2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》培训笔记
（考过的大题已标出）
目录
41. HAPPINESS INDEX幸福指数 (2)
42 BECOMING WEALTHY: IT'S UP TO YOU 致富取决于你自己 (7)
43 OIL 石油 (10)
44 JOB SATISFACTION
45. HOW TO BECOME A SCIENTIST
46. CULTURAL TABOOS文化禁忌 (21)
47 MANAGING IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 在全球环境中进行管理 (25)
48. THE CONSCIOUS USE OF THE SUBCONSCIOUS MIND
49. THE BRITISH THROUGH MY EYES
50 NOT QUITE READY TO RETIRE 退休为时尚早 (36)
温馨小语：
每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。
跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分。。。是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容？熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。过段时间，再来温习下吧。
41. Happiness Index幸福指数
(index n. 索引；偏意：指数)
1. In terms of happiness, your spouse—if you have one—is worth $100,000 a year.
1、就幸福而言（in terms of 依据；按照），你的配偶(spouse)——如果你有的话——值10万美元一年（a year）。
2、这就是两位经济学家研究的结果（finding n. 发现；调查的结果; economist n. 经济学家），他们试图从金钱的角度来衡量幸福，以美元为单位（in dollars），对从宗教到种族歧视等各种情感进行估价（who 引
prompt wry comments within some marriages on "cashing in".
3、经济学家大卫·布兰奇弗劳尔（简称DB）承认(admit vt.)，这种计算是“有点离奇”（a little bit 有点儿; off the wall 荒诞的；疯狂的），并可能引起不当的想法（prompt vt. 激起；促进；wry adj. 扭曲的; comment n. 评论；意见），认为有些人结婚是为了“从中捞取好处”（cash in 兑现）。
Blanchflower, a professor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., whose study has just been publish ed
4、当然，这两位经济学家是就一般人（或中等水平）而言的（speak of 提及；谈到）。他们从1972年到1998年每年（annual adj. 年度的；每年的）对大约1500名美国人进行调查，衡量（to measure … 不定式作目的状语）他们自述的幸福和产生幸福的因素（that go with it定语从句修饰前面置词the factors；it 指的是什么？答案就是“自述的幸福”；go with 伴随；）。结果表明（it turns out that 原来是…），一个稳定的婚姻的幸福值“髙得令人难以置信(incredibly adv.)”，布兰奇弗劳尔（DB）博士如是说。布兰奇弗劳尔博士是新罕布什尔州汉诺威市达特默思大学教授，他的研究成果新近已由马萨诸塞州（Mass）剑桥市的全国经济研究局发表(本句考点：现在完成时被动语态，by 后面的机构不用深究是什么；just adv. 刚刚)。他还说：“不要轻易放弃婚姻。”（give up 放弃）
5. Blanchflower and his partner Andrew Oswald, an economist at Warwick University in Britain,
that you are happy, pretty happy, or not so happy?"
5、布兰奇弗劳尔和他的合作伙伴（partner）——英国华威大学的经济学家安德鲁?奥斯瓦尔德(简称AO)，是以这个问题开始（begin with）他们的调查的：“总的来说（all together 一起；同时），你会怎样描述近况——是快乐、相当快乐，还是不怎么快乐？”（how would you say…用两个特殊疑问句提出问题；谓语say后接两个宾语从句。）
married, divorced, single, their income level, race, gender, etc. With that data, they found which factors
6、调查结果包括(include)被调查对象的详细特征（detailed characteristics of those surveyed；记得the +adj. 可以当名词用，如the poor 穷人；这里的those surveyed 是不是也是一样，也可以当名词用，即“被调查对象”）——比如是否（whether）已婚、离异、单身，收入水平、种族和性别(gender)等情况。他们运用这些数据找出了那些与更高程度幸福相关的因素（which引导的名词性从句做宾语；be associated with 和…联系在一起；与…有关）。
7. Extra money does buy some happiness. But (it is) not as much as many would suspect.
"not too happy", the two reckon that an extra dollar provides 0.00000409 in additional happiness. Or $10,000 would give you 0.04 units of extra happiness.
7、额外的金钱的确（does强调，加强语气）可以买到某种幸福。但是并不像许多人料想的那么多(suspect vi. 怀疑；猜想)。他们设计了一种幸福指数：3表示“非常幸福”，2表示“相当幸福”，1表示“不太幸福”（that
引导的定语从句修饰a sort of happiness index; assign to 分配给；指定到）。他们俩由此估算出(reckon vt. 测算；计算)，每额外增加1美元，幸福就会增值0.00000409（additional adj. 附加的，额外的）。或者说1万美元可以使你的幸福增值0.04个单位。
with more or less happiness过去分词做定语，修饰other factors）其他因素进行了估价。
of a spouse.
较)，持久的婚姻每年价值10万美元。“分居”（being "separated"）是对幸福最大的抑制剂(depressant)，紧随其后的（抑制剂）是丧偶(followed…过去分词做定语)。
10、一般来说(on average 平均；偏意：通常)，第二次婚姻和以后的（subsequent）再婚都不如第一次婚姻幸福。
11. A 16-year-old whose parents divorced has a lower level of well-being in adulthood.
11、一个双亲离异的16岁孩子(whose parents divorced定语从句修饰a 16-year-old; divorce vi. 离婚)在长大成人之后拥有较低程度的幸福（well-being n. 幸福；康乐；adulthood n. 成年）。
mental well-being," the authors note.
12、这两位作者指出：“心理学家和精神病学家认为婚姻是对精神健康的一种保障。（psychologist n. 心理学家; psychiatrist n. 精神病学家; protective effect n. 保护任用；防护作用; mental n. 精神的；心理的）”
13. Blanchflower suspect s the decline in the happiness level of Americans from the early 1970s to
13、布兰奇弗劳尔认为，尽管(despite prep.尽管; n. 轻视；蔑视；憎恨)从1970年代初期到1990年代末期美国人的收入增加了(rising in comes)，但是他们的幸福程度却降低了，这或许应归罪于离婚率的升髙(be attributed to 归因于…)。
14. Other findings include:
14、其他的发现包括：
15. To bring African-Americans up to average happiness levels, they would need an extra $ 30,000 in annual income.
15、要使非洲裔美国人的幸福程度上升到平均水平，他们的年收入（in annual income）还需要增加3万美元。
16. This, the authors speculate, may be the impact of
racial discrimination. Over the past few decade s, however, their happiness level has risen. "Blacks have made up some ground," they say.
