名词性从句的翻译
英语的名词性从句包括主语从名、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。翻译的时候，大多数可以按照原文的句子顺序翻译成相应的汉语译文。但是，有时候，可以采用其他翻译方法来灵活处理。
一、主语从句
（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
What he told me was only half-truth.
他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。
Whatever is worth doing should be done well.
任何值得做的事情都应该做好。
Whether he comes or not makes no difference.
他来不来都没有关系。
When we can begin the expedition is still a question.
我们何时才能开始这次考察仍然是悬而未决。
How he is going to do it is a mystery.
他准备怎么做这个事情是个迷。
（二）用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。
It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
他参加不参加会议没有多大关系。（It没有翻译）
It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.
驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。（It翻译为“这”）
有时候，如果主语从句仍然按照英语原来的顺序翻译的话，it一般不需要译出来。在汉语译文的开始，一般可以用“...的是，...”这样的结构来翻译。
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。（It不用翻译，还可以用“奇怪的是...”这样的结构来翻译）
二、宾语从句
（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。
I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.
我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。
Can you hear what I say?
你听得到我所讲的吗？
I don’t know that he swam across the river.
我不知道他游过了那条河。
I don’t know how he swam across the river.
我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。
有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith replied that he was sorry.
He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.
他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。
（二）用it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。
I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.
我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十时前交卷。（it没有翻译）
I heard it said that he had gone abroad.
听说他已经出国了。（it没有翻译）
但有时候，也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。
I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
我被选参加会议，感到光荣。（it没有翻译）
We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.
打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。（it翻译为“这”）
三、表语从句
英语中的表语从句放在连系动词后面，充当表语成分，一般可以按照英语原文顺序直接翻译。It seems that it is going to snow.
看起来要下雪了。
That is why Jack got scolded.
这就是杰克受到训斥的原因。
The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.
问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。
His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.
他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他。
四、同位语从句
同位语从句主要是用来对名词作进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望），idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息），rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理，事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule（规定），possibility（可能）等。
（一）一般来说，同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国来访问。
There is a possibility that he is a spy.
有可能他是一个间谍。
（二）有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下，同位语从句都是比较简单。
We know the fact that bodies possess weight.
我们都知道物体具有重量这一事实。
The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.
关于他被捕的传闻是没有根据的。
（三）增加“即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。
But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view,
但这却丝毫改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看，他们今天仍是不合理的。
We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.
我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准。
Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
不久前，科学家们获得一个令人振奋的发现——可以把这种废物变成塑料.
定语从句的翻译
其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。
带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。
的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.
的成就。
Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.
先行词。
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.
there are many people 翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
点是在定语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.
语从句中，因此，翻译时将主句译成主语，而将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）
主句关系不密切，它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。
A dr iver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
常无礼，令人厌烦。
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
再买一幢房子，。
He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
状语从句的翻译
等意义。英语状语从句的翻译，一般比较容易处理，通常可以直接翻译。但是这里我们所要讨论的是，在汉语译文中，要如何将状语从句置于恰当的位置，并如何将其与主句之间自然连贯地连接起来，如何按汉语的习惯表达将句子类型进行相应的变化。由于两种语言表达上的不同，在状语从句的安排方面，存在着明显的差异，所以在翻译的时候也需要根据汉语习惯来灵活翻译。
when （当...的时候），whenever （每当...），as
（当...时）， since （自从...），until （直到...，如果不....），till （直到...），before （在...前），after （在...后），as soon as （一...就），once （一旦...），the moment （一...就），immediately （一...就），the day （在...那天），no sooner... than （一...就），hardly(scarcely)... when （一...就），the instant
（一...就），instantly （一...就），directly （一...就），the minute （一...就），the second （一...就），every time （每当...），by the time （等到....的时候）等。翻译的时候，一般翻译在主句的前面。
While she spoke, the tears were running down.
She came in when I was having supper.
As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.
...就”的结构
I ’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged.
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.
话，大家就沉默下来。
翻译为条件句。 Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
A body at rest will not move till a force is exerted on it.
because（因为），since（既然，由于），as（因为），now that（既然），seeing that（既然），considering that（考虑到，因为），in that（在某方面），in view of the fact that（鉴于）。在翻译的时候，大多数原因状语从句可以放在主句之前翻译。
The crops failed because the season was dry.
