毕业论文外文资料翻译
学院：文学院
专业班级：汉语言文学涉外文秘中文133
学生姓名：卢春迪学号：2013122244 指导教师：谢丹（副教授）
外文出处： Faint Jinghuayuan soaked seed 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文
幽幽《镜花缘》浸透俗世情
马小凤
摘要：《镜花缘》是中国古代文学史上唯一“熔幻想小说、历史小说、讽刺小说和游记小说于一炉的文学巨著”，作者以武则天开设女科为背景，通过唐敖游历海外的奇遇，展现了一个光怪陆离、五彩缤纷的奇妙世界，将作者对这个社会的反思与调侃，不满与期许一一浸透于对世间百相的描述中。
关键词：李汝珍；幽幽奇景；世俗常情
中图分类号：H315.9
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1006-026X（2012）12-0000-01
一、李汝珍与《镜花缘》
《镜花缘》作者李汝珍，号松石，直隶大兴人。他“学识广博，通经史，尤长于音韵，兼通医书、算术，乃至星象、占卜，又多才多艺，琴棋书画、灯谜酒令，无所不能。”从《镜花缘》的内容，即可看出他的博学多才。
李汝珍以《山海经》、《博物志》的记载为参考，经过大胆的想象，将海外的奇人异事，奇风异俗如画般展现在读者面前。因而在《镜花缘》中，我们所看到的不仅仅是作者个人的才华与学识，还有世代累积型图书给其写作提供的便利条件。它与《红楼梦》的“作者自云”一样，开篇就标出其所写的是“闺阁琐事，儿女闲情”，但又不同于《红楼梦》中女性们“因悲剧而悲剧”的凄惨命运，《镜花缘》中的女性展现出了“巾帼奇才”，不让须眉的豪情壮志与作为；它与《水浒传》中一百单八将的设置类似，却成为了女性的代言，将女子所受的不公待遇穿插于作品中，在为情节酣畅大笑时又有所反思；它与《西游记》中唐僧师徒四人游历过程相似，却没有太多佛家道家的神仙魔怪，而是写人世间的奇闻怪事，其所讲述的也是最为寻常的道德伦理。
《镜花缘》曾被胡适称为“掉书袋”，炫耀博学，无论评价是否公允，它取得的文学成就，社会意义都是显著的。李汝珍原拟写二百回，终以一百回截稿。此一百回中，又可分为两部分来看，正如《中国古代文学史》所言：“《镜花缘》思想内容的精华，显然在前半部。”前五十回中，作者不仅能在必要之处不失时机地显示个人的学识，还表达了他对社会诸多问题的思考和见解，集中体现了作者对现实世界的不满，从中也可以看到当时社会存在的各种弊病。
二、《镜花缘》的幽幽奇景
1.仙界亦有俗世情
《镜花缘》第一至六回作为引子，将百花下凡历练的因由交代了一番。虽是引子，亦是煞费心血，也由此确立了全书的故事梗概，为后文众位花仙子的出场做好了铺垫。虽是写仙界之事，却处处显现出凡世间的人情世故。第二回“发正言花仙顺时令，定罚约月姐助风狂”中，让读者看到本应是仙风道骨，不问俗事的众仙们，也会因为争宠而各逞其能，互不相让。嫦娥献计欲让百花仙子命令百花齐放，为王母寿辰助兴，却被仙子正义凛然的拒绝了，后又多疑百花仙子含沙射影讥刺其“窃药”一事气不过，与其定下赌约……在李汝珍笔下这些仙家也成了普通人，他们也会逢迎上司，也有喜怒好胜之心，有着亲疏远近的人际关系，如与嫦娥同属一方的风姨，与百花仙子并肩的百草、百果、百谷三仙，他们也会为了维护“自己人”据理力争；也会为了各自利益，不惜出言讥讽。在为百花仙子饯行时，红孩儿、金童儿、青女儿等人更是表现出了深厚的情谊，虽然闹了笑话，却更显得这种友谊的笃诚与真挚。红孩儿的一番话：“仙姑只管放心！今日大家既来祖饯，都是休戚相关之人，将来设有危急，岂有袖手之理。……我们一时心血来潮，自然即去相救。”可见其重情重义，虽因“赶时髦”
用错“心血来潮”，闹出了笑话，却让红孩儿的形象更显出灵气与可爱。这里的人情世故，这里的人际亲疏，称得上是一幅俗世生活的翻版。
2.异化国度的世俗百态
