A Study of Nonverbal Communication
Thesis Statement: Nonverbal Communication, which convey a whole variety
of information and emotions, it plays an important
role in our intercultural communication, but it differs
from nation to nation for the cultural differences in some extent. Outline：
I. Introduction
A. The definiton
B. The significance of the discussion
C. Layout of the paper
II. elements of nonverbal communication
A. Body language
1. Gestures
2. Postures
3. Clothing and bodily characteristics
4. Facial expressions
5. Physical contact
6.Paralanguage
B. Environmental language
1. Our use of time
2. Our use of space
III. Conclusion
A Study of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and posture, by facial expression and eye contact and so on. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. written texts also have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction. in other words, nonverbal communication refers to any form of communication that is not directly dependent on the use of language.
When the other person or group is absorbing the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning, the other person uses all five senses in the interaction. “Sight makes up 83% of th e impact on the brain of information from the senses during a visual presentation. Taste makes up 1%, Hearing makes up 11%, smell 3% and touch 2%.”Most social psychologists will tell you that nonverbal communication makes up about two-thirds of all communi cation between two people or between one speaker and a group of listeners.” Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. People are more likely to believe that the first things they learn are the truth. so as to get a first impression of one person in several seconds, so it plays an important role in our communication, as with verbal
communication. nonverbal communication is also closely associated with culture, understanding the cultural differences in nonverbal behavior helps us to communicate successfully with members from other cultures. So it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of our own nonverbal actions and the nonverbal ways of other language.
The arrangement of major parts of this paper is as follows：Introduction, elements of nonverbal communication, Conclusion.
Gestures may be made with the arms, hands and even fingers. Gestures refer to specific body movements that carry meaning. Ha nds can form shapes that convey many meaning: “That’s expensive,” “ Come here,” “Go away,” and “ It’s OK” can been expressed nonverbally using only hands. For example, when you swivel your hand to someone, it means to say goodbye. Gestures especially are used frequently in some sport games. It is also used in classroom, or by traffic police. If you put your right forefinger under your left palm, you say “stop”. Gestures are used frequently in our daily life. But gestures for these phrases may differ among languages.Such as the picture follows: Number 1 is used together with the verbal message“let’s keep our fingers crossed” in the United States. England, and Sweden to mean that the person is hoping for good luck. Number 2 the ring gesture is widely used in the US to mean “Great, perfect, acceptable, Ok”; but in Belgium and France, it means “zero”; in Turkey, Brazil, Greece, and Malta, it has an obscene meaning; in Japan it means money; and in Tunisia, it is used as a threat. We can also see some differences in number 3.
A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.[1]There are some universal gestures like the shoulder shrug. “The shoulder shrug is a good exa mple of a universal gesture that is used to show that a person doesn’t know or doesn’t understand what you are saying. It’s a multiple gesture that has three main parts: exposed palms to show nothing is being concealed in the hands, hunched shoulders to protect the throat from attack, and raised brow, which is a universal, submissive greeting. Gestures can also be categorized as either speech independent or speech related. Speech-independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a direct verbal translation. A wave or a [V-sign| peace sign] are examples of speech-independent gestures. Speech-related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech; this form of nonverbal communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated. Speech-related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing to an object of discussion
Postures and sitting habits, too, offer insight into a culture’s deep structure.[2] Posture or a person's bodily stance communicates a variety of messages. Posture can be used to determine a participant’s degree of attention or involvement, the difference in status between communi cators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator, depending on body “openness”. Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror-image congruent postures, where one person’s left side is parallel to the other person’s right side, leads to favorable perception of communicators and positive speech; a person who displays a forward lean or decreases a backward lean also signifies positive sentiment during communication. There are many different types of posture. Some of these postures include: slouching, towering, legs spread, jaw thrust, shoulders forward, and arm crossing. These nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes toward another person. An example of good posture includes standing erect, and leaning forward communicates to a person that you are approachable, receptive, and friendly. A person talking to someone that is constantly looking at the floor or ceiling makes it seem as though disinterest with the conversation. Always try to avoid negat ive posture. “Lean forward when listening, stand straight when speaking.”In a social group, American women often sit with their
ankles crossed, or sometimes their legs crossed at the knee. Men often sit with one leg crossing the other, with the ankle resting on the knee. However, in China, if you sit in this way, you are considered to be rude or impolite. Chinese people are asked to sit with tow legs in the same level, and with your feet on the ground. Crossing two legs at the knee in some occasion shows your station. But most Chinese people will not sit in that way. In the United States, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand. In many countries, such as Germany, and Sweden, where lifestyles tend to be more formal, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners.