16、这两位作者认为（speculate vt. 推断），这种较低的幸福程度可能是种族歧视的结果(impact n. 影响；效果; racial discrimination n. 种族歧视)。然而，在过去的几十年中，他们的幸福程度已经上升了。两位作者说:“黑人已经取得了一些进展。”
17. Unemployment is highly damaging to men's happiness. It would take $ 60,000 a year to offset being jobless.
17、失业对男人的幸福损伤极大（damaging adj. 有破坏性的；损害的）。要补偿这种无业状况（to offset being jobless 不定式做目的状语；offset vt. 弥补；抵消）一年需要6万美元。
18. 'Men's happiness has trended up. Women's sense of well-being, though higher than that of
not boosted their happiness overall.
18、男人的幸福程度越来越高了。女人的幸福感虽然比男人的要高一些（though higher than that of men；that 指sense of well-bing）,但已有“明显(noticeably adv.)”下降。那些旨在消除女性歧视的(aimed at ending discrimination against women 过去分词做定语，修饰policy-policies)政策显然还未从总体上提高她们的幸福程度(apparently adv. 显然地; boost vt. 促进；增加；overall adv. 全部地；总的说来)。
19. The educated tend to be happier than those less educated, even when separated from the higher income that often accompanies greater education.
19、受教育多的人趋于比受教育少的人更幸福，即使在拿不到高薪时也如此，虽然高薪常常与高学历相关（separate from 分离; accompany vt. 陪伴；伴随；直译为：即使是拿不到与高学历相关的高薪，受教育多的人也比受教育少的人更幸福）。
sense of well-being sinks to a low around 40 and then rises.
20、幸福程度与对生活的满意程度（life satisfaction）随着年龄的增加而呈U形曲线（according to 根据，按照）。在美国，人们的幸福感在40岁左右降至低谷（sink to 堕落到），然后又开始上升。
aspiration s by the middle of their lives, and enjoy life more.
21、这两位作者建议人们也许应该适应环境（adapt to 适应; circumstance n. 环境；境遇），经历中年时(by the middle of their lives)放弃一些仍未实现的抱负(relinquish vt. 放弃; unfulfilled adj. 未实现的；没有成就感的; aspiration n. 渴望；抱负，志向)，从而充分地享受人生。
22. Being religious has a positive effect.
22、宗教信仰对人有积极影响(positive adj. 积极的)。
happiness. But for those under 30, happiness decrease s proportionately to the number of both children and siblings. Blanchflower and Mr. Oswald found it in a separate study,"The Rising Well-Being of the Young".
children and siblings的定语从句; siblings n.兄弟姐妹）对他们的幸福并没有影响(have an impact on 对于…有影响)。但是，布兰奇弗劳尔和奥斯瓦尔德先生在另一项名为“年轻人日益增高的幸福感”的课题研究中发现，对于那些30岁以下的人来说，幸福感会因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降（proportionately adv. ; separate adj. 单独的；分开的）。（注意：…found it …中的it指的是前一句话的内容，即“对于那些30岁以下的人来说，幸福感会因孩子和兄弟姊妹的增多而成比例地下降”；在“阅读理解”的题目中，经常会提出这样的问题，如某句中的it或that或they指的是…，四选一；所以要好好分析）
24、布兰彻德认为(suspect s)这必定是由于孩子多而压力增大的缘故(has to 不得不; do with忍受；this
satisfaction has remain ed about the same from the early 1970s to the late 1990s.
25、在英国的调查得出了与在美国的调查“明显相似的结果”。但是，从20世纪70年代初到90年代末，人们
(has remained about the same)。
温馨提示：the +adj. 特指某类人，如the poor 穷人。本课中有those surveyed 被调查对象、the educated 受教育多的人，those less educated受教育少的人，因此再看到这样的组合就不难理解了。
42 Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You 致富取决于你自己
1. Critics often speak of“the rich”with none-too-subtle disdain, as if those at the very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as if becoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer. While we would be the first to admit that some rich people are dishonest, we must add that achieving the status of “the rich”(defined, say, by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is not particularly difficult, contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiring substantial wealth are few, simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich for most Americans is a matter of choice.
1、评论家们一说起（speak of）富人(the rich)往往带有明显的(with none-too-subtle)蔑视（disdain）。就好像收入高的层次的人们都是狡诈之人(dishonest people)，或者意味着成为富有阶层不容易而且其他人(诚实之人)一定不如他们富有。首先我们承认有些富人不诚实，但我们必须补充一点(we must add)：与普遍的认识相反(contrary to popular wisdom)，达到富人阶层(achieving the status of “the rich”)(它的概念应该是净收入(net worth)一百万美元)并不是特别难。获取可观财富的规则只有几条，而且简单。这就意味着对于大多数美国人来说想不想变富是一个选择的问题。
2. One of the rules for being rich is to avoid frivolous temptation s. That is easier said than done, and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure and joyless life. We mean only to point out that the great majority of those four percent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control their pleasures. For example, rich Americans buy cars that are on average only slightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy.
2、变为富有的规则之一是避免无重要意义的(frivolous)诱惑(temptations)。说起来容易做起来难(that is easier said than done)，而且我们也无意建议所有人都该过着平淡无味的生活(lead a pure and joyless life)。我们只是想指出那些占美国人口百分之四的净收入达一百万美元的大多数人之所以达到今天的富有，就是因为他们克制了自己的享乐。例如，富有的美国人买的汽车平均来讲只是略好于那些不太富有的人的汽车。
3. Being able to save and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have a reasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth, which requires several auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allow for a minimum saving level. For most-those without the requisite luck, inheritance, special talents, or good ideas-becoming rich mean s getting an education.
Few people who drop out of high school will be rich. The income of high school dropout s is about two-thirds that of Americans with a high school diploma.
3、能够节省和积累可观的财富不是自动的。要想省一定量的钱来足以积累成为财富，人们必须有适当的收入。为达到能够允许(allow for)最低节省钱的收入水平还需要几个辅助规则（several auxiliary rules）。对大多数没有必要的运气、继承的财产(inheritance)、特殊的天才或好想法的人们成为富有就意味着受教育。高中就辍学的人很少变为富有的。高中辍学人(dropout s)的收入是拥有高中毕业文凭(with a high school diploma)的人收入的三分之二(two-thirds)。
4. To have a good chance at being rich, though, most individuals (aside for the lucky ones) will need at least a college education, which just about will double their incomes over what they would have earned with only a high school diploma. A professional degree will result in an average annual income of about twice that of college graduates (or six times the income of a high school dropout). This means that those who invest in education do not have to save as high a percentage of income to become rich at retirement. However, in all probability, educated Americans will be richer at retirement simply because they will be able to save more along the way and because they are likely to be smarter and can achieve a higher rate of return on their savings.