We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent.
语从句可以在主句前，也可以在主句后面。所以在翻译为汉语译文时，也有放在后面的。如果把原因状语从句放在主句后面翻译的话，有时候可以用汉语的“之所以...是因为”的结构来连接。
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
He will get promoted, for he has done good work.
Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
not...because的结构
because引导的具有否定意义的原因状语从句时，尤其要注意否定意义的表达一定要确切。not与because发生关系，常常要翻译成“并不是因为...”。
I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.
The machine did not move because the fuel was used up.
if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（条件是），suppose that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是...就好了）等。条件状语从句在翻译的时候，可以翻译在主句之前，也可以翻译在主句后面，有时候，还可以根据上下文省略连接词。
It was better in case they were captured.
If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.
“假设”的常用关联词。汉语中表示“假设”的分句一般前置，但作为补充说明情况的分句则往往后置。
You can drive tonight if you are ready.
No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.
though（虽然），although（虽然），even if（即使），as（尽管），while（尽管），whatever（无论什么），wherever（无论哪里），whoever（无论谁），however（无论怎样），no matter（不论，不管），for all that（尽管），granted that（即使），in spite of that fact that（尽管），despite the fact that（不管）等等。翻译的时候，通常把这些让步状语从句翻译在主句前面。
No matter what I say or how I s ay it, he always thinks I’m wrong.
While we can not see the air, we can feel it.
Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.
商量就把它否决了。
that（为了，以便），so that（为了，以便），lest（以防），in case（以防，以免），for fear that（以防）in order that（为了）等等。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
等概念。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.
得她忘了。
They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them.
so that, so...that, such...that, to such a degree 等等，通常可以翻译为“结果，如此...以致于...”，可以直接翻译。
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
The difference is such that all will perceive it.
never, never so, not so, not such”等否定词，“but that 和but what”也可以连接结果状语从句，构成双重否定。翻译的时候，可以翻译为“没有...不”。
She never comes but she borrow.
She is not so old but that she can read.
怎样简化状语从句
谓语动词的动名词(短语)形式构成介词短语作状语。例如：
After she sang，she left the rich man's house．(简化前)
After singing，she left the richman's house．(简化后)
2．以as soon as引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时，可用on十v-ing形式简化状语从句，此时的动词为非延续性动词。例如：
Dr．Bethune began to operateon the wounded soldiers as soon as he arived at the village．(简化前) Dr．Bethune began to operateon the wounded soldiers on arriving at the village．(简化后)
3．时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主语和主句主语一致时，有时可简化为不定式作状语。例如：
She stopped when she saw her husband．(简化前)
She stopped to see her husband．(简化后)
If you want to understand the farmers，you must go to the countryside．(简化前)
To understand the farmers，you must go to the country side．(简化后)
4．结果状语从句和目的状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可以简化为不定式作状语；若两者主语不一致时，则应简化为不定式的复合结构作状语。例如：
He was so tied that he couldn't go any further．(简化前)
He was too tied to go any further．(简化后)
I came here so that I could ask some questions．(简化前)
I came here(in order) to ask some questions．(简化后)
5．以when，while引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句，如果从句主语和主句主语一致时，可简化为现在分词状语，表示谓语动作发生在该状语动作的进行过程之中。例如：When he turned on the radio，he found it broken．(简化前)
When turning on the radio，he found it broken．(简化后)
While she was walking along the street，she was hit by a car．(简化前)
While walking along the street，she was hit by acar．(简化后)
6．原因状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可简化为分词短语作状语。例如：
Since l didn't know Chinese，I tried to speak to her in English．(简化前)
Not knowing Chinese，I tried to speak to her in English．(简化后)
要注意的是，形容词短语也可用作表示原因的状语，用以代替原因状语从句，放在句首、句末均可，但一般应加逗号。例如：
As he was thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house．(简化前)
Thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house．(简化后)
7．在时间、原因、条件等状语从句中，若从句和主句主语不一致时，可简化为分词复合结构作状语。有时也可简化为“with/without名词或代词十分词(短语)”形式作状语。例如：When the film start appeared, the children got exited．(简化前)
The fiLm start appearing，the children got exited．(简化后)
If all the work is done, you can have a rest．(简化前)
With all the work done，you can have a rest．(简化后)
Nothing can live if there is no air．(简化前)
Nothing can live without air．(简化后)
8．让步状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可简化为分词短语。
作状语；不一致时，常简化为with或in spite of介词短语作状语。例如：
Although he faced his death，he didn't say anything before the enemy．(简化前)
Facing the death，he didn't say anything before the enemy. (简化后)
Although there was danger，he rushed out to carry the boy to safety．(简化前)
精心整理名词性从句翻译练习 1.?问题是我们怎样才能搞到那么多的钱。 2.?谁是我们的敌人，谁是我们的朋友，是革命的首要问题。 3.?他想要的东西就是一辆汽车。 4.?他是否会拒绝我，不清楚。 5.? 6.? 7.? 8.? 9.? 10.? 11.? 12.? 13.? 14.? 1.? 2.你想娶的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。 3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。 4.你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。 5.昨天被我家的狗咬的人今天又被你家狗咬了 6.你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？
7.我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。 8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。 9.他爱了20年的那个女孩昨天嫁人了。 10.她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。 11.有什么事我能帮你吗？ 12.昨天死的那个老太太留下了100万美圆。 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.? 20. 21.? 22.? 23.? 24.? 状语从句翻译练习?? 1.??????尽管天气变冷了，他们还是像以前一样努力工作。 2.??????即使你会失败，你也应该尽你的努力去完成工作。 3.??????我们必须带雨衣，以防天下雨。 4.??????请把前门的钥匙放在我们容易找到的地方。 5.??????我刚告诉他这个消息，他就哭起来。
6.??????你越是努力学习英语，你说英语就会越好。 7.??????除非天下雨，否则飞机将正点起飞。 8.??????我们早晨早点走，以便我们能及时赶到机场。 9.?当我们听到老师告诉我们的那个消息，我们都激动得睡不着觉 10.?乘务员怕旅客不明白，她又解释了一遍。 11.?我们做得越多，就越能做；越是紧张，就越有闲暇(leisure)。 12.? 13.? key 6.? 10.? 11.? key 1.Theoldlady?whomwehadtakencareofinthehospitallastyear?died. 2.Thegirl?whomyouwanttomarry?stoleyourwalletyesterday. 3.Thebook?thatMt. Sunwrote?isthebestbookintheworld. 4.Thegirl?whoyoulike?isthegirl?whoIlike. 5.Theman?whowasbitbymydog?wasbitbymydogtodayagain. 6.Doyouknowthereasonforwhichheisgoingtomarryyou? Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisgoingtomarryyou? 7.IhatethehotelwhereIlived. IhatethehotelinwhichIlived. IhatethehotelIlivedin. 8.Iwillneverforgettheautumn?whenIstudiedandlivedwithyou. Iwillneverforgettheautumn?inwhichIstudiedandlivedwithyou.
一. 宾语从句object clause： 一. 定义definition： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 二. 连接词connections： that: I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means. “Wh”: I don’t know what the word means. I don’t know where he found the book. 只用whether的情况： 1. 与or not连用： I don’t know whether it’s raining or not. 2. 与动词不定式连用： He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 连接词前有介词时： It depends on whether he is coming. 三. 时态tenses: 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定(各种时态均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。 1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 二. 定语从句Attributive clause： 1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句 2.先行词指人who /that 先行词指物which/ that 3. 定语从句一般紧跟被修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）后 4.关系代词代替先行词在句子中担当成分，所以从句中不可再出现其他代替先行词的代词 5.翻译方法“…. 的” Eg. 1. Yesterday we bought a book which is really hard to understand. 2. The students who are from Maple Leaf School like learning English. Whom: 先行词指人，则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语（包括介词的宾语）, 与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom 1.This is the teacher whom\who we like best. 2. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking. Whose : 指人或物，作定语，表示“…的” eg: Harry is the boy whose mother is our math teacher.