Clothing and bodily characteristics are important elements. Clothing is the most common form of non-verbal communication. The types of clothing that an individual wears convey nonverbal clues about his or her personality, background and financial status, and how others will respond to them. An individual’s clothing style can demonstrate their culture, mood, level of confidence, interests, age, authority, value/beliefs, and their sexual identity. A study, carried out in Vienna, Austria, of the clothing worn by women attending discothèques showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were without their partners), motivation for sex and levels of sexual hormones were correlated with aspects of their clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed and the presence of sheer clothing. Thus, to some degree, clothing sends signals about interest in courtship.Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed & Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller, for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking.
Facial expressions carry meaning determined by contexts and relationships. For instance, the smile, which is typically an expression of pleasure, has many functions. People use smile to make others feel welcome. We smile to include new people in a group. We smile to show we are pleased.
A smile may show affection, convey politeness, or disguise true feelings. Pain is conveyed by a grimace, which also signifies disgust or disapproval. Surprises, shock, or disbelief can be shown by raising the eyebrows. A wink given to a friend may mean “You and I have a secret” or “I’m just kidding”. The degree of facial expressiveness also varies among individuals and cultures. They sometimes also mean different emotions in different cultures. Japanese men even go so far as to hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disgust by laughing. we can find that Men have under the nose filled, touch to hide some nose represent content(picture 4), Hand on eyebrow bone said near to shame(picture 5), When to see eye to the left of the narrative, which represents the brain in memory, says what is the truth(pictuare 6); But a lie don't need to recall of process, we can get the information I want to know by the facial expressions.
People from different cultures have very different feelings about hugging and touching. Some Americans may touch the arm of the person they are talking to while they are speaking. A man may gently slap another man on the back when greeting him. Many Americans hug their family members and good friends when they greet them or say goodbye. However, some Americans do not enjoying being hugged in public. There is a great variety of feelings about hugging strangers. Some people will warmly hug a new person they are introduced to. Others may take a long time before they give a friend a hug when they say hello or goodbye. People from South America or southern Europe frequently touch the person they are speaking to. They touch on the arm, hand, or shoulder. People from Japan seldom touch at all when speaking to others. In China, boys may put their arms around other boys, and girls may walk arm-in-arm or even holding hands. However, in America, boys do not put their arms around other boys. If you do, people will consider you odd.
And those of the Jews in Europe an Middle East, Russians, Indonesians and so on tend to be more high contact.
Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech, a voice may tell whether the speaker is sick or healthy, sleepy or awake,. Loudness and tone of voice reflects psychological arousal, emotion, and mood. It may also carry social information, it carries more than the words of language.
[3]This is the aspect of communication that cannot be neglected. The linguist George L.
Trager developed a classification system which consists of the voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.
?The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.
?The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique "voice print".
?Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates.
Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning.
A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a message - for example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as
opposed to whispering "Hey stop that". Vocal segregates such as "uh-huh" notify the speaker that the listener is listening.
A monochronic time system means that things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Under this system time is scheduled, arranged and managed. The United States is considered a monochronic society. For Americans, time is a precious resource not to be wasted or taken lightly. “time is tangible” and viewed as a commodity where “time is money” or “time is wasted.” The result of this perspective is that Americans and other monochronic cultures, such as the German and Swiss, place a paramount value on schedules, tasks and “getting the job done.” Monochronic cultures include Germany, Canada, Switzerland, the United States,
and Scandinavia.