4、但是要想有好机会变富有，大多数(除了幸运的)至少需要受到大学教育，与只有高中文凭的相比，大学的教育可使他们的收入翻一翻。大学以上的学历会导致（result in）比大学毕业的年平均收入（an average annual income）增加一倍(或是高中辍学人的六倍)。这就意味着在教育上投资的人要想在退休时致富(to become rich at retirement)不必节省同样高比例的收入。但是极为可能的是(in all probability 十有八九)受过良好教育的美国人之所以在退休时更富有是因为他们在过去的岁月里(along the way )积攒得更多，而且他们可能更明智(smarter)，获取更高的存款的投资回报率。
5. The first auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to stay in school or, if out of school, go back to it. Of course, to stay in school is not enough and they will learn something worth the time and effort. It never has been easier to get an education. Public schools are free for the taking. College costs have been rising steadily relative to family income level for more than a decade. However, the rate of return on a college education has been rising as well, making the investment a good deal. Meanwhile, the cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information available on CD-ROMs and the Internet.
5、致富的第一条辅助规则是坚持修完学业，即使走出了校门也要回去。当然留在学校还不够，还要(花时
间和精力去)学习一些值得学习的知识。历来受教育都不是件容易的事情。上公立中学免学费（public schools are free for the taking）。十几年来(for more than a decade)，相对于家庭收入水平而言(relative to family income level)，上大学的费用一直在稳步上升(have been rising steadily)。然而，高等教育的回报率也(as well)在上升，这使得投资划算，成为很好的交易。同时，由于从CD-ROM和互联网上可获取(available)大量的知识和信息，自学的费用已经降低。
6. The second auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to pick your education carefully. Teachers will find getting rich tough er than engineers, given (prep. 考虑到) that the former (前者) can expect to earn half as much over their careers. History and music professors can expect to earn less than accounting professors. For that matter, history and music professors can expect to earn a lot less than their students who major in business.
6、致富的第二条辅助规则是要精心地选好所受的教育。考虑到(given)在工作期间(over their careers)教师的工薪预期是工程师的二分之一(half as much)，前者致富要更难。教历史和音乐的教授预期要比会计学教授薪水少。正因为如此（for that matter），历史和音乐教授预期要比他们的专业为商业的学生薪水少得多。
7. The third auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to marry someone with an equal or higher education, and then stay married. By itself, marriage seems to provide a stable institutional setting(环境；背景) that promotes greater earnings, which affords greater savings. Married couple s not only earn more than non-married people, they tend to economize on the costs of running their households, allowing them to save and invest at higher rate. Moreover, the binding legal contracts at the foundation of marriages, which reflect their personal commitment s to each other, give the couple an added economic incentive to invest in the joint assets of the union.
7、第三条致富的辅助规则是与受教育水平和你相等或高于你的人结婚，然后保持婚姻状态。婚姻本身(by itself)似乎提供一个稳定的处所，稳定的处所又能促进挣更多的钱(greater earnings)，从更多的钱中抽得出更多的存款(greater savings)。结婚的夫妻(married couples)不仅比不结婚的(non-married people)挣得多，而且在家庭运转的支出中，他们往往节省(economize)，使得他们省下钱来并以更高的回报投资。而且建立婚姻时有约束力的合法契约(the binding legal contracts)表现了他们对彼此的承诺(commitments)，在经济上给双方增加了向婚姻共同财产(the joint assets of the union)投资的动力(incentive)。
8. The fourth auxiliary rule is to be able to work and save for a long time. Alcoholics and drug addict s who are not yet rich are unlikely candidate s for becoming so. They will be unable to work long and hard enough to earn the requisite incomes, and their careers will be full of instability, if they
can even have careers. Most will drink, inject, or smoke up whatever incomes they earn; their suppliers undoubtedly will get rich at the expense of their customers-the addicts.
8、第四条辅助规则是有能力工作而且长时间积累。还未致富的(who are not yet rich)嗜酒者和吸毒者不太可能变为富有(be unlikely candidates for becoming so)。他们不能长久地工作而且难以挣回基本的收入，而且即使有职业他们的工作会不稳定。大多数人(most)会酗酒、注射毒品、或把他们挣来的收入吸毒用尽(drink, inject, or smoke up)。毋庸置疑地是(undoubtedly)，提供给他们毒品的人将以顾客-吸毒成隐者为代价(at the expense of their customers-the addicts)而发财。
9. From our perspective, becoming rich is really a matter of choice. Opportunity to do so abound. Of course, recognizing that you can choose to become rich does not mean that you should. As we have noted, choosing to become rich requires sacrifice s that many people quite rationally have chosen not to make. One can lead a life rich in satisfaction and accomplishment without becoming rich financially, and nothing we have written here is meant to suggest otherwise.
9、在我们看来（perspective n.观点；想法），致富的确是选择的问题。机会到处存在。(Oportunity to do so abound)当然意识到可以选择致富并不意味着应该致富(that you should)。正像我们所见(as we have noted)，选择致富(choosing to become rich)需要牺牲，很多人非常理智地(quite rationally)不选择发财(not to make)。一个人虽然金钱上不富有(without becoming rich financially)，但可以生活得满意而有成就。本篇所写的内容无意提相反建议。
43 Oil 石油
1. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North America used to collect(过去常常) and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one, however, seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from it; this led to (lead to 导致) the development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented, oil became of worldwide importance.
1、油井的存在由来已久。北美的一些印第安人过去常常去宾夕法尼亚的油井采集油来出售。一直以来，没有人认识到这种油的重要性，后来人们发现它可提炼出煤油（paraffin-oil）来，情况才为之一变。自此油井遂蓬勃发展，巨额利润（enormous profits）也由此产生。当内燃机发明后，石油更具有世界性重要意义。
2. What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are
confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature (they) were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprison ed between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells, and other proofs of sea life, are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
2、现在驱动汽车和飞机的油的起源是什么？科学家对煤的形成一清二楚（confident），然而论及石油时，它们就不那么有把握了(do not seem so sure)。他们认为，处于地表下的油起源于(originate in归因于…; 产生于…)远古，并是由海洋生物形成的(form from用…构成)。数亿的微小海洋动物和植物(sea creatures and plants)繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它们被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖(be covered with覆盖)，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油(what we know as oil)。这些生物要变成石油，必须被密封(imprison)在岩石之中很长时间。如果瞧一瞧(glance at)标明世界主要油田的地图，石油起源于海洋之说(the statement that oil originated in the sea)便可以得到证实，极少有油田是远离今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然气和石油从海底冒出(come up to)海面。含油的岩石与海洋也有渊源关系。它们是水成岩(sedimentary rocks)，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近(close to the oil)几乎总是有贝壳遗骸(remains)和其他海洋生物的证据。一种十分常见的水成岩叫油页岩(shale)，它是一种很软的岩石，很明显是因为被压积在海底而后形成的。而哪儿有油页岩，哪儿就可能有石油(be likely to do 可能+动词原形)。
3. Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roads. Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
3、研究岩石的科学家即地质学家（geologist s）给石油钻井工指明可能产生油处。有些地方，根本无需挖掘(without any drilling at all)，油自动冒出地面(oil comes out of the ground)，并已这样使用了几百年。在特立尼达岛，石油以沥青(asphalt)-即用作铺路的物质-形式存在。沃尔特·罗利爵士在1595年访问过特立尼达的著名沥青湖，据说(it is said to)该湖的沥青容量有90亿吨。在其地表下(beneath the surface)可能有大量原油。
4. The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling, gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met, and if this rushes out and catches fire, the oil well may never be brought into operation at all. This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it.