定语从句的翻译 英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。 英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。 从结构上分析，常见的定语从句翻译方法： 一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。 既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 Harmonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. 同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。 二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。 英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理： （一）重复先行词 由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。 China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996. 中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged. 在我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。 You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect. 你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。 Although he is a green hand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field. 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。（二）省略先行词
（一）重复先行词的中文句式, 可用非限定从进行翻译 I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。 Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area. 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 （二）省略先行词的中文句式,翻译时应补出先行词 It is he who received the letter that announced the bankruptcy of your company. 是他接到那封信，说你们公司破产了。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 （三）某些状语译成定语从句 （一）译成表示“时间”的分句 A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded. 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。 （二）译成表示“原因”的分句 He doesn’t want to talk with Mrs. Smith, who is very haughty and conceited now 他不愿和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在非常傲慢和自负。 （三）译成表示“条件”的分句 Men become desperate for any kind of work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
名词性从句翻译练习 1. 问题是我们怎样才能搞到那么多的钱。 2. 谁是我们的敌人，谁是我们的朋友，是革命的首要问题。 3. 他想要的东西就是一辆汽车。 4. 他是否会拒绝我，不清楚。 5. 他明天通过考试没有问题。 6. 我不知道那个从英国来的老师喜欢谁的妹妹。 7. 昨天是谁的狗咬了你，不清楚。 8. 明天他是否会参加那个舞会，没人知道。 9. 这房子正是他最需要的东西。 10. 我很高兴地得知他去年挣了一百万。 11. 我很遗憾地听说你丢了一百万。 12. 你知道你们班长为什么要杀我吗？ 13. 你相信你们班的那个漂亮的女孩昨天尿炕了? 14. 她昨天告诉我，自从他去年见到她父亲，就再也没有见过了。 定语从句翻译练习 1. 去年我们在医院照顾的老太太死了. 2.你想娶的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。 3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。 4.你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。 5.昨天被我家的狗咬的人今天又被你家狗咬了 6.你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？
7.我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。 8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。 9.他爱了20年的那个女孩昨天嫁人了。 10.她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。 11.有什么事我能帮你吗？ 12.昨天死的那个老太太留下了100万美圆。 13.昨天那个医生告诉我他为我爹什么也做不了了。 14.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页. 15.正像老师昨天说的那样，他没有通过考试。 16.正像我们刚才讨论的那样，学习英语很容易。 17.正像我妈昨天告诉我的那样，我的女朋友根本不爱我。 18.正像你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。 19. 我们现在学的商务英语非常有用。 20.你知道你们家狗要死的原因吗？ 21. 她就是那个到明年年底，会攒一万美圆的那个女孩。 22. 你认识那个警察一直在找的小偷吗？ 23. 昨天他告诉我，是谁吃了我的苹果，那个苹果是我妈妈给我买的。 24. 你知道你们班长喜欢的那个是贼的女孩吗？ 状语从句翻译练习 1. 尽管天气变冷了，他们还是像以前一样努力工作。 2. 即使你会失败，你也应该尽你的努力去完成工作。 3. 我们必须带雨衣，以防天下雨。
考研英语从句的翻译方法 主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句时间状语从句条件状语从句 原因状语从句让步状语从句目的状语从句 主语从句 一、关联词或从属连词位于句首的从句+主句谓语+其他成分 它们一般是译在句首，作为主从复合句的主语。这样的词有关联词what, which, how, why, where, who, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever及从属连词that, whether, if. 如： What we now will describe is how the magnetic nature of iron oxide can uniquely be exploited as a separation process utilizing a magnetic filtration system. 参考译文：现在我们所要介绍的是如何奇特地利用氧化铁的磁性而提出一种使用磁力过滤系统的分离法。 分析：其中关联词可译为：…所。 二、it+谓语+that(whether)引导的从句 如果先译主句，可以顺译为无人称句。有时也可先译从句，再译主句。如果先译从句，便可以在主句前加译“这”。如： It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to levels anywhere near the standards. 参考译文：可以看出，这四种煤的总含硫量仅靠预先洗选将不能降低到完全接近标准规定的水平。