A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a
more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico,
the Philippines, India, and many in Africa cultures use the polychronic system of time. polychronic cultures have a much less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules. Rather, “cultures that use the polychronic time system often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously so keeping on schedule is an impossibility.”
Territoriality is an important concept concerning people’s use of space. the perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.
The term territoriality is used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space.[4] identify 4 such territories:
1.Primary territory: This refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive
use of it. An example is a house that others cannot enter without the owner’s permission.
2.Secondary territory: Unlike primary territory, there is no “right” to occupancy of
secondary territory, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of such space as
they develop the custom of occupying it. For example, someone may sit in the same seat in church every week and feel irritated if someone else sits there.
3.Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such
as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over
that space, they often extend that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space.
4.Interaction territory: this is space held by others when they are interacting. For example,
when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group
rather than disturb their interaction territory.
Nonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages from another person. These messages can be conveyed through gestures, posture, and even clothing and so on. Nonverbal communication can convey a very different message than a verbal conversation. This can tell someone whether they are liked, interesting or hated. Nonverbal communication can have meanings in objects as well. Certain articles i n a person’s life can say a lot about them and can sometimes even talk for them. Nonverbal communication can be easiest practiced when the two communicators are face to face. The nonverbal aspect of communication is easiest when the environment is right for all communicators involved, such as, when the environment is right or the moment is right. Nonverbal communication is an important aspect in any conversation skill people are practicing. Nonverbal communication will inhibit someone to be able to tell other person how they are really feeling without having to voice any opinions. People can interpret body signals better than they can talk most of the time. Have a knowledge of our own and other countries’ nonverbal language can help us have a better intercultural communication.
Notes
1. Navarro, J. What Every Body is Saying. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. (2008) p.36
2.Zhang Ailing(2008.4) p.109
3.Zhang Ailing(2008.4) p.111
4.Hargie & Dickson (2004) p. 69
Bibliography
Navarro, Joe. What Every Body Is Saying. New York: Harper Collins (2008）.
Driver, J. You Say More Than You Think. New York, NY: Crown Publishers. (2010) Demarais,A., White, V. (2004). First Impressions. New York, NY: BanTam Books
Zhang Ailing(2008.4)
