doing 的用法
一．动名词作主语时
①动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。
1) 捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的.
Playing tricks on others is something we should never do．
2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。____________________ is very important for me．
3)说比做容易。___________ is easier than doing.
4).Writing the book has taken up all his spare time.
5).Seeing is believing.
②用形式主语it，把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，It is no use/ no good/ useless/ a waste of… +doing sth
1). It is no use /useless_____________(argue) with him.
2).It is no good __________(try) to explain.
3).It is a waste of time ___________(quarrel) with him.
二. 动名词作宾语时
1只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有avoid, admit, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, 等
2有些动词有动名词和不定式两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：A. 在hate, like, love, prefer, 等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
He likes swimming, but he doesn?t like to swim today because it is too cold.
B. 动名词与不定式的不同含义：
1).be afraid to do 不敢去做某事
be afraid of doing 担心、害怕做某事
2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已做）
3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）
remember doing sth.记着做了某事(已做）
4) stop to do sth.
stop doing sth.
6)try to do sth.
try doing sth
7) mean to do sth.
mean doing sth. 8) go on to do sth.
go on doing sth.
9) can’t help doing
can’t help (to) do
C ? want/require/need to be done
doing.
The temple needs________( rebuild).
The children require_____ (educate).
D. advise/allow /permit/forbid sb to do
doing sth
三动名词和现在分词作表语(predicative)
1. 动名词作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为. 表示主语的内容,可以转换
到句首作主语
如：Her hobby is_________ (paint). = is her hobby.
My job is_________(look) after the children. = after the children is my job.
Her job is_____(keep) the lecture hall as clean as possible.
the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job..
2. 现在分词作表语和主语不是对等关系, 现在分词作表语时相当于形容词,说明主语的特征、性质、状态等, 主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite rather等副词来修饰.
The situation is encouraging. / I am encouraged.
The work is tiring./ I am tired.
The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
The film we saw last night is quite moving.
The problem is quite puzzling.
常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
四动名词和现在分词作定语(attribute)
1. 动名词作定语，表示被修饰名词的用途。“供作…之用”
e.g. a dining car = a car for dining
a reading room=a room for reading
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
a walking stick=a stick for walking
其他如：
a singing competition
an opening speech building materials
a drinking cup a living room
a typing paper a waiting room
a writing desk a washing machine
a frying pan a sleeping pill
a walking stick a teaching method
2. 现在分词作定语, 表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或状态逻辑上有主动关系。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。相当于一个定语从句
a sleeping baby= a baby who is sleeping
a developing country the standing student
The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
a flying bird the boiling water
现在分词作定语（表示进行和主动）
1. Do you know the man _____(speak ) at the meeting?
2.Who is the man_______(stand) by the door?
3.Do you know the boy______(lie) under the big tree?
4.The professor ______ (give) a speech about pollution is from Harvard University.
5.Tell the children_______(play)there not to make so much noise.
6.Did you see the man________(talk) to the manager?
现在分词作定语（表主动）
7.They lived in a room________(face)the south.
8.The house________(stand)at the corner of the street was built in 1955.
9. There was a big stone _______( weigh) one ton.
10. There was an old man ______( live ) in the village.
11.They built a highway______(lead) into the mountains.
现在分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。
1.The freeway being built now will lead to Beijing.
2.The meeting __________(hold) now is of great importance.
现在分词的完成式(having done)通常不作定语。例如：
The students having handed in their papers must leave the classroom．(F)
The students who have handed in their papers must leave the classroom．（T）
1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
2.Tell Mary that there’s someone ____ for her at the door. A waiting B. waited C. waits D. to wait
3. The _______ waiter came up to us and said, “You are welcome.”
A. smiling
B. smiled
C. smile
D. to smile
五现在分词作宾语补足语（Object Complement)
能用现在分词作宾语补足语的几类动词:
1 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词（常见的有feel, hear, listen to, see, notice, observe, watch, look at, find, smell等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）
I felt somebody standing behind me.