4、油田的主角是钻井工。他们是熟练技术工人。有时他得把钻头钻入地下一英里深。在钻探过程中，由于巨大的压力，可能会突然碰上气和油，而如果油气喷出来（rush out）并着了火(catch fire)，此油井便可能永远无法启用。这种危险是人人共知的，因此人们采取防护措施。
5. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. (在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。) The drill(钻头) may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level. When the drill goes down, it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another. Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in 'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the cost of the petrol, but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.
5、在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。钻头可能离油很近，但却失之交臂。而有时(另一方面)钻头可能在很浅处就碰上了油。钻头钻下去（go down），把土带上来(bring up)。人们检验(examine for)从不同深处带上来的土样以探明油迹(traces of oil)。如果一处落空了，钻井工就转移到另一处。为了“勘探”石油，已花费(spend in)了巨额钱财，例如在埃及沙漠就是那样。有时所获甚微。当我们为自己的汽车购买几加仑汽油时，我们付的不仅仅是汽油的价钱，而且还包括了一部分不断在进行着的(that is always going on)勘探费用。
6. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
6、当原油从油田取得(obtain from)后，就被送往炼油厂(refinery)去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油
加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后就为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低(a low boiling point)，如果倒入少许在手上，它立即就蒸发掉(vaporize)。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成(condense into)煤油(paraffin)，最后制出各种不同等级的润滑油(the lubricating oils)。而剩下的部分是用作(be used as)燃料的重油。
7. There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The first is that of the Middle East, and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, another is the area between North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia, includes the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
7、世界上已探明的主要蕴藏石油地区有4个，第一是中东地区，包括里海、黑海、红海和波斯湾附近地区，另一个是北美和南美间的油区，而第三个是亚洲和澳洲之间的地区，包括苏门答腊、婆罗洲和爪洼岛。
8. The forth area is the part near the North Pole. When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.
8、第四个油区是靠近北极(the North Pole)那部分区域。当所有现今的油田都枯竭了的时候，这一寒冷地区可能会成为石油竞争活动的场所。然而困难将是很大的，同时代价也可能很高，因此(that)没有一家公司肯承担这一任务。如果利用原子能(atomic power)来开动机器方面的工作进展迅速，那么以油为动力的发电机可能让位于(give place to为…取代, 让位给…)新型发动机。在那种情况下，对石油的需求量将下降，油田将逐渐消失，而北极的储油也可能永远睡在原地。
44 Job Satisfaction工作满意度（2016新增）
1.As we know，job satisfaction refers to a person’s general attitude toward his or her job. A person with a high level of job satisfaction has a positive attitude toward his or her job, while a person who is dissatisfied has a negative attitude. When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually are referring to job satisfaction. Let’s look at some findings about job satisfaction.
1. 我们知道，工作满意度是员工对自己工作的总体态度。一个拥有较高水平工作满意度的人对工作持积极的态度，而对工作不满意的人则对工作持消极的态度。通常我们谈到员工的态度时指的就是工作满意度。我们来看看关于工作满意度的一些研究发现。
2. Are most people satisfied with their jobs? 大多数员工对他们的工作满意吗？
3. Studies of U.S. workers over the past 30 years generally indicate that the majority of workers were satisfied with their jobs. However, since the 1990s, the number of workers who say they’re satisfied with their jobs has been declining. A Conference Board study in 1995 found that some 60 percent of Americans were satisfied with their jobs. By 2005, that percentage was down to 50 percent. Although job satisfaction tends to increase as income increases, only 55 percent of individuals earning more than $50,000 are satisfied with their jobs. For individuals earning less than $15,000, about 45 percent of workers say they are satisfied with their jobs. Does the fact that those with higher incomes have slightly higher levels of job satisfaction mean that money can buy happiness? Not necessarily. While ifs possible that higher pay alone translates into higher job satisfaction，an alternative explanation is that higher pay reflects different types of jobs. Higher-paying jobs generally require more advanced skills, give jobholders greater responsibilities, are more stimulating and provide more challenges, and allow workers more control. Ifs more likely that the reports of higher satisfaction among higher-income levels reflect the greater challenge and freedom they have in their jobs rather than the pay itself.
3. 在过去的30年里，针对美国工人进行的研究总体上表明，大多数员工对他们的工作是满意的。但是，从20世纪90年代开始，对工作满意的工人的数量开始下滑。1995年Conference Board的一项研究发现，60%的美国人对他们的工作感到满意。2005年，这一比例下降为50%。尽管随着收入的增加工作满意度也上升了，但是只有55%的收入超过50000美元的人对他们的工作感到满意。在收入少于15000美元的人中，45%的工人说他们对工作感到满意以工作满意度随收入的增加而提高这一事实，是否意味着金钱可以买到快乐呢？未必如此。尽管更高的收入本身可能转化为更髙的工作满意度，但对这一现象还有另一种解释：更高的收入反映了工作类型的不同。更高收入的工作通常需要更高的技能，在职者履行更多的工作职责，工作更具刺激性和挑战性，员工对工作有更多的控制。报告中“在较高收入的工人里有着较高的满意度”可能反映的是，这些人在工作中拥有更多挑战性和自由度，而不是收入本身的影响。
4. What about employee job satisfaction levels in other countries?
4. 全球工作满意度其他国家的雇员工作满意度的水平如何？
5. Although surveys of European workers, like U.S. workers, indicate generally lower levels of job satisfaction, there are some regional variations. For instance, 68 percent of Scandinavian workers report that they are satisfied with their jobs, as do 61 percent of workers in France. But only 53 percent of Swiss and
Italian workers, and 50 percent of German workers, report being satisfied with their jobs. On the other hand, 60 percent of Canadian workers report being satisfied with their jobs as do 61 percent of employees from the Asia-Pacific region.