The picture mentioned in the article:
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浅谈中西方语言文化和饮食的差异 1.语言文化差异 语文是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化，同时也直接反映着文化的差异。 在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。 西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。 正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。 我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。 文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat （肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”
中西文化与广告语言 广告语言是广告的核心内容。社会文化影响并制约广告语言及其表达，广告语言则蕴含或反映社会文化。语言是民族的语言，广告存在于一定的社会之中。一个民族的哲学观念、思维模式、文化心理、道德观念、生活方式、风俗习惯、社会制度、宗教信仰等等都必然会对广告语言产生作用。所以，任何一个社会的广告语言不可避免地反映社会文化的各个方面。事实上，反映社会文化的广告语言易为人们所理解和接受，可大大促进广告的功能。认识到这一点，并努力探讨出社会文化与广告语言之间的内在关系，对于理解和赏析广告语言，对于指导创作、设计既符合广告表达基本原则，又适合特定民族文化特征的广告语言具有十分重要的作用。据笔者所知，我国学者对中西文化与广告语言的研究甚少，尤其缺乏比较研究。本文是这方面研究的一个尝试。 一、哲学观念与广告语言 曹志耘(1992：130)认为，各个民族都有其独
特的对世界的认识和表达，有自己的哲学观念。哲学观念深刻地影响着有关语言的结构和运用，当然也影响着广告语言的应用。例如，天人合一是我国传统文化中一个最基本的哲学观念。在我国的一些广告中，天人合一观念对语言表达和接受的影响显而易见。如长虹牌电视机广告词“天上彩虹，人间长虹”，通过天上彩虹对人间“长虹”的映衬、比喻，给人一种天上人间一体，彩虹“长虹”一物的感受。通过这样的广告宣传，“长虹”彩电的美好形象栩栩如生地长驻于人们的脑际。“长虹”彩电驰名全国，颇受青睐，销售量跃居国产彩电之首，这固然与其质量息息相关，但无疑也与其广告词所创造的美好形象不无联系。 扬子电气的电视广告则由人群在大地上组合成多姿多彩的扬子电气商标图案和“扬子电气”四个大字，在此场景里，人和文字融为一体。同时，该广告仅有的两句话“扬子天地，扬子电气”将商品与天地相提并论。这样，整个广告形成了一种十分强烈的天人合一的和谐气氛，非常引人入胜。再举数例： ①与书为友，天地长久。(某丛书广告)
Globalization and the Traditional Notion about a Family 1101214008 11109班 陈欢
Globalization and The Traditional Notion about a Family Nowadays , our world is a globalized world. Countries depend on each other and no one nation can be independent of the globalization architecture. There is no doubt that globalization tightly connects the world with us in political , economic , cultural field and so on. It brings not only wealth, the greater its charm lies in the mutual language, culture and other aspects of the infiltration and integration. But except the benefits and good effects the globalization makes , there are so many risks and hidden dangers. In the background of the globalization , a imperceptible problem is our culture has been challenged, especially the traditional culture. Globalization show us the different cultures which are gradually penetrating into the minds of people. It has a great influence on societies , families and individuals. Speaking of family, Chinese people have their own the traditional notion about it. Whether globalization will change the notion? This is my theme. China is a country with 5000 years of civilization, accumulating many great cultures and spreading many nice manners and customs. And these contain the traditional notion of Chinese family, whose stable spreading plays a large role in maintaining social stability in the ancient and modern China. Our traditional notion about family generally refers to
中西方文化差异的论文题目： 中西方时间观念的比较 中西方饮食文化的比较 中西方教育的比较 中西方问候语的比较 中西方餐桌礼仪的差异 中西方宗教文化对比 中西方儿童文学的差异 从文字比较看中西方文化差异 礼貌中的中西方“面子文化”差异 论中西方激励机制的差异比较和在医疗管 理中的应用 英语教学中的文化教学——中西方文化差 异对比分析 中西方价值观差异对交际模式的影响 从历史中透视中西方经济差异形成的原因 浅谈跨越中西方文化障碍 日常生活中的中西方文化差异 浅析中西方隐私观的差异 中西方古代体育和谐思想比较研究 中西方传统犯罪控制思想之比较 土地与海洋的对话——中西方文化与人格 差异之浅见 汉英商标翻译与中西方文化差异 中西方孝文化探析 从文化视角看中西方教育思想的差异 中西方语言与文化的差异 中西方哲学语言观的差异 浅析中西方文化差异对翻译的影响 从素质教育看中西方教育的差异及思考 中西方立宪文化差异比较——以价值观为 视角 影响跨文化交际的主要因素——中西方价值观念差异 中西方股票期权制度实际操作的差异性分 析 英美社会与文化论文 1. The Contrast and Analyses of Customs