《镜花缘》第七回，呈现出一幅绚丽斑斓的域外风景图，珍草、异兽使人应接不暇。如异草仙花有令人延年益寿的“肉芝”，可疗饥的“祝余”，能立空中的“蹑空草”……奇禽怪兽有最重义的“果然”，身上刻字的“不孝鸟”，以涎液捕食的“飞涎鸟”……相对于这些穿插的内容，作者主要描写的是游历中诸多国家的风土人情，此部分更接近于现实社会的生活常态，反映出的问题也更为深刻透彻，使读者在领略海外风情的同时，也为其中存在的普遍性问题进行思考与评判。作者在描写各国国民时，大都以某一突出特点来命名的，如耳大异常的称聂耳国；黑齿国人才学富赡，与墨同色，连牙齿也是黑的；结胸国人胸前高起一块，因其好吃懒做，积痞堆积胸前；豕喙国人好扯谎，所以生有猪嘴，一世以槽糠为食……如此设置并非只是为了增添趣味性，也非为了炫耀自己博学多知，而是赋予他们以批判的意味，展现的是世俗世界的弊端。如白民国金玉其外，败絮其中，充满了假道学气、八股气，正是当时知识分子空疏无学，装腔作势情形的写照。叔士国城门高悬“欲高门第须为善”的字样，连酒楼的酒保一开口也不离之乎者也，让人忍俊不禁。此处之人，无不幼读诗书，以博取青衫一领，恰是天朝八股文取仕下愚儒漫画般的写照，与《儒林外史》的讥讽笔调不谋而合。无肠国，富人一而再、再而三地让奴婢吃自己的秽物，即使如此也不让吃饱，显然是对上层阶级的为富不仁，残酷剥削农民的写照。鬼国之民终夜不眠，行为似鬼，描画出一幅做事不光明磊落的小人画像。趾蹱国人的宁可湿衣，不可乱步，不禁使人联想到那些头脑僵化者，明显体现出对天朝社会百态的否定。这些普遍存在于世人身上的弊病，通过作者漫画似的描摹集中反映在某一类人的身上，更是具体到某一点上，使之得到夸张、深化、突出，成为了最能反映出作者所表达的情感的载体。
在《镜花缘》里，固然有让李汝珍钦佩的理想国度，如博学谦虚、温润有礼的儒士，身怀奇才，睿智果敢的女性……但作者着意刻写的是那些空疏不学、浅薄无聊的酸腐文人形象，这才是他口诛笔伐、辛辣讥讽的对象。《镜花缘》九十三回，在众才女机智幽默的对话中，塑造一位酸腐可笑，令人喷饭的教书先生。他因为好放屁，“惟恐学生听见不雅，就在坐位之后板壁上刻一小洞，以便放屁时放在洞外，可掩其声。”虽是笑话，但讥讽嘲笑的口吻却毕露无疑。李汝珍本也是汲汲于科考的读书人，但仕途的坎坷让他对封建制度下的八股举士充满愤懑不平，因而他笔下的迂腐文人多用戏谑之词，形象也令人哀其可笑，叹其不争。三、世俗情怀的自然流露
作为一部集各体小说于一身的“杂说”，《镜花缘》被赋予了不同的主题，如郑振铎认为《镜花缘》是一部反对封建制度、讽刺性很强的小说，比《儒林外史》更有现实意义，可与《红楼梦》、《儒林外史》一道“代表十八世纪中国文学的最大成就”。胡适认为《镜花缘》是一部讨论妇女问题的书，宗旨是男女应平等；更有学者认为它是“一部有其现实品格，并以讽刺为其主要艺术特色的社会问题小说。”当然，他们对《镜花缘》的阐释及分析各有其时代背景的限制，但毫无疑问这些都在肯定《镜花缘》的意义，当然在作者本身，其创作初衷并没有将这些主题有意识的渗入其中，他所描述的只是他作为知识分子所看到的人情世态，通过自己的夸张、渲染、提炼、抽象赋予在每个形象身上，让读者可以领悟到那个时代，或者说是那个有着奇花异景的世界，也会存在着俗世凡尘不可避免弊端，让人们于讥诮一笑中品味到了人情世故中的错综复杂。
Faint Jinghuayuan soaked seed
Abstract: Jinghuayuan is the China mirrors the history of ancient literature only "melting fiction, historical fiction, satire and the novel journey a literary masterpiece", author Wu Zetian opened a female as background, through the Tang Ao travel overseas adventure, show a lustrous and dazzling wonderful world, a riot of colours, will reflect the author in this society with ridicule, dissatisfaction with the expectations of the world into one hundred phase description.
