and patience and how much it meant to me.After tracking her down and sharing the story with her，we left Target with a cart full of consumable items，but what is more，a heart full of gratitude for such an invaluable lesson.
If you are ever in the Glendale Target，give Ishmael a smile and a nod.The world could use more people like him.
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【写作指导】
要写好记叙文的概要，先要找到以下两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？(2)结果如何？如果是夹叙夹议文，还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育意义。
就该题而言，本文的概要应该包含：作者购物的时间、地点、结果以及从本次购物中得到的启示，最后用自己的语言串联起来。
【参考范文】
The passage tells us an experience of shopping.(要点1)One day，the author with two children went to Target for shopping.(要点2)While waiting in line，she found an old lady was troublesome，but the young employee treated her patiently.(要点3)Seeing that，the author was touched by his kindness and patience and she thought her children would learn a lot from this experience.(要点4)
Writing 2
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Sugars are popular in the processed food industry because they add taste，colour and thickness to food products. The studies have shown that sugars can provide a source of energy.The body breaks down the sugar into simple forms that can be readily used in the body.But too much sugar can contribute to health problems like obesity and tooth disease.
Having too much sugar is not the only reason for obesity or being overweight，but it does add to the amount of kilojoules in food.Eating too much of any food，without doing enough exercise，will cause you to become overweight.
Governments in the United States and United Kingdom are waging a war on sugar in the interests of public health.Both countries claim that the overconsumption of sugar by much of the population is harm ful to people’s health.On Thursday，the U．https://www.doczj.com/doc/d316732420.html,ernment issued new dietary guidelines that strongly recommend people receive less than 10 per cent of their daily calorie intake from added sugar.On the
same day，British Prime Minister David Cameron said he has not ruled out the idea of a tax on sugar to encourage consumers to buy food with reduced levels of the sweet.Politicians in the U．K.are debating how a reduction in the intake of sugar could help reduce Britain’s rising rates of obesity.
The American and British governments both refer to a study conducted in Mexico that showed a tax on sugary，carbonated drinks led to a reduction in consumption.The tax was carried out on January 1，2014 and purchases of the taxed drinks went down by 12 per cent by December of that year.Sales of mineral water increased by 4 per cent over the same period.An alternative to taxing sugared drinks is to reduce the level of sugar in them.Researchers at Queen Mary University in London say that reducing the sugar content in sugar－sweetened drinks by 40 percent over five years could prevent one million cases of obesity in the U．K.Researchers say people might not even notice the changes.
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【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文，讲述了人体摄入过多糖分会影响健康。英国和美国政府都号召人们不要摄入过多糖分，甚至考虑通过增收糖税来减少糖的食用。读懂原材料是写好概要的关键，在理解原文的基础上，用尽可能简洁的语言集中
概括原文的主要观点及思想，但不能简单重复原文，同时，对各要点的概括要详略得当，结构严谨，表达明确，语义准确简练，避免空泛、含混之词。
【参考范文】
Sugar is useful for our body，but too much sugar does harm to our health，which probably leads to health problems.(要点1)As for this，governments in the United States and United Kingdom call on people not to take in too much sugar.(要点2)British Prime Minister even planned to put a tax on sugar.(要点3)A study showed that the tax on sugar helped reduce the consumption of sugar.(要点4)Researchers also think reducing the sugar content slightly would not be noticed.(要点5) Writing 3
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps them lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet，also called the Hollywood Diet，dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.
Now，scientists are beginning to believe them.
A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.
The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control—a key part of managing diabetes.
The experiments were conducted on mice—but researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli，of the University of California，Berkeley，said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results，based on
controlled experiments，warrant further study of the potential health－promoting properties of grapefruit juice.”
The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months，those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.
They also had lower blood sugar and insulin levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact，grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin，the journal PLOS ONE reports.
However，the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.
Spokesman Mariette Abrahams，a dietician，said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldn’t be the focus of the diet，” she said.