We found the snake eating the eggs.
I found a bag lying on the ground.
The boss kept the workers working the whole night.
2 表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, keep, get, catch, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）
We kept the fire burning all night long.
I won…t have you running about in the room.
I won?t have you doing that.
I?m sorry to have kept you waiting.
I can?t get the clock going again.
The teacher caught a student cheating in the exam.
3 .with 的复合结构
with +名词(宾语)+宾补doing
done
to do
adj./adv./介词短语
1).He lay in bed with his eyes ______(look) at the sky.
2).We found the village easily with the boy ______(lead) the way.
3).With the door ______(lock), he studied.
4).With a lot of work ____(do), he went out to play.
5).They left with the fire _____(burn).
6).I won?t be able to go on holiday with my mother _____(be) ill.
7).With the crowds _______(cheer), they drove to the palace.
8).The thief was brought in, with his hands ______(tie) behind his back.
9).With a lot of work ________(to do), he can?t go out.
With a lot of dishes ________(to wash), we can?t watch TV.
10).With so many letters _______(write), I had no time to visit you.
11).He liked sleeping with the windows open.
12).They sat in the room with the light on/off.
13). With Tom away, we got more room.
14).The boy stood there with his head down.
15).With his clothes on, he lay in bed.
16).He came in with a box on his back.
17).The teacher came in with some books in his hand.
18).The soldiers passed by with guns on their shoulders.
注：1、现在分词形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。
When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.
2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词现在分词形式便转换为主语补足语。They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.
3. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用现在分词形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：
We heard the telephone ringing.
We heard the telephone ring.
现在分词表示动作正在进行，不定式表示（或强调）动作的全过程。
六．现在分词做状语
现在分词充当时间，条件，原因，让步状语时，一般位于句首并有逗号隔开，能转换一个相应的状语从句；充当结果，方式，伴随状语时多位于句尾，前面可用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用。1作时间状语
Walking in the street, I saw him. =When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him.
也可改写为When/While walking in the street, I saw him.
*逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致
2作条件状语
Working hard(=If you work hard),You will surely succeed.
Taking (=If you take) the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a dense wood.
3作原因状语
现在分词作原因状语，多用于be feel, know, recognize, fear等状态动词的现在分词，以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时。如：
Being worn out(=As she was worn out), she went to bed early.
Not knowing her address (As I don’t know her address) ,I can’t write to her.
Not having done his homework, he couldn’t go out to play.=________,he couldn’t go out to play. 4，作让步状语
Having failed many times, he didn?t lose heart.=Although he had failed many times, he didn?t lose heart.
5，作结果状语
His grandma died, leaving him a lot of money.= His grandma died and left him a lot of money.
A terrible earthquake struck the area, making thousands of people homeless.=_______________. 6,作方式状语
Please answer the question using another way.(=by using another way)
7, 作伴随状语
They were walking in the woods, singing happily.
The secretary worked lat into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.
独立成分中的现在分词（或固定结构）
如；generally speaking, Judging from /by Considering ,including等
eg, Considering his age, the child reads quite well.
All the students were present at the meeting, including me.
跟踪练习，
1.China became the 143rd member of the WTO on Dec.11,2001, thus ___its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.
A realized B. realizing C. to realize D. having realized.
2._____what the teacher taught, she decided to stay behind to go on with her lessons after school. A, Not understanding B. She didn’t understand
C. Not having understood
D. Having not understood
3.____for several weeks, the city needed food.
A.As having flooded
B. Being flooded
C. Having been flooded
D. To flood
4. The space shuttle broke into pieces,____all seven astronauts aboard.
A. Having killed
B. killing
C. killed
D. being killed
5. I carefully poured the liquid into the water, my classmates__ anxiously beside me to see what would happen. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing
6. ---Where is David?
---He is upstairs____ ready to go out.