Key words: Li Ruzhen; faint wonders; the way of the world
No. in the middle of the chart: H315.9
Document identification code: A
Article number: 1006-026X (2012) 12-0000-01
One.Li Ruzhen and "Jinghuayuan"
Jinghuayuan’s author Li Ruzhen, No. turquoise, Zhili Daxing people. He" knowledge, customs and history, especially good at music, and books, and arithmetic, astrology, divination, and versatile, fancies of men of letters, lantern riddles games, equal to anything. "From" Jinghuayuan "content, can see his be a brilliant man of wide learning.
Li Ruzhen The Classic of the Great Wilderness, natural history records for reference, through imagination, overseas oddities, strange customs picturesque show in front of the reader. Thus in "Jinghuayuan", what we see is not only the author's talent and knowledge, and from generation to generation to book the convenience of writing. It provides "a dream of Red Mansions" and "the author says," as the beginning of mark is written "boudoir trivia, children leisure", but different from "a dream of Red Mansions" in women "because of tragedy and tragedy" tragic fate, "Jinghuayuan > in women show" Jinguoqicai ", does not allow a man's pride Ambition and as; it "outlaws of the marsh is similar to the one hundred single eight will set", but became women's endorsement, will be treated unfairly by the woman in the works, in the circumstances of hearty laugh and have a reflection; it is similar to the "journey to the west" in the Tang four journey, but not too many Buddhist Taoist immortal monster, but to write all strange things, it also tells the most unusual ethics.
Jinghuayuan "was Hu Shi called" the bag "erudition, regardless of whether it is fair evaluation, literary achievements, social significance is significant. Li Ruzhen intended to write two hundred times, the final one hundred to one hundred. The deadline back back, and can be divided into two parts, the history of ancient literature. As China said:"<<> mirrors the ideological content of the essence, apparently in the first half. The first fifty chapters, the author not only where necessary to seize the opportune moment show personal knowledge, he also expressed on many problems of social thinking and opinion, embodies the author dissatisfaction of the real world, from which we can see all kinds of the society at that time Ills.
Two.the faint wonders in Jinghuayuan
1.There are also celestial seed
Jinghuayuan first to six back as a primer, will cause the flowers to experience explained a lot. Although the introduction is also much ado, has thus established the outline of the story, paving the way for the public after the appearance of Hua Xianzi. He wrote the celestial things, but everywhere show where in the world. "Second words back to the traditional code of conduct Hua Xianshun season, fixed penalty of about January sister help wind", let the reader see this should be SAGE-like type, ask anything all the fairies, but also because for each according to his power, to make to each other. The flowers flowers for the command. Birthday to add to the fun, but was fairy zhengyilinran refused, and later Suspicious flowers "steal medicine" the injury to men inflicted by evil persons are a gas but instead made the bet. Li Ruzhen works in the fairy house has become the ordinary people, they will be making up to the boss also, and victory of the heart, there is a close relationship, such as the wind and the moon are the aunt. Side by side with the fairy flowers, herbs, 100, 100 valley they will in order to maintain the Sanxian, "own" argue; also for their own interests, not verbally ridiculed. In the farewell flowers, red boy, boy, young daughter et al is showing a deep friendship, although make jokes, it is sincere and the sincere friendship. Haier said: "don't worry about a fairy! Today we come to the departing, are bound together in a common cause people, future is critical, it is just the reason. We can go to the rescue. Prompted by a sudden impulse of nature," the emotion Shigeyoshi, although the "fashionable" wrong ", make efforts to tide" a joke, but let the image of Haier more aura and cute. Here the traditional code of conduct, interpersonal relationship, it is a replica of the earthly life.