一.翻译句子，体会定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句的作用 1. 我的堂兄李明去年离家去澳大利亚留学深造，打电话告知我他将于这周六回来，所以我不得不去机场接他。 2. 据说任何对英语教学感兴趣且至少有一年以上教学经历的外国留学生均可申请这个职位。 3. 另外，如果可能的话，尽量多积极参加班级活动，这将有益于你更快地融入新的班级。 4. 为了提高学生学习英语的兴趣，我们已经计划举办一次英语演讲比赛，主题是“人与自然”。 5. 让我印象最深刻的是那个城市到处都是书店，在那里你可以随时随地免费看书。 6. 随着世界日益成为一个地球村，掌握英语也变得越来越重要。 7. 读高二时，我每天晚自习花一个小时预习第二天要学的内容，在有疑问的地方做好记号。 二．熟读以下句子，分析，体会各从句引导词的作用 1. The plane had left when we got to the airport. 2. I will never forget the days when we studied English together in the summer camp. 3. I don’t know when the meeting will begin. 1. The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. 2. You know，my uncle Li Ming is going to the city where you live to attend an international meeting. 3. The problem is where we can buy this kind of wood. 1. Anyone who is interested in teaching can apply for the position.. 2. I have no idea who will go to Beijing to attend the meeting. 3. Whoever comes will get a small present. 4. Whoever knocks at the door, don’t open it. 1. I won the match, which excited my class. 2. This is the factory (which) we visited last year. 3 I bought some books, most of which are about English.
英语多从句，汉语多分句： 就句子类型而言，英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，因此，英译汉时需要将各种英语从句进行处理，可以译成一个汉语单句，也可译成多个汉语分句。并按照汉语的表达习惯对英语复合句的关联部分（从句引导词）加以逻辑梳理，既分而叙之，又上关下联，承接转换，犹如整容。 一名词性从句的译法 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。下面我们便逐一论述这些名词性从句的翻译方法。 1. 主语从句 1) 由what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句汉译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。 例如： What he said is true. 译文：他说的一切都是真的。 Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 译文：谁违犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。 2) 由it作形式主语引导的主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。例如： It doesn't make much difference whether you come yourself or send a substitute. 译文：你是自己来还是派代理人来，都无关紧要。（提前） It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 译文：驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着，这看来是不可想象的。（提前） It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
医学英语翻译课程讲稿 第六章定语从句的翻译及长难句的翻译 课时：2 教学目的要求： 让学生掌握定语从句及长难句的翻译方法 教学重点、难点： 定语从句的翻译；长难句的句子结构分析 教学安排： 第一课时讲解定语从句的翻译方法；第二课时讲解长难句的翻译，然后讨论分析和总结，最后布置翻译句子的练习。 教学内容： 定语从句的翻译 在翻译定语从句之前，必须先搞清从句与主句的限制性或非限制性关系，掌握关系代词或关系副词与主句先行词的关系，然后考虑汉语的表达习惯，进行恰当的翻译。总的来说，定语从句的译法主要有以下几种： 1. 合译法 所谓合译，就是将定语从句译为主句中先行词的修饰语，即译成“……的”。 这种译法适用于定语从句较短、从句对先行词的限制性较强的情况，另外，只要译成汉语后的定语修饰语不太长、意思清楚、句子又通顺都可或应这样译。 1. 合译法 1. Chronic tonsillitis is a disease on which there has been much controversy. 慢性扁桃体炎是一种有许多争议的疾病。 1. 合译法 2.Diseases in which structure changes are demonstrable are known as organic diseases. 呈现结构变化的疾病称为器质性疾病。 1. 合译法 3. Anything that happens anywhere in your body is likely to influence your nervous system in one way or another, and anything that influences your nervous system affects the rest of your body. 体内任何部位发生的情况都可能对神经系统产生某种程度的影响，而任何影响神经系统的情况都会累及身体的其余部位。 2. 分译法 分译法即将定语从句译成与主句并列的一个分句，采取分译法时，从句中的关系词翻译可以重复先行词，也可译成“他（们）”、“它（们）”等，有时也
中英句子翻译-定语从句的翻译 中英句子翻译-定语从句的翻译 定语从句的翻译 1.将下列含有限制性定语从句的复合句译成汉语： 1). Everything that is around us is matter. 我们周围的一切都是物质 2). He is the only one among us that knows French. 他是我们 中唯一懂法语的人。 3). I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他来迟的原因。 4). Certain ideas, principles, and laws often form the foundation on which other ideas, principles and laws of a science are constructed. 一些思想、原则和法律往往会成为其他思想、原则和法律赖以形成的基础。 5). Stainless steels must contain a minimum of 10% chromium. This is the reason why they are stainless. 不锈钢至少要含有10%的铬，这就是不锈钢不生锈的原因。 6). Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 供照明的电能可以转化为光能。 7). An electric field is a space where an electric force exists. 电场就是电力存在的空间。 8). The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