A.to get
B. getting
C. to be getting
D. having got.
7. ____what you said, you should be praised.
A. Judging from
B. Judged from
C. Being judged
D. To judge from
《动名词作表语定语的情况》进阶练习 一、单项选择 1. Last night we watched a funny show. And people couldn’t help _____ again and again. A. laughing B. to laugh C. laugh 2. —Dad, why must I stop ______ computer games? —For your health, my boy. A. play B. to play C. to playing D. playing 3. —You aren’t a student, are you? —_____ , don’t you remember _____ me in the classroom ten minutes ago？ A. No, seeing B. Yes, seeing C. No, to see D. Yes, to see 二、句型转换 4. Thank you for your help.（改为同义句） Thank you for _________ __________. 5. It’s good to travel all over the world.（改为同义句） Travelling ______ the world ______ good.
参考答案 一、1. A 2. D 3. B 二、4. helping me 5. around，is 解析 1. 句意为：昨天晚上我们看了一个有趣的节目。人们情不自禁地一次又一次大笑。can't help doing意为“情不自禁做某事”，为固定搭配。故选A。 2. 句意：——爸爸，我为什么必须停止玩电脑游戏？——为了你的健康，我的孩子。stop to do停下来去做另一件事，stop doing停止正在做的事。根据句意，故选D。 3. 句意为：——你不是学生，对吗？——不对，你难道不记得10分钟前在教室见过我吗？回答否定的反义疑问句时，yes表示否定前面的事实，no表示肯定前面的事实。remember 有两种用法，即remember doing sth(记得做过某事)和remember to do sth(记得去做某事),根据句意，故选B。 4. for是介词，后可跟动名词作宾语。故填helping me。 5. it作形式主语的句子可转变成动名词作主语的句子，动名词作主语，谓语用单数形式。all over the world相当于around the world。故填around，is。
现在分词 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home
being的用法小结 句子中的being是不能随便去掉的，在句子中出现being的情况大致分为以下几种： 一，being用作现在分词用法。 （1）一种用作现在分词，是强调正在进行，尤其是在被动语态中的使用，这个时候，being只是一个描述进行时态的符号，如，The trees are being planted,这种用法比较简单，我们也很好分辨。 （2）用作现在分词的时候.being用于作定语中，一般和过去分词连用，放在被说明名词后，表示进行时被动意义：（1）The house being built will be our new laboratory. （2）any text being（作定语，和过去分词translated连用，放在被说明名词any text之后） translated can also be read aloud by GT（google translateor） voice engine。任何被翻译后的文字也都可以被google语音大声的读出来。 （3）being用于状语，一般有逗号，翻译时常加表示状语的词汇，如“由于……”、“……时”等：Being very tiny, ants cannot often be seen by us. （4）还有一种现在分词的用法，是用作独立分词结构，含蓄的表示各种状态：1.There are a large number of different shapes of files, each being made for some particular kind of work.（伴随情况）各种锉刀的形状大不相同，每一种都是为特殊的一类加工而制作的。 （5）being用于介词后“主谓”结构中，即“介词+名词或代词+being+…”。这时介词宾语是一种复合宾语。其中being为现在分词。例如： 1.The pressure of a gas varies inversely as its volume, with temperature being constant.在温度不变条件下，气体压力是和其体积成反比的。 二，being用作动名词时，“being+过去分词”作介词宾语或动词宾语的用法 1.Water has the property of dissolving sugar, sugar (has)the property of being dissolved by water.（介词宾语）水具有溶解糖的特性，糖则具有被水溶解的特性。
动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较 欧阳家百（2021.03.07） 1．动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答 what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how 的问题。如： ①One of the best exercises is swimming．游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 ②What pleases him most is bathing in the sea．最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。 ③The situation both at home and abroad is very in- spiring．国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。 ④The color is pleasing to the eye．颜色悦目。 2．动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。如： ①Our work is serving the people．（＝Serving the people is our work．）我们的工作是为人民服务。
②The news was disappointing．那消息令人失望。 3．作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather， greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。如： ①What he said was very encouraging．他的话很鼓舞人心。 ②Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future．我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。 4．现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。如： The story is the most fascinating．那个故事最迷人。 5．作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。如： ① His speech seems inspiring．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。 ②His interest is writing for the newspapers．他的爱好是给报社写文章。 6．有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting， disappointing 等。 II．动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较
高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式：（以write为例） 注意：动名词的否定形式是：not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 １．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意： ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ．．．动作，而动名词 ．．．．一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。
Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收） It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind（在乎）postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。 need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。 如：Would you mind opening the door？请你把门打开好吗？ Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the
初中英语现在分词用法总结 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ① It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ② It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③ It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④ There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/
意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤ There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/ 无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥ There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦ There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有：
Being done的用法 一、与be动词一起构成现在进行时的被动语态（am/ is/ are being done）和过去进行时的被动语态（was/ were being done）。如： The new houses are being painted.这些新房子还在刷漆。 When I went to pay him a visit, he was being examined by a doctor. 当我去看他时，他正在接受医生的检查。 二、作后置定语，修饰某一名词，表示某一被动动作正在进行。如： The meeting being held now is of great importance. 现在正在开的会很重要。 上面的句子也可以变成含有定语从句的句子： The meeting which is being held now is of great importance. 注意：being done，to be done与done均可作后置定语，其区别为：being done表示正在发生的被动动作；to be done表示将要发生的被动动作；而done表示已经发生的被动动作。如： The house to be built here next year belongs to Fred. 明年将在这里建的房屋是弗雷德的。 The house built here last year belongs to Fred. 去年在这里建的房屋是弗雷德的。 三、作某些及物动词或介词的宾语。如： John hates being laughed at in public. 约翰不喜欢当众被嘲笑。 Do you mind being left alone at home. 把你一个人留在家里你介意吗？ My class teacher was honoured for being devoted to the cause of the education. 我的班主任因致力于教育事业受到了表彰。 四、有时作主语或用在see，hear，feel等少量感官动词后作宾语补足语。如：Being lost can be a terrifying experience.迷路可能是一种可怕的经历。（作主语）He heard the song being sung next door. 他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。（作宾补）Having been done 和done用法的区别 1.done是过去分词，having been done是现在分词完成时的被动语态。两个都可以表示“完成＋被动。”但作状语时，having been done表示该动作发生在主句动作之前；而done则不强调这层含义； Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy. （分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)强调分词动作先于谓语动词）Killed, she couldn't stop her blood from going chilled. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. （过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义） 2. done可作定语而having been done一般不作定语。 The concert given by the symphony orchesta was a great success. They are problems left over by history. 完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如： 我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate. 但非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。
不定式动名词现在分词过去分词作表语的区别 和用法 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词作表语的区别 不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词都可用作表语，但它们所表示的含义却各不相同 一、什么是表语。在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。如： 1. Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是一位有名的物理学家。 2. The problem remains unsolved. 问题仍未解决。 二、不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。如： 1. Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。（主语和表语是相等的） job is making wheelchairs for disabled people. 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。（主语和表语是相等的） music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。（主语并不等于表语） beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。（主语和表语是不相等的） 三、不定式和动名词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别。不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。如： 1. His job is to paint the walls. 他的工作是粉刷这些墙。（一次性的，具体的，目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作） job is painting walls. 他的工作是粉刷墙。（这是他日常的工作） 四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： 1. This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征） dog is frightened. 这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的状态） is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired 说明我们的状态） 五、不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别。不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划等号的。如： 1. What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.