2.The alienation of national secular attitudes
Jinghuayuan seventh, showing a foreign landscape, a magnificent and gorgeous Jane grass, animals make people too busy to attend to all. If different grass fairy flowers there is the longevity of the "Coral", can cure hunger "wish", to "empty air on the grass." strange birds monster has the most heavy righteousness "sure enough," the body lettering "unfilial bird", to "fly saliva saliva predatory bird". With relative to these contents, the author mainly depicts the many countries traveled in this part is more close to the local customs and practices, the social reality of the normal life, reflects the problems are more profound and thorough. The reader appreciate the overseas style at the same time, also for the existence of the universal Thinking and critical problems. The author describes the national, mostly in a prominent feature of naming, such as ear abnormalities called Nie Er country; black teeth talent rich, and even the same color ink, black teeth; thoracic in a chest high, because of its lazy, product packing chest fullness; pig beak good people lie, so students have a mouth, the world as the chaff chute for food. So setting is not just to add interest, nor to show off their learned knowledge, but to give them to criticism that the show is the world's drawbacks such as white. The apple of Sodom Sunday, full of gas, gas is eight shares, Is empty no intellectuals at that time, a situation in the city's tertiary portrayal. "To be good family hanging high", even the Restaurant Bartender an opening or from the literary jargons people laughing. Here, the people are young, educated, to get a green collar, it is stereotyped writing from China Shi fools comic portrayal of Confucianism, and "rulinwaishi" agree without prior without previous consultation. No intestinal
sarcastic tone of rich country, over and over again to let the maidservant eat their own filth, even so let enough, apparently on the upper class rich and cruel, cruel exploitation of farmers. In the portrayal of the ghost the people did not sleep all night, act like a ghost, painted a picture of do It is not a villain portrait of the Chinese people. Zhong toe rather wet clothes, not random, reminiscent of the rigid mind, obviously reflects the negation of the Chinese society. These are widespread in the world's ills, through depicting the author comic like concentrated reflected in a class of people the body, it is specific to a certain point, which has been exaggerated, deepen, outstanding, become the carrier of emotion can reflect the expression of the author.
In "Jinghuayuan , is the ideal country to admire Li Ruzhen, such as learned humility, courtesy of the Confucian scholars with gentle, wise and courageous women. The wizards, but the author is writing to those artistic school, shallow boring suanfu literati image, this is his criticism, irony of the object lens."> ninety-three times, the talented witty dialogue, creating a sour funny, amusing teacher for him. Good fart, "lest the students hear indecent, just sitting on the wall after the moment of a small hole, in order to put fart on the outside, can mask the sound." although it is a joke but, sarcastic tone is complete This is undoubtedly exposed. Li Ruzhen engrossed in reading research, but the rough official career made him full of indignation of the feudal system of eight shares for people, so he's joking words pedantic literati, the image is mourning their ridiculous, sigh the indisputable. Three, secular feelings naturally show
As a collection of the novels in the "entertainment", "Jinghuayuan > is endowed with different themes, such as Zheng Zhenduo" Jinghuayuan > is an anti feudal system, a strong satirical novel, than "rulinwaishi > is more realistic, with" a dream of Red Mansions "," rulinwaishi > a "Chinese represents the greatest achievements in literature in eighteenth Century." Hu Shi thinks < Jinghuayuan > is a book on women issues, the purpose is men and women should be equal; more scholars believe that it is "a realistic character, and novel social problems with sarcasm as its main artistic characteristics." of course they, interpretation and analysis of <> the flowers in the mirror. The background of the restrictions, but there is no doubt that these are certainly "Jinghuayuan > meaning, in the course of the author itself, its original intention is not the subject of conscious infiltration, he described him as an intellectual just see the ways of the world, through their own exaggerated rendering, refined, given in each abstract image of the body, so that the reader can realize that era, or the king with exotic flowers in the world, there will also be mortal earth inevitable shortcomings, let people to cast a smile of a taste of the traditional code of conduct in perplexing.
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。 由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。 在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。 我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。 本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817508324.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in