英语从句翻译方法 英语多从句，汉语多分句： 就句子类型而言，英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，因此，英译汉时需要将各种英语从句进行处理，可以译成一个汉语单句，也可译成多个汉语分句。并按照汉语的表达习惯对英语复合句的关联部分（从句引导词）加以逻辑梳理，既分而叙之，又上关下联，承接转换，犹如整容。 一名词性从句的译法 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。下面我们便逐一论述这些名词性从句的翻译方法。 1. 主语从句 1) 由what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句汉译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。 例如： What he said is true. 译文：他说的一切都是真的。 Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 译文：谁违犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。 2) 由it作形式主语引导的主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。例如： It doesn't make much difference whether you come yourself or send a substitute. 译文：你是自己来还是派代理人来，都无关紧要。（提前） It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 译文：驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还活着，这看来是不可想象的。（提前） It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 译文：这奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。（不提前） It is reported that our country has sent another spaceship. 译文：据报道，我们国家又发射了一艘宇宙飞船。（不提前） 反之，汉语分句可以译成英语主语从句，例如： 真奇怪（可惜），竟无人喜欢这本书。 译文：It's strange (a pity) that no one should like this book. 据说，他爱世间的所有生命，就如同一个父亲爱他自己的孩子那样。 译文：It is said that he loves all beings just like a father loves his young children. 2. 宾语从句 1) 由that, what, how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要提前，可按原文顺序翻译。 例如： He would remind people again and again that it was decided not only by
三大从句英语语法课件 三大从句英语语法课件 导语：三大从句英语语法课件应该设计什么内容?以下是小编为大家整理的文章，欢迎阅读!希望对大家有所帮助! 比较状语从句 1、分类 (1)基本类 比较，无非就是两个东西之间相互比较的结果。A和B相比，那结果通常就是以下三种情况：A=B; A>B;AB,A比B 多，那就要肯定A. A has more apples than BA的苹果比B 的多;③A There are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians. As many as表示“和......一样多”，什么和什么一样多?历史的定义和历史学家一样多。但历史的定义和历史学家不是同一类东西。谁决定谁呢?肯定是历史学家给历史下定义。所以，这句话应该翻译成：有多少历史学家，就有多少历史学的定义。 (2)倍数类
所谓倍数类，就是表达倍数的几类，即倍数表达法。 ①是......倍，可以用N times as much as来表达; ②多......倍，可以用”more than/less than”来表达; ③ 是百分之几，则可以用N%来表达。倍数表达法是初高中常学的内容，并非考研英语的重要语法知识，我们在平时的学习中了解即可。 (3)特殊类 特殊类，即基本类词汇的否定。但否定和否定又有所不同，这是考研英语中常考的地方，也是大多数考生，傻傻分不清楚的地方。 ①no more than. A no more than B.More than B就是 肯定B, no more than B就是否定B，但要注意no是把A,B 二者都否定的。所以A no more than 的含义是“AB都不......” 如：Mary is no more diligent than Tom.就意为Mary 和Tom都不勤奋。 ②no less than. A no less than B, less than B表示比B少，A no less than B表示A不比B少，即 A、B都肯定，和”not any less than”同意，表示“既...又....”的含义。
1)定语从句翻译法： A)合译法:把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前，从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。如: Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的人权情况调查报告。 B)分译法:根据定语从句的不同情况，我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。如: The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸，因为他们需要拖船的帮助。（翻译成原因状语从句） A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.一位地质勘探工程师对光谱进行了分析之后,发现了新的露天煤矿。（翻译为时间状语结构） The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.公共服务的提供方式已趋陈旧，这正是我们必须采用技术加以装备的领域。（翻译为并列分句） 2)主语从句翻译法 A)以that, what, who, where, whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。如: Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。（主语从句与主句合译成简单句，按顺序译出） B)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构,从句本身做句子的主语，其余部分按原文顺序译出。如: Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。（真题示范） C)分译法:把原来的状语从句从整体结构中分离出来,译成另一个相对独立得单句。如: It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。（It是形式主语，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语） 3)宾语从句翻译法:由that, what, how, where等词引导的宾语从句一般按照原文顺序翻译,即顺译法。如: Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than
精品文档 从句 一．名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。这类从句在句中可担任主语、表语、宾语和同位语，名词从句可以分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 1.主语从句 在句子中担当主语的是一个句子，这个从句就叫作主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。 连词：that, whether 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever 等 连接副词：when, where, how, why (1)由连词that, whether引导的主语从句 连词that, whether在从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由that, whether引导的主语从句，多用it多形式主语 e.g That the earth is round is true.=It is true that the earth is round.地球是圆的，是一个事实。 Whether he'll come or not hasn't been decided.