in Britain and China 英国和中国习俗之研究 2. Cultural Connotation of English Names 英语姓名的文化内涵 3. Black Culture and American English 黑人文化与美国英语 4. The Phenomenon of “Political Correctness” in American English 论美国英语中的政治正确现象 5. English Euphemism and Culture 文化因素与委婉语 6. Cultural Differences in Address Terms: English and Chinese 英汉称呼语中的文化差异 7．Influence of Greek Myths to British and American Culture 希腊神话与英美文化 8. An Investigation on Intercultural Communication Competence and Intercultural Sensitivity Among Chinese College Students 关于中国大学生跨文化交际能力和跨文化 敏感度的调查 9. Cross-Cultural Awareness in Translating Tourist Materials 中国旅游资料翻译中的跨文化意识 10. Cross-Cultural Training in Chinese Universities 中国大学中的跨文化培训 11. Acculturation Strategies among Chinese Overseas Students 中国海外留学生的文化适应策略 12. On Tour Commentary Translation---An Intercultural Communication Perspective 从跨文化角度看导游词翻译 13. Intercultural Communication on the Internet 互联网上的跨文化交际 14. On the Application of Theatrical Tricks to
跨文化交际之中西文化冲突 “跨文化交际”的英语名称是"intercultural communication"或 “cross-cultural communication”。它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际, 也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。 一、造成文化冲突现象的原因探究 由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同, 因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等诸语境因素。 不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。因此, 在交流中, 人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论, 从而产生冲突和故障。在跨文化交际中,交际的双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中, 就容易产生不解或误解,从而使交际失败。 二、中西文化的产生背景差异 中国文化是在黄土高原上孕育和发展起来的，然后在华北平原，再后是往长江以南发展，保持着长期的连续性和稳定性。中国的思想文化是儒学定于一尊而又兼容释道的文化。它以其特有的悠久、单纯的传统，以其特有的凝聚力和消化力，进入了近代世界一体化和文化大交流的时期。拥有上下五千年渊源历史宝贵遗产的炎黄子孙，在当今的21世纪现代社会，仍然遗传了祖先们的优良传统。 西方近现代文化主要是从古希腊罗马的异教文化发展过来的。古希腊伦理学和价值观的基本特征则表现为尚知和崇理，至善在于"作为一个自然存在的人的完善"，尤其是理智、哲学的沉思被强调为最高的德性。古希腊人是乐生的，立足此世的，他们是多神论的，他们的人生观是自然主义的。孕育和起源于海边的文化注定了他们性格上的开放。这是与中国文化的大不同！ 三、中西跨文化交际中经常出现的文化冲突 在中西跨文化交际中会出现的文化冲突有很多种，在这里我们列出几种比较常见的文化冲突。 1、私方面的冲突
摘要：谚语是一个民族吸取自己优秀文化的成果，其言简意赅、内涵丰富并在民间广泛使用。本文通过对英汉谚语文化差异的分析，力求加深对英汉谚语的理解，提高对英汉谚语的运用和翻译能力。 关键词：谚语文化差异翻译 1. 引言 谚语（proverb or saying）是人民群众在生产生活中提炼出来的智慧结晶，是一个民族的语言和文化的重要组成部分。《辞海》（2000年版，491页）是这样定义的：谚语是?流传于民间的简练通俗而富于意义的语句?。《朗文当代高级辞典》给谚语下的定义是：?a short well-known supposedly wise saying in simple language?。谚语和一个民族的历史背景、生活习惯、地理环境、民族心理、意识形态等是密切相连的。 2. 英汉谚语的文化差异基于不同的文化背景而形成的谚语有着较大的差别，以下将从审美角度、自然环境、宗教信仰、思想观念等几个方面对英汉谚语的差异进行分析。 2.1 审美差异在诸多英汉谚语差异中，最为典型的要属对待动物的态度了，其中，龙的例子最为人所熟知，在中国，龙代表帝王，象征吉利的动物，有不可思议的力量。因此有谚语?龙眼识珠，凤眼识宅?、?龙投大海，虎奔高山?。而英美却认为?dragon?是邪恶的象征，如sow dragon’s teeth等等。在汉语中习惯用老虎来形容勇敢、凶猛、威严，在西方，狮子常被尊为百兽之王。因此，我们在翻译含?lion?（狮子）的习语和谚语时不妨用?虎?取而代之则更符合中国人的认同感。如：come in like a lion and go out like a lam b 虎头蛇尾；like a key in a lion' s hide狐假虎威等。 2.2 自然差异中英两国所处的地域不同，自然环境、山川物产、气候差异与历史发展轨迹千差万别。英国乃岛国，英民族生活在四面临海的岛上，擅长航海，所以英语里有很多与?航海?有关的谚语:A smooth sea never makes a skillful mariner 平静的大海练不出好水手，To keep one’s head above water奋力图存；而汉民族生活在以农业经济为主的广袤大陆上，谚语很多和农业生产有关. 民以食为天；瑞雪兆丰年；四体不勤，五谷不分等。 2.3 宗教信仰差异宗教信仰是人们精神活动的一个方面，是民族文化的重要组成部分。基督教是英美国家的主要宗教信仰，而中国人受佛教和道家思想影响较大，由此产生了许多独具宗教特色的谚语，如佛教?不看僧面看佛面?、?放下屠刀，立地成佛?、?善有善报，恶有恶报?。再如道教?八仙过海各显神通?、?道高一尺，魔高一丈?、?福兮祸之所伏，祸兮福之所倚?、等等。而英国的典故主要来自《圣经》、古希腊神话等西方经典著作，如God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。Whom God would ruin he first sends mad.上帝欲毁灭之，必先使其疯狂。 2.4 思想观念差异英民族强调众生平等，Human blood is all of a color. 人类血的颜色是一样的。 A cat may look at a king人人平等；而汉民族却有较强的等级观念，家族讲家法，讲辈分；社会讲宗法，将尊卑。谚语中有?父母在，不远游?、?千里烧香，不如在家敬爹娘?。西方道德中，比较注重子女自己独立的人格，这一点体现在如?Children are not to be blamed for the faults of their parents.?的谚语中。还有?All stratagems are fair in love?、?Love is without reason?等就体现了男女平等 ,自由恋爱。英民族有着开拓进取、永争第一的勇气，?Keep up with the Jones. ?赶上富邻居，争比阔绰。而深受儒家?中庸?之道影响的汉民族则怕出头，?枪打出头鸟、出头的椽子先烂?等。 3. 翻译策略 正如刘宓庆说的：?文化翻译的任务不是翻译文化，而是翻译容载或含蕴着文化信息的意义。意义始终是我们关注的中心：它既是我们的出发点，又是我们的落脚点。?[1](p83)本着抛砖引玉的想法，笔者试从以下几方面谈谈英汉谚语的翻译策略。