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【写作指导】
本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的
身体健康有很多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄
柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以节约词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的准确性和语句间的衔接性。
【参考范文】
Dieters think grapefruit juice helps lose weight and the Grapefruit Diet or the Hollywood Diet was a popular way of losing weight in the 1930s.(要点1)The experiments conducted on mice，which can also apply to humans，shows that grapefruit juice benefits the loss of weight and the control of blood sugar and insulin levels.(要点2)However，the fruit only takes effect when the animals eat fatty food.(要点3)The opposite view doesn’t think eating grapefruit can be the focus of the diet.(要点4)
Writing 4
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In fact，great white sharks are not white. The name is thought to have come about because these sharks are white in one circumstance when they are lying dead
on the deck of a boat.
It would be more proper to call this species the “black shark”．They have a dark upper surface，which means their prey(猎物) are difficult to spot them approaching from the dark depths.
Speaking of prey，they have been recorded dining out on a wide range of species，including whales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtles and occasionally penguins.
“If you make a list of everything that’s been found in a white shark’s stomach，you’d get a variety of things，” says marine biologist George Burgess of the
University of Florida in Gainesville.But what’s clear is that their tastes change as they age.
“They are almost just fish－eaters until they are 7，8，9 feet long，” says Burgess.“As they get bigger，they will begin to start eating mammal prey if they get the opportunity.”
These older sharks prefer seals，sea lions and walruses.When they strike from below，at speed，white sharks can clear the surface by as much as 3 m.
To locate their prey，white sharks use almost every trick in the book.“They have a series of senses，” says Burgess.
In a 1963 study，researchers hung a speaker over the edge of their boat off Miami to see if they could attract sharks with sound.
No great white sharks were spotted in this study，but it’s reasonable to assume they have good hearing too.
As a great white shark gets closer to its prey，its sense of smell begins to kick in.A study of the brains of different species of sharks shows that the grea t white’s olfactory bulb (嗅球) is especially large.
Their vision is not bad，either.“They see particularly well，” says Burgess.
They also have two less familiar senses.Their lateral lines，which run along their sides，can detect changes in water pressure that reveal their prey’s movements.
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【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文。说明文的概要写作一般有三种参考模板：(1)描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象＋性质功用＋利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces...to us，especially its...，from which we know...(2)针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”：The passage tells us...，including...(3)介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”：(The author/writer said/talks about)．..of...，because/but...。本文可以采用第一种模板。
【参考范文】
The passage introduces something about white sharks，such as the origin of the name and how they get their prey.(要点1)When they are lying dead on the deck of a boat，they are white，but they have a dark upper surface.(要点2)What they eat are various，including a wide range of species.When they are small they eat fish.As they become bigger，they eat mammal prey.(要点3)Their senses such as hearing，smell and vision are good.(要点4)
2016年浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作 一、2016年浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题 第二节：概要写作（满分25分） 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is no thing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block o ut disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up t he skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 15 46. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a frie ndly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman h ad taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman sho uld not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been re garded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning awa y dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of pre venting disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter th an white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too f ar? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of diseas e. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages ch ildren to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) positi on is gaining some ground. （原创范文，仅供参考） One possible version： People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in histo ry, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected peop le from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt abou t 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us health y. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our im mune system. (要点 4) 【范文点拨】 (一)要点分析 1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fix ed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards di rt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on th