= It hasn't been decided whether he'll come or not. (2)由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who, which和连接副词when, where, how, why都可以引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句，由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导 e.g Who let out the news remained unknown. =It remained unknown who let out the news.谁泄漏了那个消息仍旧无人知道。 When we'll start is not clear. =It is not clear when we'll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 (3)以关系代词what, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it 引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 e.g What he said at the meeting is important.他在会上所说的事情是重要的。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 (4)用it作形式主语的主语从句结构 a. It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that…事实是…… It is good news that ………是好消息 It is a question that ………是个问题 It is common knowledge that ………是常识 精品文档． 精品文档 类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing；no wonder；surprise等。 例如：It is a mystery to me how it all happened. 这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。
二、翻译技巧从句的译法 1、名词从句 2、定语从句 3、状语从句 1、名词从句英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词从句的连接词有： *从属连词： that : 无词义 if 和 whether：是否 *连接代词： what, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever 等，它们既起连接作用，本身有词义又在从句中起代词的作用。 *连接副词： when, where, why, how 等，它们既起连接作用，本身有词义又在从句中起副词的作用。 1）主语从句的译法英语主语从句有两种形式： a. 从属连词、连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句，从句在主语谓语之前方法：一般可以按原语序译出 Whether the materials could stand the test is still a question. 这些材料能否实验合格，还是个问题。 EX. Who will preside at the seminar has not yet been decided. 由谁来主持这次研讨会还没有决定。我们的计划如有任何改变，将另行通知。 Whatever changes we make in our plan will be announced later. b. 以it作形式主语引出的主语从句方法1：it 不译出来，顺译为无人称句。 It is reported that a new-type computer is coming to the market very soon. 据报道，一种新型计算机将很快进入市场。方法2：it如表示强调可译出，否则不必译出。如： It doesn’t seem likely that he will be here. 他来的可能性似乎不太大。 It is a fact that the United States always interferes in the internal affairs of other countries.
名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句的翻译 1.How and when human language developed and whether animals such as chimpanzees and gorillas can develop a more elaborate system of communication are issues at present being researched, but as yet little understood. 2.He believes that the highly mobile American society leaves individuals with feelings of rootlessness, isolation, indifference to community welfare, and shallow personal relationships. 3.Nutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are indispensable for one's growth and health. 4.Unfortunately, Plato's analogy misses an important characteristic of memory, namely it is selective. 5.This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put on the table. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put on the table that was laid in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put on the table that was laid in the house which Jack lives in. 6.In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards. 7.Like the human brain, a computer also has a memory where vast quantities of information can be stored. 8.Increasingly, professors are turning to open-book exams that test students more on how well they have learned to apply concepts than on how well they have memorized unimportant facts or formulas. 9.As land developed，rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans，making the ocean salty. 10.Now that you are old enough to judge things, you should start your own career. 11.Sometimes this fall，if all goes well，a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage. 12.Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do，Nature has already done better and in far，far less space. 13.They hide themselves behind some bushes for fear that (in case) the enemy should find them. 14.Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 15.He delivered such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. 16.Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases. 17.The project was completed earlier than we had expected.