西南大学本科生课程论文 论文题目：An Understanding of “Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin in the Perspective of Intercultural Communication” 课程名称：跨文化交际 任课教师：杨杰 专业：英语（师范） 班级：200级11班 学号：222009310011324 姓名：王小青 2011 年12 月23 日 西南大学外国语学院制
An Understanding of “Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin in the Perspective of Intercultural C ommunication” WANG Xiaoqing Abstract:As we all know, we express our thoughts by means of language. However, while we using language, we convey culture at the same time. As for color, it’s a part of language, so it including culture, too. There are differences in the use of colors and color words between Chinese and English cultures. The different cultures bring different attitudes toward the same color because of different culture background, they reveal wide connotation of cultures. We should pay attention to observing not only their basic meanings, but also the deep and broad symbolic meanings. The symbolic meanings of color words often have different features in different language cultures. And some of them even have become taboos and adornments since the meanings of the color words are extended and transferred. Meanwhile, the cultural exchanges and the color views have similar phenomenon and coincidence in the languages. Key W ords: Color words; cultural differences; symbolic meanings; comparison I. Introduction Color is an important part of our life. Color words help us to understand the world around, like our sense of taste and smell. The basic color words in English such as red, yellow, white, black, not only express the colors of objective things, but also the obstruct things. The color words have specified semantic meanings in different cultures. Without understanding of them, we will probably run into obstacles or make a fun of ourselves in communication. Therefore learning and grasping the symbolic meanings of color words are important. Good understanding of the symbolic meanings of color words can help us communicate effectively among people from different countries. This paper tries to illustrate the different symbolic meanings of color words in Chinese and English cultures by comparison and analysis of them. II. Color and Culture Color words, in whatever languages, are used for describing different things. The statistics show that there are more than 7 million kinds of colors can be recognized in the nature. However, the color names are very limited in the languages because there are only dozens of colors