5. 尽管像美国工人一样，对欧洲工人的调查总体表明其工作满意度水平较低，但是这之间存在着地区差异。例如，68%的斯堪的纳维亚工人和61% 的法国工人对他们的工作感到满意。但是只有53%的瑞士和意大利工人，50% 的德国工人对他们的工作感到满意。此外，60%的加拿大工人和61%亚太地区的员工对他们的工作感到满意。
6. What effect does job satisfaction have on employee behavior—that is, on productivity, absenteeism, and turnover?
6. 工作满意度对雇员行为即生产率、缺勤率和离职率有什么影响？
7. As a result of the Hawthorne Studies, managers generalized that if their employees were satisfied with their jobs, then that satisfaction would translate to working hard. So, for a good part of the twentieth century, managers believed that happy workers were productive workers. Because it’s not been that easy to determine whether job satisfaction caused job productivity or vice versa, some management researchers felt that belief was generally wrong. However, we can say with some certainty that the correlation between satisfaction and productivity is fairly strong. And when satisfaction and productivity information is gathered for the organization as a whole, we find that organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees.
7. 根据霍桑的研究结果，管理者得出结论：如果他们的雇员对工作感到满意，这种满意会转化为努力的工作。因此，在20世纪大部分时间里，管理者相信，快乐的工人就是高生产率的工人。因为不能轻易地断定是工作满意度导致了高生产率还是生产率带来了满意度，所以一些管理学研究者认为这种看法大体上是错误的。但是，我们能肯定地说，满意度和生产率之间有很强的关系。当我们在组织整体水平上收集满意度与生产率的数据时，会发现员工满意度较高的组织比员工满意度较低的组织更高效。
8. Although research shows that satisfied employees have lower levels of absenteeism than do dissatisfied employees, the correlation isn’t strong. While it certainly makes sense that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work, other factors have an impact on the relationship. For instance, organizations that provide liberal sick leave benefits are encouraging all their employees—including those who are highly satisfied—to take “sick”days. Assuming that your job has some variety in it，you can find w ork satisfying and yet still take off a “sick” day to enjoy a three-day weekend or to golf on a warm summer day if those days come free with no penalties.
8. 虽然研宄表明，满意的员工比不满意的员工的缺勤率更低，但是，两者之间的关系不是很明显。尽管不满意的员工更可能旷工，这一点从理论上也是说得通的，但是，其他因素也影响着二者之间的关系。例如，组织对病假提供慷慨的福利待遇实际上就是在鼓励所有的员工（包括那些满意感很强的员工）去休病假。假设你有多种可供选择的利益，你会觉得工作很满意，但仍然愿意多休息几天以享受一个连续3天的周末，或者在温暖的夏季打高尔夫，因为这些休假是免费的，而且不会受到任何惩罚。
9. Research on the relationship between satisfaction and turnover is much stronger. Satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover. Yet, things such as labor-market conditions, expectations about alternative job opportunities, and length of employment with the organization also affect an employee’s decision to leave. Research also suggests that an important moderator of the satisfaction-turnover relationship is the employee’s level of performance. For superior performers, the level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover. Why? The organization typically does everything it can to keep high performers—they get pay raises, praise, recognition, increased promotion opportunities, and so forth.
9. 研宄表明，满意度与离职率之间的相关性更高。满意的雇员离职率水平较低，而不满意的雇员离职率水平较高。不过，其他因素，如劳动力市场条件、对其他工作机会的期望和在组织中任职时间的长短，都影响着员工是否离开的决策。还有研宄表明，满意度一离职率关系的一个重要的调节变量是员的绩效水平。在预测高业绩者的流动情况时，满意度并不重要。为什么？组织一般都会尽其所能挽留高绩效的员工，他们会得到高薪、更多的表扬和认同以及更多的晋升机会等等。
10. Is employee satisfaction related to positive customer outcomes?
10. 员工的满意度与顾客结果之间有正向关系吗？
11. For frontline employees who have regular contact with customers, the answer |s uyes.,? Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Why? In service organizations, customer retention and defection are highly dependent on how frontline employees deal with customers. Satisfied employees are more likely to be friendly, upbeat, and responsive, which customers appreciate. And because satisfied employees are less likely to leave their jobs, customers are more likely to encounter familiar faces and receive experienced service. These qualities help build customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, the relationship seems to work in reverse: Dissatisfied customers can increase an employee’s job d issatisfaction. Employees who have regular contact with customers report that rude, thoughtless, or unreasonably demanding customers adversely affect their job satisfaction.
11. 那些站在第一线、经常与顾客打交道的员工回答说“是”。满意的员工会提高顾客的满意度和忠诚度。为什么？在服务型组织中，能否留住顾客在很大程度上取决于一线员工对待他们顾客的态度。满意的员工更可能是友好的、乐观的，能对顾客的要求及时做出回应，而顾客也非常欣赏这些品质。而且，由于满意的员工离职取向更低，顾客更可能面对的是一张熟悉的面孔，并得到富有经验的服务。这些品质营造了顾客的满意度和忠诚度。相反，不满意的顾客会增加员工对工作的不满意。那些经常与顾客交往的员工报告说，粗鲁、自私、提出无理要求的顾客，也会对他们的工作满意度有负面的影响。
12. A number of companies appear to understand this connection. Service-oriented businesses such as FedEx, Southwest Airlines, American Express, and Office Depot obsess about pleasing their customers. Toward that end, they also focus on building employee satisfaction—recognizing that satisfied employees will go a long way toward contributing to their goal of having happy customers. These firms seek to hire upbeat and friendly employees, they train employees in the importance of customer service, they reward customer service, they provide positive work climates, and they regularly track employee satisfaction through attitude surveys.
12. —些公司明白了这之间的关系。服务取向的企业如联邦快递、西南航空、美国运通、欧迪办公（Office Depot)都努力让它们的顾客感到满意。为了达到这一结果，它们也关注员工满意度的建设，因为它们认识到，对于实现顾客快乐的目标来说，员工的满意度有着十分重要的贡献。这些公司力求雇用那些乐观而友好的员工，对员工进行培训使员工了解顾客服务的重要性，对顾客服务进行奖励，提供积极的员工工作氛围，通过态度调查定期追踪员工的满意度情况。
13. When employees are dissatisfied with their jobs, theyMl respond somehow. But it’s not easy to predict exactly how they’ll respond. One person might quit. Another might respond by using work time to play computer games. And another might verbally abuse a co-worker. If managers want to control the undesirable consequences of job dissatisfaction, they’d be better off attacking the problem—job dissatisfaction—than trying to control the different employee responses.