上海高考英语题型训练: 写作 2020高三第一学期期末质量抽查 IV. Summary Writing （10 分） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point （s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 松江 It goes without saying that the language spoken by the majority of British people has the same name as the language spoken by most citizens of the U.S.A. Nonetheless, quite apart from well-documented lexical （词汇的）differences - pavement/sidewalk, lift/elevator, etc. - there are still some words and phrases which can cause confusion and misunderstanding between speakers of the two different forms. That's why sonic people say that Great Britain and the United States are nations separated by a common language. There are practical reasons for this. When the first English settlers arrived in what we now call America, the language they spoke was naturally the same as that spoken by their compatriots （同胞）on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they immediately saw things which didn't exist in Europe, often items used and made by Native Americans, such as canoes and moccasins and creatures such as buffalo. They also picked up words which they heard being used by other European immigrants. The word "boss”,for example, was used by settlers from Holland in New York in the mid-17th century. It comes from the Dutch word "baas'" which means master. The word "cookie" also comes from the Dutch "koekje”. There are many words, phrases and even grammatical structures which are mistaken for Americanisms （美式英语用语）in Britain when they are nothing of the sort. Very often, they represent not an American import, but an original form of British English which has disappeared in Britain. The verbs "guess” meaning think and “loan” me aning lend and the adjective "mad" meaning angry are frequently criticized as Americanisms, yet they all appeared in British English hundreds of years ago. In the case of “loan”, it was used as long ago as 1,200 years! In fact, English spoken in the UK has changed so thoroughly in the last 500 years that American English now represents the last place where some original British English forms can be found. 参考答案：Although American English and British English are the same language, there are great differences. Two reasons account for the phenomenon. New words were created after the first English settlers in America saw new things and learned words from other Europeans. Additionally, some original expressions have been changed by British people while they are still being used by Americans. 崇明 Giving Thanks This is the season for taking the time to reflect on what we're thankful for in life. Spending that time with friends and family to give thanks is what makes the holidays so special. But why should we limit it to just a few weeks in the years? Gratitude is a
概要写作（Summary writing），被称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。 概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。 一．正确认识概要写作 1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义） By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book. 2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点） Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text. Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner. Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow. Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only. 3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤） 1）Skim the text to find out the general theme. 2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details. 4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence. 5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes. 4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头） Begin your summary with: *The author’s name *The article’s or chapter’s name *The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article. The Body: First of all, the author describes…… He then points out that…… In addition, the author talks about…… Finally, the author suggests…… Some other introductory phrases: *(The author) states in (this article) that…
浙江省2020届高三12月百校联考英语试卷精选汇编： 读后续写概要写作 第一节读后续写（满分25分） 阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。 Craig watched his old sister, Riley, and her friend Liz race up and down the lake on their skates, avoiding other hockey(曲棍球) players. Their skate blades looked like silver smoke. When the game was over, the girls skated up to the bench where Craig was sitting. Craig asked Riley what skating felt like. “When I go really fast, I feel like I’m flying,” she said. That’s silly, thought Craig. Flying is something birds do in the air, not something people do on ice skates. Then he watched Riley go back out on the ice. She skated around and around the edge of the lake with her arms pumping and her scarf trailing behind her. Soon she went so fast that her arms looked like wings and her scarf looked like a feathery tail. Maybe skating really was like flying. When Riley sat down to take her skates off, Craig said, “I wish I could fly.” Riley retied her skate laces and crouched next to Craig. “Get on my back,” she said, and Craig did. Riley started skating, but Craig didn’t feel like he was flying. It just felt like a shaking piggyback ride. “You’re too heavy,” Riley said. “I can’t go fast when I’m carrying you.” She skated slowly back to the bench. Craig got off her back. “Even if you could go fast, I wouldn’t be flying.” he said sadly. “I need skates to fly.” Riley didn’t say anything on the walk home, but a few days later she asked Craig if he wanted to go skating. “To watch?” he asked. “No, to skate,” she said cheerfully. “Mom and I found a pair of my old skates. They might fit you.” The skates were a little big, but when Riley stuffed newspaper in the toes, they fit. Craig couldn’t stop smiling. He didn’t want to take them off, but he had to so he could walk to the lake. Riley and Liz went with him. They carried their hockey sticks and a wooden chair. Hardly had they got to the lake when Craig put his skates back on and Riley helped him onto the ice. 