Abstract With the high development of globalization, the intercultural communication among countries tends to be unavoidable. We are doomed to communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds. However, the communication may be hindered by the different cultures, for example, the languages, communication styles, religions, life backgrounds, and local customs. Even the environment we live in and our personality can influence our communication. Therefore，the author makes an exploration on cultivating English major students'intercultural communicative competence(ICC). Thesis firstly explains the importance of developing intercultural communicative competence, and shows the problems of teaching students'ICC. And then it introduces the definition and elements of ICC. Finally, it talks about the importance of emphasis on exploring ways of ICC. Key words: intercultural communicative competence; cultivation; strategies 摘要 随着全球化进程的加速，世界各国之间的跨文化交流不可避免。我们注定要和来自不同文化背景的人交流，沟通。然而，不同的语言、交流方式、宗教信仰、生活背景、地方习俗等文化层面因素，以及我们的交流环境、个人习惯，都影响我们的沟通能力和方式。因此，本文就针对英语专业学生如何培养学生跨文化交际能力进行了探索。首先阐述培养跨文化交流能力的重要性，指出外语教学在培养学生跨文化交流能力存在的问题。其次阐明跨文化交流能力的概念和组成部分。
2017年上半年 《跨文化交际概论》课程论文 题目：从电影《女婿》看东西方跨文化交际的差异 院系：文学与传媒学院 专业班级：国教本16班 学号：2016112543 姓名：黄妍妍 批阅教师：韦昌宁
从电影《女婿》看东西方跨文化交际的差异 世界之大，无奇不有，总是会存在着方方面面的差异。而文化则是其中的一个方面。所谓文化是通过某个民族的活动而表现出来的一种思维和行动方式，一种使这个民族不同于其他任何民族的方式。而世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成，发展并强化了自己独特的文化及与之相适应的交际文化。 对跨文化交际的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。这实际上是包含了许多不同的维面。在跨文化交际中，有融合也会有冲突，这就需要做到求同存异。 最近，我看了一部有关跨文化交际的电影，名叫《女婿》，别名称《岳父岳母真难当》。这是一部法国影片，初次听到这个名字，以为像国内家庭剧一样是无趣的，其实不然。它的主题比较独特，是有关在跨文化交际背景下体现出东西方间的文化冲突。该影片主要讲述的是一个信奉天主教的法国旧式传统资产阶级家庭中有四个女儿。三个女儿分别找了阿拉伯、犹太和中国丈夫，有三种不同的跨国婚姻。而老夫妻唯独期盼剩下未嫁的小女儿能找一个信奉天主教的法国白人，结果没想到小女儿找了一个非裔黑人。在这对夫妻与他们的女儿女婿相处及在筹备小女儿婚礼的过程中，由于文化差异，产生了一些令人啼笑皆非和感动的故事。该影片虽是一部轻松搞笑的家庭喜剧，但片中却处处体现出来自不同国家，不同宗教，不同种族的文化冲突和对于社会现实的抨击。由此，可从这部影片中看出东西方跨文化交际的差异和从以下方面进行论述。 一．宗教方面 （一）在影片里，玛丽问二女儿一家要为外孙取什么样的名字，犹太女婿笑称在安东尼，卢卡或穆罕默德三个名字间犹豫。克劳德既要表现出心胸宽广包容性强的样子，但实际内心对穆罕默德这个名字及其排斥。因为前两个名字是传统的法国天主教名字，而穆罕默德则是与犹太教穆斯林有关。这体现出了不同国家，不同宗教间在取名字上的差异性。
The Necessity of Intercultural Communication People can not live without Communication. Communication is everywhere. Even when they are alone, people are bombarded with communication. Human communication—that is, the ability to use language, the ability to exchange ideas with people around us in different cultures. Communication with others is the essence of what it means to be human. Communication which is very important to our humans is the vehicle by which people initiate, maintain, and terminate their relationships with others. Like communication, culture is prevalence and has a profound effect on humans. Culture is also invisible yet pervasive. As we go about our daily lives, we do not have a great sence of our culture’s influence. Culture exist everywhere around us between different nations even different countries. Culture has a direct influence on the physical, relational and perceptual environment. Yet most of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are profoundly affected by different cultures. In addition to the rapid growth of modern society, People have more and more exchanges, the importance of intercultural communication is becoming more important. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a minimum of two persons from different cultures or countries come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. It can occurs everywhere. For example, When we do business with people from different cultures or different countries, we need to communicate with them, we need exchange different views about the business on the matter of information . A main theme throughout this text is that intercultural communication is indispensable. Successfully communicatting with someone from a different culture or different countries which is very difficult to our human requires a degree of communication competence. Most models of communication competence include a affective, and behavioral component, which is indispensable in cross-cultural communication. With the rapid growth of the modern society, the benefits of the Intercultural communication are even greater. Communicating and establishing relationships with people from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits, including healthier communities; increased international, national, and local commerce; reduced conflict; and personal growth through increased tolerance. Through open and honest intercultural communication, people can work together to achieve goals that benefit everyone, regardless of group or culture, including the global community in the home, business, or neighborhood. Healthy communities support all community members and strive to understand, appreciate, and acknowledge each member. Our ability to interact with persons from different cultures brought us many benefits, through cross-cultural exchange, we can learn about the other countries'way of life, also we can understand their industry structure, thus we can do commercial exchanges and academic communication with them, the academic has No boundaries, only through the exchange, we can get more academic knowledge, our communication will be easier and there will be less conflict between people of different cultures. As mentioned earlier in this text, when we come together with a person from a different culture, we may feel uncertain, apprehensive and anxious. Such feelings are stressful. Hence, sometimes intercultural communication can be stressful. The good news is that we can learn and adapt to such stress and. During intercultural communication we have to keep in our mind that the communication strategies we use with persons with whom we are familiar may not be effective with persons from other cultures. Thus, we have to learn to adapt and adjust our communication style. We have to recognize that we will make mistakes, learn from them, adapt, and move on. A good beginning point
性格决定做事方法和做事结果 关于性格的定义十分广泛，但主要包括以下两种： 第一种，人对现实的态度和行为方式中较稳定的个性心理特征，是个性的核心部分，最能表现个别差异，具有复杂的结构。大体包括：(1)对现实和自己的态度的特征，如诚实或虚伪、谦逊或骄傲等。(2)意志特征，如勇敢或怯懦、果断或优柔寡断等。(3)情绪特征，如热情或冷漠、开朗或抑郁等。(4)情绪理智特征。如思维敏捷、深刻、逻辑性强或思维迟缓、浅薄、没有逻辑性等。[1] 第二种，是一个心理学术语。指一个人在对现实的稳定的态度和习惯了的行为方式中表现出来的人格特征，它表现一个人的品德，受人的价值观、人生观、世界观的影响。性格是在后天社会环境中逐渐形成的，是人的核心的人格差异。性格有好坏之分，能最直接地反映出一个人的道德风貌。 很多人容易把性格与本性弄混，认为两个词是同一个意思，但其实两者之间有着本质区别。性格是后天形成的，比如腼腆的性格、果断的性格等。而本性是人天生所具有的，不可改变的思维方式，比如自尊心，虚荣心，荣誉感等。 在我所学的跨文化交际课程中，课程的刚开始就提到了有关性格的内容。那性格与跨文化交际有着怎样的关系呢?首先，我来谈谈跨文化交际（cross-cultural communication），即本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。通俗来说就是如果你和处于不同语言和文化背景下的外国人打交道，应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。而我们都知道不同国家的人有着不一样的性格，不同的性格会有迥然不同的交际方式和习惯，所以若想更好地与不同民族、不同地域的人打交道，提前了解他们的性格不失为一个好方法。 有人可能会提出疑问，性格对一个人的影响真的有这么大吗？谈到这个问题，我想到了一个有关不同国家的人不同性格的经典故事： 有三个人要被关进监狱三年，监狱长给他们一人一个要求。美国人爱抽雪茄，要了三箱雪茄。法国人最浪漫，要一个美丽的女子相伴。而犹太人说，他要一部与外界沟通的电话。三年过后，第一个冲出来的是美国人，嘴里鼻孔里塞满了雪茄，大喊道：“给我火，给我火！”原来他忘了要火。接着出来的是法国人，