13. 当雇员对他们的工作感到不满意时，他们会采取某种方式作出反应。但是，要想精确地预测他们可能的反应是不容易的。有人可能辞职，有人可能利用工作时间玩电脑游戏，或者谩骂同事。如果想控制工作不满意的不良后果，管理者应当解决工作不满意这个问题，而不是试图控制雇员的不同反应.
14. Although ifs important to understand job satisfaction and its impact on employee behavior, there are two other job-related attitudes we need to look at: job involvement and organizational commitment.
14. 虽然理解工作满意度及其对雇员行为的影响是重要的，但是还有另外两个需要我们考察的与工作有
关的态度.工作参与和组织承诺。
45. How to Become a Scientist怎样才能成为一名科学家（2016新增）
1. Looking back at the time, nearly seventy years ago, when the love of science took hold of me, I think of no big event but of many small things that influenced me. As a child I read books and learned lessons, but I did not have much curiosity about the natural world. This began to change when I looked at the stars. In Australia, where I grew up, the skies are often clear. I learned to recognize the stars and the constellations, and I chose a book about astronomy for a school prize in 1931. The stars are there, you cannot change them, you can learn about them only by measuring their positions and analysing the light that comes from them. But they taught tne a lesson in science when I learned about the solar system and was able on a clear night to picture myself as a mote on a rotating globe, carried along the earth’s orbit and looking outward.
1. 回想过去，大约70年前，占据我身心的是对科学的热爱，我想不出有什么影响我的重大事件，而是想到了许多影响过我的小事。当我作为一个孩子开始读书上学时，对自然界并没有多少好奇心。后来我开始观察天上的星星，情况就发生了改变。我是在澳大利亚长大的，那里的天空经常是晴朗的，我学会了辨认星星和星座。1931年，我在学校获奖，在学校准备的各种奖品中我选择了一本关于天文学的书。星星就挂在天上，你不能改变它们，但你能够通过测定它们的位置和分析它们射来的光，掌握有关它们的情况。当我了解了太阳系，并在晴朗的夜空里把自己设想成旋转的地球上的一粒微尘，被地球带着沿着它的轨道观察天空时，这给我上了一堂科学课。
2. I began to be interested in chemistry soon after that. And at school my chemistry teacher was able to interest his class and he encouraged us to think and experiment. At that time one could buy small amounts of many common chemicals and I made a little laboratory at home, with improvised equipment, to study chemical reactions. I soon discovered that the organic chemicals were the most interesting. With the help of a textbook on practical organic chemistry I made many preparations, using cheap chemicals to prepare those that were too expensive for me to buy. This was more satisfying than astronomy, you can change things by your own effort. At that time I was rapidly losing my hearing, so I suppose that the work attracted me also for its impact on the other senses: the beauties of crystals and distilled liquids, the colours of dyes, and smells both good and bad. As a carpenter or a carver leams
to work with the grain of wood or bone, I learned that each substance has its own nature and can be easy or difficult to handle according to the procedure chosen. I began to see experiments as I see them now, not only as procedures to answer questions or to make compounds but as opportunities to observe what happens and to learn from mistakes.
2. 不久，我开始对化学感兴趣。在学校里，化学老师的讲课非常有趣，并且鼓励我们思考和做实验。那时，可以少量地买到多种普通化学试剂，我就在家里建了一个很小的实验室，用自制的简单仪器研宄化学反应。我很快就发现有机化合物是最有趣的。在实用有机化学教科书的帮助下，我用廉价的化学原料配制出很多我买不起的制剂，这比天文学更加令人兴奋，因为你可以用自己的努力来改变事物。那时，我的听力正在迅速衰退。所以，我认为化学能吸引我的另一个原因是：它能刺激人的其他感觉功能，美丽的晶体和蒸馏液、色彩斑斓的染料，还有那种种好闻和难闻的气味。就像一个木匠或雕刻匠学习用一小块木头或骨头干活那样，我通过实验了解到每一种物质都有自己的特性，而且可以加工处理，其难易程度视所选择的处理方法而定。于是我认识到实验不仅是回答问题或合成化合物的一系列操作程序，而且是我们观察所发生的事情和从错误中学习的良好机会。直到今天，我对实验的这种认识也没有改变。
3. When I went to Sydney University the most important event for me was access to a library of the chemical literature. Because by this time I could not hear any lectures, I learned from handbooks and journals. Many of them were in German, which I did not know. So I found a German dictionary and looked up
each new word until I understood them all. Reading the literature helped me to become a scientist because it showed me the evidence behind the things that we had to learn; and some of this evidence was incorrect. I began to see science as a continuous process of discovery and correction.
3. 进入悉尼大学后，对我来说最重大的事件莫过于有机会利用化学文献图书馆。当时，我己经听不见讲课了，所以要从各种杂志和手册中去学习。其中有不少书刊是用德文写的，我看不懂，就找了一本德文字典，逐个查找生字，直到完全弄懂为止。阅读文献帮助我成为了一名科学家，因为这些文献向我揭示了我们必须学习的知识所依据的证据，而其中有些证据是不正确的，于是我开始把科学看成是不断发现和修正错误的连续过程。
4. At that time I used to walk with friends in the Australian bushland. One morning we were resting beside a river. I turned over so that my face was close to the grass, and I began to count all the different kinds of plant that I could see. There were more than twenty of them, all different, each of
them beautiful in its own way. This was really the beginning of my curiosity about living things. I brought back from these walks some fruits—wild grapes, and some berries with a bitter taste—and took them into the laboratory and extracted pure compounds from them. This was not a very good way to study the chemistry of life, but I began to be interested in the life sciences and to read biological text-books. At that time they mostly described and classified things that nobody understood. But later, when I started to work with life scientists, I could understand their viewpoints and could use my chemistry to solve problems that interested all of us.