动名词（Gerund） 动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词+ ing构成，否定形式为not doing，兼有动词的特征和名词的功能。 一、动名词保留着动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化。其时态语态形式如 二、动名词相当于名词，在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和定语 1、作主语 动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如： Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的运动 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟可能导致癌症。 Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车到杭州要16个小时。 Swimming develops the muscles. 游泳可以发展肌肉。 注意：动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句式来表示。例如： It takes me ten minutes to get home from my office.我从办公室回家要花十分钟。 It needs time to make three copies of it.把它复制三份需要时间。 It's nice talking with you. 和你谈话很高兴。 It's no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用。 It is no good learning without practice.学而不实践是没好处的。 There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying that she is very efficient.她效率高是不容否认的。 2、作定语 动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。例如： swimming pool 游泳池reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖floating needle 浮针 opening speech 开幕词listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室working people 劳动人民 3、作表语 动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等。例如： His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词） 他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。
一、现在分词：在句中可以做表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。 二、现在分词的基本用法 1. 作表语：表主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing。 2. 作定语： (1). 表示主动的、进行的状态：The girl wearing blue skirt is my sister. = The girl who is wearing blue skirt is my sister. （比较：The factory being built now is a big one.） (2). 说明被修饰词的性质和特征：This is an interesting story. (3). 相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开：Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. (4). 与adv. / n. 构成复合词作定语：This is an English-speaking country. 3. 作状语：表示主动的、进行的状态，其逻辑主语是句中的主语。(如果不是，需在v.-ing 形式前加名词或代词作逻辑主语: Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.) (1). 原因状语：Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. (2). 时间状语：Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. (3). 条件状语：Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. (4). 让步状语：Weighing almost two hundred kilograms, the stone was moved by him alone. (5). 结果状语：He died, leaving nothing but debts. (6). 伴随状语：He sat by the desk, begging. 注意：The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine. 由此可知伴随状语的特点：①主语所做的另一动作或②与谓语动作(状态)同时发生或③对谓语进行补充说明。(7). 方式状语：Following their teacher, the students entered the room quietly. 4. 作宾补：表示主动的、进行的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的“主表”或“主谓”关系：We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) / I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) 三、现在分词的两个基本特点 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行：a developing country, boiling water, rising sun (比较: a developed country, boiled water, risen sun) 2. 在语态上表示主动：the ruling class 统治阶级，the exploiting class 剥削阶级(比较：the ruled class 被统治阶级，the exploited class 被剥削阶级) 四、独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。其本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 A lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. （原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. （条件） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. （伴随） An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. （结果） The meeting over, they all went home. （时间） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. （结果） The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （伴随） Another story to be completed, the writer stayed up almost every night. （目的）
现在分词的七种用法 （一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。 Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表语 现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。The story is moving. （三）现分在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) （四）作状语现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六）现在分词的被动式 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式The factory being built now is a big one. （七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。 Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. 过去分词的用法 一．1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. (3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 过去分词作表语 【注意】过分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
--
-- 教学过程 一、课堂导入 本堂知识是高考中比较重要的考点,也是各地常考的考点,掌握好这张语法，不仅对做单选题有帮助,对于更好地理解完型、阅读和写作文都有帮助。 --
-- 二、复习预习 复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下,让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释,促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。 --
-- 三、知识讲解 知识点1:分词用作表语 (1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。 --
-- (２）现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释： Ｍｙjoｂis ｉｎtereｓtｉng. 我的工作很有趣。 My ｊob isｔｅａｃhinｇmaths. 我的工作是教数学。 另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置: 误:Inｔeｒesｔinｇiｓmy joｂ． 正：Ｔｅａchinｇmaths ｉs mｙｊob. 还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语（如上例)。 知识点2：分词用作定语 --
-- 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前,但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后：Theｒe is a gｅntlｅmaｎaｓkｉng toｓee you. 有一位先生要求见你。 Sｈe boughｔa compｕter ｐroduced iｎChina. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。 --
动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。 解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。 特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征 一、动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1、作主语 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。 Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。 动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如： It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。 动名词作主语的几种类型 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况： 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如： Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时，不太常用it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如： It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesti ng，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如： There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟） No parking. （禁止停车） 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语