注意： 1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右； 2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语； 3.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好； 4.续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1: Then she put his hands on the back of the chair. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要(2017宁波模拟) Many Chinese students have studied English for approximately ten years, but most of them cannot even speak English correctly or fluently. In my opinion, there are several obstacles that have caused this to happen. The main obstacle is fear! Another is the habit of mentally translating from Chinese to English and then to change these thoughts into spoken words and sentences. Many of these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese people study and learn the language. We must learn to speak as a child does. When we are learning a second language we need to remember how we learned our native language. Learning to understand and speak a language is one of the first skills a child develops. How does a child learn the language? He listens for a time and then he tries to repeat the words. Parents give great praise for the smallest effort and slightest improvement. Therefore, the child develops courage and is excited about learning. It takes a long time before he knows anything about grammar, spelling or formal sentence structures. As for language teachers, they should avoid criticism and be very encouraging and generous with praise. Criticism or pointing out faults too often causes students to lose self-confidence and develop a fear of speaking. The best way to motivate a student is using praise. The most important aspect of speaking is having good self-esteem. Self-esteem is how you feel about yourself. When most Chinese people are asked how their English is, or they are told their English is very good, they immediately respond by saying, "Oh my English is very poor." If you say this to yourself often enough, you will believe it. When someone compliments（称赞）you, just say "thank you". __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 共（）词
概要写作题型解读与技巧 第一部分概要写作总体介绍 1.题型介绍 ◆选材特点 (1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内; (2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。 ◆评分参考 阅卷时主要考虑以下内容： (1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况; (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性; (3)上下文的连贯性; (4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。 注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。 2考查能力 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。 第二部分概要写作步骤和方法 一．概括的写作步骤： 1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
新高中英语概要写作答题技巧 概要写作要求读懂所给的阅读材料，用自己的语言高度概括文章的主要内容和观点，有三个步骤：1阅读 a.把握文章体裁。概要写作的前提是要理解原文。首先，通读原文，把握文章体裁、中心思想和整体结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍，可以从以下方面的内容(见下表)入手。 ▲不同体裁文章的要点 b.画出主题句或关键词，主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。在找到主题句后，要分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词（组）如动词、名词等。 c.整合概括大意。根据阅读时获取的信息、主题句或关键词(组)等，对相关的内容进行整合，理清各层次、要点之间的关系，用自己的语言把词(组)扩展成句，归纳出各段落的大意，也就是表达的要点。2写作
概要写作不是对原文的简单复述，而是在透彻理解原文的基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。注意以下几点： a.准确。准确理解原文包括对原文中每个要点及与之相关的“一些重要论据，句子的理解等。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。概要写作的时态顺应与原文的时态，顺序一致。由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称概要写作一般都要用第三人称。 b.客观。在进行概要写作时，要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“I think”和“I believe”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。如可用单个词汇替换具有相同语法功能的单词和词组：用determine 代替“make up ones mind”;用therefore和to等表示逻辑意义的连接词代替较长的词组“as a result”和“in order to”等。 c.简洁。由于概要写作的词数有限，所以，可以采取削“枝”去“叶”的方法来减少词数。通常的方法是去掉原文中的一些实例、冗长的说明、描述性的修饰语以及省略或简化图表，删除直接引语的对话。如果必须保留某些重要的对话，可将其改为间接引语的形式，即把对话体变为叙述体；或采用主谓缩写( we are→we're；they will→they'll)，句式省略( when he crossed the road= when crossing the road)，合并句子，使用简单句、并列句，with的复合结构，适当使用复合句等方法来进行概要写作。 d.连贯。连接词是内容概要的桥梁，它在句与句或段与段之间起铺垫的作用，能够把内容概要有机地串联起来，确保行文流畅，衔接紧凑。因此，概要写作哪怕只有一个段落，也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，如表示顺序关系的“firstly”¨secondly"“finally”；
浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作 一、浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
上海高考英语新题型之概要写作 澄衷高级中学孙吉 从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summary writing），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。 概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。 一．正确认识概要写作 1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义） By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book. 2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点） Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text. Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner. Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does. Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and
上海高考英语概要写作技巧 Rubrics for summary writing (2019-9-14) 评分标准: 1. 本题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。（这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5） 2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。 3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。 各档次给分要求: 内容部分 A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。 B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。 C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。 D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。 E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 语言部分 A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。 C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。 D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。 E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 把握文体特点 记叙文：what who when where why how 议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs 样题解读 Dirt Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.