4. 那段时间，我常和朋友去澳大利亚原始森林地带散步。一天早上，我们正躺在河边休息，我翻过身去使我的脸更贴近草，然后查点所见的所有不同种类的植物，总共有20多种。它们形态各异，每一种都有自己独特的动人之处。这是我对生物感到好奇的真正开端。每次散步我都带回一些果实，其中有野葡萄和带苦味的浆果，我还在实验室从这些果实中提取纯净化合物。尽管这并不是研究生物化学的最好办法，但这使我对生命科学产生了兴趣，并且促使我阅读了一些生物学的教科书。那时的书主要是对那些人们还不了解的事物进行描述和分类，但后来当我与生命科学家一起工作时，我就能够理解他们的观点了，并用我的化学知识去解决我们大家都感兴趣的问题。
5. All this time I was learning more and more, as I still do, about the detail of chemistry. There is so much detail that you cannot keep all of it in your head, although it is very helpful to know how to look for it. What you can do is to form in your mind an idea, a pattern, of what is possible and what is not possible in chemistry. This helps you to make new compounds and to understand new reactions and structures. When the literature, or one of your own experiments, presents you with a new fact, you compare it with the pattern in your mind. Often the new fact fits into the pattern easily. But sometimes, the fact does not fit. Then you check, and sometimes you find that a mistake has been made. But if there is no mistake, you must change your pattern to fit the new fact, and you learn more about your science on these occasions than at any other time.
5. 我对化学越钻越深，接触到的知识越积越多，我现在仍坚持这么做。尽管在这期间你不可能将这一切都牢记于心，但掌握查找它们的方法是很有用的。你能做的就是在头脑里形成一个概念、一个模式：在化学中哪些事是办得到的，哪些是办不到的。这可以帮助你制造出新的化合物，理解新的化学反应和结构。当化学文献或你做的实验给你提供了新的事实，你把它与自己头脑里的概念作一比较，通常这新的事实与你脑中的概念是相符的。但有时不相符，那你就要核查一下。有时，你会发现是你犯了错误。但是如果你没有错，你就必须改变你头脑中原有的概念，使之与新的事实相吻合。这种情况下，你学到的知识比任何其他时候学到的都要多。
模拟试題一 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn't ____ what color it was. A. make out B. look to C. look out D. take in 2.He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret had been____ A. imposed B. exposed C. composed D. opposed 3.You should these tables and buy new ones. A. throw off B. throw down C. throw up D. throw away 4. _ ____ their suggestions， we will discuss them fully at the next meeting. A. In regard for B. In regard to C. With regard of D. Regardless for 5.On cloudy nights it is not possible to see the stars with ____ eye. A. naked B. bare C. flesh D. pure 6.Many new _____ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education. A. opportunities B. necessities C. probabilities D. realities 7.I found myself completely _ ____ by his vivid performance. A. carried out B. carried off C. carried away D. carried on 8.Although the examination he had passed was unimportant, his success ____ him in his later study. A. persuaded B. promised C. urged D. encouraged 9.This is the first time you have been late. A. under no circumstances B. on no account C. by no means D. for no reason 10.The taxi had to _ because the traffic light had turned red. A. set up B. catch up C. shut up D. pull up Section B Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.- 11.The roof of the house was practically falling in and the front steps were rotting away. A. almost B. essentially C. always D. conveniently
1.The V alue of Time时间的价值 1."Time" says the proverb "is money". This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either produce some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time. 1.employ v. 使用，采用，雇佣，使忙于 employer n. 雇主，老板 employee n. 雇员，从业人员 employment n. 使用，职业，雇佣 Employment rate 就业率，雇用率 2.Either …or… 要么…要么…; 二者择一的 Neither… nor… 两者都不 Both… and… 两者都 3.fetch 取来，接来，到达 4.add to增添，添加，加强 5.so as to 以便，以致 6.enable sb to do sth 使得某人做某事 7.There is no doubt that…毫无疑问 8.think nothing of… 把… 视为平常 think a lot of… 看重；对… 高度评价 9.convertible adj. 可改变的，可交换的 convert v. … into… 使转变，转换，使…改变信仰 10.be equivalent to… 11.be tantamount to…相当于…; 无异于的 If you say one thing is tantamount to another, more serious thing, you are emphasizing how bad, unacceptable, or unfortunate the first thing is by comparing it to the second thing. 例句：What Bracey is saying is tantamount to heresy. 布里斯正在说的无异于异端邪说。 12.Think twice再三考虑，重新考虑 think twice about doing sth. 三思而后再决定做某事 13.Give one’s consent（n.）to sth…同意，赞成 例句：At approximately 11:30 p.m., pollard finally gave his consent to the search. 大约晚上11：30的时候，波拉得终于对搜查予以同意。
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
36 To Be Content with One's Lot乐天知命 （be content with 对…满足；lot n. 命运） 1. Peter Hessler described two lifestyles and asked his Chinese students to choose the one they preferred, either a very long yet<但是> ultimately
4 How to Negotiate<谈判> with Americans 如何与美国人谈判 1.美国是一个富有吸引力的市场。它给世界带来的诸如“股东价值”和“首次公开募股”的商业文化近几年来一直引导着商业思想，并且在未来几年内还将保持。但是无论是谁，想要在美国取得成功，都必须记住游戏的规则。 2.美国的商业，在《纽约，纽约》这首歌的歌词中是这样描述的：“如果你能在这里取得成功，你就能在别的任何地方取得成功!” 但是愉快的做生意的方法是绝对不够的。虽然在美国的商业沟通是愉快的和自在的，但是它同时也因为不讲情面而成为焦点。
3.沟通是美国人与生俱来的才能。双方谈判的时候，闲聊和微笑是很重要的。美国人比英国人更幽默也更直接。（that 引导定语从句，可以译为：美国人自由地使用幽默感，这种幽默感比英国人更加直接。）如果你和美国人谈话，要很放松并且要准备很多笑话来吸引听众的注意力。 4.美国人不拘礼节。商业伙伴不会在他们的名片上写他们的毕业院校。会议期间会提供一些用塑料瓶或盒子装的三明治和饮料。你的生意伙伴很可能会在办公室随意地做一些事情或聊他们的家庭。
5.“时间就是金钱”这种态度在美国的生意场上的影响力比其他任何领域都强。在简单的寒暄之后，美国谈判双方很快地切入主题，甚至社会上举办的联欢会都会被利用来讨论生意。 6.美国人做生意很注重实效，他们就是想赢。相比之下，发展与商业伙伴的个人关系（与得到的谈判结果相比）就不是那么重要了。 7.而且美国谈判者想最快地获得结果。金融情况时刻受到关注（或直译为“财务业绩每季上报”），这对在短期内保证收益很重要。因此，许多美国契约在前言里面包含“时间就是生命”这一条款。所以美国人谈判很性急，但这不应该被理解为无礼，而是因为“时间就是金钱”的理念在起作用。
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off the conversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理
2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试 课后练习及答案 目录 1.SIX GOLDEN RULES FOR MEETING MANAGEMENT主持会议六大准则（2016新增） (2) 2. NETWORK SECURITY 网络安全(2013版) (2) 3 .ALL I LEARNED IN KINDERGARTEN 幼儿园所学的... . (4) 4. HOW TO NEGOTIATE WITH AMERICANS 如何与美国人谈判(2013版) (5) 5.CARBON-BASED ALTERNATIVE 碳基替代燃料（2010版） (7) 6. AUTOMATIC AUTO: A CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF 无人驾驶汽车(2013版) (9) 7 OUR FAMILY CREED 家族的信条（2007版） (11) 8 THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 公共演讲的艺术(2007版) (13) 9. OIL AND GAS GENERATION油气生成（2016版新增） (16) 10.THE DRESS CODE FOR OFFICE LIFE办公室的着装礼仪（2016版新增） (16)
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则（2016新增） 课后练习： 1.If you are asked to chair【主持，椅子】a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting ____. A. treatment B.requirement C.management D.improvement 2.If you begin on time, group members who ____ late will realize the value of time. A.bring up https://www.doczj.com/doc/d016862738.html,e up C.dress up D.show up 3. You may need to refer back to【查阅，重新提及】an issue ____ was discussed during the meeting at a later date. A.that B.what C.who D.where 4. ____, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than【而不是】really listening to other people. A.Traditionally B.Additionally C.Conditionally D.Exceptionlly 5.Many times important issues can get sidetracked【转变话题的】in a meeting, _____ when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. A.essentially B.entirelly C.extremely D.especially 6. If you ____ a conflict【冲突】prior to【在……之前】the meeting, discuss the issue with participants【参与者】in advance【提前】. A.anticipate B.participate C.preserve D.announce 7. If an unanticipated【不曾预料到的】conflict develops once the meeting is in progress 【进行中】, either appoint a subcommittee【小组委员会】to ____ the problem A.look into B.look on C. look over D.look through 答案：1C 2D 3A 4B 5D 6A 7A 2. Network Security 网络安全(2013版) 课后练习： 1.Internet ____ theft 【失窃】is a growing—and very costly【昂贵的，expensive】—problem A.identify B.identity C. identical D.identification
2016年中石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences inthis section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are tochoose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries,the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my motherabout my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feelawkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D 【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。原题：The employee had to break off theconversation in order to wait on his manager. (discontinue) 【释义】break off v.断绝；折取；把…折断；使脱落 continue v.持续；延伸；继续存在；不断发生 hurry v.赶快；（朝某方向）迅速移动；催促（某人）；迅速处理 begin v.开始；启动；起始；开始存在（或进行） discontinue v.停止；终止；中断；终止（生产）
模拟试题五 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this pari. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1.He is a man you can rely on. He never goes back on his _____ . A. word B. words C. permission D. saying 2.After second thought, she ____ a better solution. A. came up with B. added up to C. put up with D. made up for 3.The club has ______ a new rule allowing women to join. A. brought forth B. associated with C. turned over D. laid down 4.The performance will begin ____ at eight thirty. A. precisely B. consequently C. accordingly D. exceedingly 5.His joke went too far. It was more than I could ________ . A. get rid of B. put up with C. keep up with D. do away with 6.At the gathering, he talked_____ about the matter, dampening everyones spirits. A. in detail B. with ease C. on end D. in a confusing way 7.1 wish my son would stop ______ a nd do something realistic. A. hanging about B. hanging on C. hanging up D. hanging off 8.We all can’t ____ why she married a man like this. A. reason out B. figure out C. make believe D. take in 9.John wants to dispose ____ his old car and buy a new one. A. on B. in C. of D. to 10.Ted agreed to ____ the strike if the company would satisfy the demand of the workers. A. call out B. call to C. call off D. call on
中石油职称英语考试大纲(不断更新） 附录1：晋升职称英语水平考试大纲 一、等级的划分 晋升职称英语水平考试共分为A、B两个等级。申报高级职称的人员需参加A级考试，申报中级职称的人员需参加B级考试。 二、评价目标 考试对应试者的英语词汇量、英语语法知识、阅读理解能力和翻译能力的要求分别如下：（一）词汇 1、申报A级的人员应熟练认知5000个左右的单词和短语。 2、申报B级的人员应熟练认知4000个左右的单词和短语。 （二）语法知识 应试者必须懂得英语基本语法结构和常用句型，能正确理解用这些结构和句型写成的句子。 1、名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法。 2、动词基本时态=语态的构成及其用法； 3、形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； 4、常用连接词的词义及其用法； 5、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法； 6、虚拟语气的构成及其用法； 7、各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）的基本用法及强调句型的结构； 8、常用倒装句的结构。 （三）阅读理解能力 应试者能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解英语书面材料。阅读能力重要包括下列几个方面： 1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2、了解阐述主旨的事实和细节； 3、根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义； 4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系； 5、根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和理解； 6、领会作者的观点、意图和态度。 （四）翻译能力 应试者应具备在词汇、语法、句型等方面综合运用语言的能力。翻译文章难度相当于《通用英语选读》教材中课文的难度。要求理解正确，译文达意，无重大语言错误。 三、题型、题量和计分 题型、题量和所占分值如下表： 题型分主观题型和客观题型。第一部分为主观题型，第二部分为客观题型。客观题占总分的80%，主观题占20%。答题时间总计为120分钟。 第一部分、客观题。 本部分包括四种题型。 一、词汇 本部分20 小题，每小题1分，共20分，主要考查单词和词组的用法。要求应试者从每题四个选择项中选一最佳答案。
2016年中国石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案
花了一天时间做了一份真题答案，特做几点申明： 1、仅为参考答案，由于水平问题，可能与每个人的答案会有出入，见仁见智吧，毕竟官方不给出标准答案。 2、作答依据大部分来源于网上搜索，尽可能地找到原题出处，实在无法找到出处的根据个人理解给出答案。 3、每题后列出了题目出处，并做出简单解析。前40题错误应该不多，阅读理解部分无法保证全对。 中石油职称英语考试2016年真题及参考答案解析 I. Vocabulary Section A Directions: There are some sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet. 1、In most countries, the crime of murder carries harsh penalties. A. unconscious B. thrive C. severe D.prudent 【参考答案】C 【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的 unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达 severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的 prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的 2、I tell my mother about my trials at work and brag about the kids. A. lie B. boast C. secretive D. feel awkward 【参考答案】B 【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂 lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于 boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西） secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的 feel awkward 为难；作难；犯难 3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger. A. continue B. hurry C. begin D.discontinue 【参考答案】D
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Managemen t主持会议六大准则 1.If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management. 1.如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。 2.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow. 2.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。 3.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well. 3.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。 4.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings. 4.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。 5.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time. 5.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。 6.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism. 6.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。 7.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager. 7.准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议