Chinese Porcelains
Good morning, everyone!
Today, I want to tell you something about Chinese Porcelains. China is the hometown of porcelains. It’s an important creation of the working people of Han nationality. Porcelain developed from Pottery. The earliest porcelain appeared in Shang and Zhou dynasty about 3,000 years ago. The true meaning of the Chinese porcelains produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In The Middle Ages, accompanied by Chinese Porcelains export, Chinese began to known in the world as “Country of Porcelain”. By the Song Dynasty some seven centuries later, the porcelain industry was flourishing. Ming and Qing Dynasty was the heyday of Chinese Porcelains. The quantity and quality of porcelain production has reached the peak. Jingdezhen as the “Porcelain Capital” status has been established.
Welcome to Jingdezhen Museum. Jingdezhen is located in northeastern Jiangxi. Jingdezhen porcelain is the pearl in the treasure house of Chinese art and culture. In its long and glorious history, a brilliant art and craft has been handed down. The feature of Jingdezhen Porcelain was described as being “as white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror, with a sound as clear as a bell.” The four traditional porcelains are Blue and white porcelain, Glowing
porcelain, Color glaze porcelain, and Famille-rose porcelain.
Blue and white porcelain has a white base with blue designs. Blue designs are applied to the white body of the porcelain, making it appear elegant, fresh and full of vigor. Its unique artistic connotation is the perfect combined of traditional and modern arts.
Glowing porcelain is also called “Mitong”in China. Craftsmen carve out many regular “delicate eyes”in the porcelain body, and then fire these holes with the glaze into the bright hole. European called it as “the transparent rice pattern”.
Jingdezhen’s colorful glaze is famous for all over the world. It contains a long tradition, and is gradually concluded by our ancestors during the long-time producing and experimenting. Our ancestors had accumulated rich experience in the long time producing and struggling. Famile-rose porcelain also called soft decorative porcelain, which is one of the four traditional porcelain of Jingdezhen. As known as soft colors, is over glaze decoration of porcelain wares. “A man without porcelain is not noble. A room without porcelain is indecent.”Porcelain is ubiquitous in our culture.
Thank you for your attention. Next, we will have a lunch in a five star hotel.
彭雅玲
动词不定式选择题练习(一)
1. He seems ___ the old lady.
A. knowing
B. to be knowing
C. to know
D. to be known
2. Tom ___ when they spoke ill of him.
A. happened to be passed
B. happened to be passing by
C. happened passing by
D. happened to passed
3. We all hope ____ scientists. A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became
4. The boy refused ____ for climbing the tall tree.
A. to pay
B. to be paid
C. being paid
D. paying
5. I happened ____ the article when he asked me about it.
A. having read
B. to have read
C. to be read
D. reading
6. ______ with him is a great pleasure. A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking
7. It is nice _____ your voice. A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing
8. _____ is to struggle. A. Living B. Live C. To live D. To be lived
9. Her wish is ____ a doctor. A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come
10. I was just about ____ the office when the phone rang.
A. leaving
B. leave
C. to leave
D. to leaving
11. I didn’t ____ it until you had explained how.
A. manage to do
B. managed to do
C. manage to have done
D. manage doing
12. He found it important ___ the situation all over the world.
A. study
B. to study
C. studies
D. to be studied
13. At last the enemy soldiers had no choice but ___ their guns.
A. to lay down
B. lie down
C. laying down
D. lay down
14. Yesterday I did nothing but ___ TV.
A. watch
B. watched
C. to watch
D. watching
15. It had no effect except ___ him angry.
A. make
B. making
C. to make
D. made
16. Bob did nothing except ____ tennis. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played
17. I’m considering ___ his letter.
A. to answer
B. how answering
C. to be answering
D. how to answer
18. Tell us _____ next. A. how to do B. what to do C. how do D. what do
19. We want to know ___ to help him when he is in trouble.
A. what will do
B. what we should do
C. how to do
D. what will we do
20. Don’t stop trying. You’ll be sure ___ .
A. succeed B . succeeding C. of succeeding D. to succeed
21. The government calls on us ____ our production.
A. increased
B. increasing
C. increase
D. to increase
22. With his teacher ____ he wanted to try it a second time.
A. helping
B. to help
C. help
D. helped
23. The lady was watched ____ her room in silence.
A. had left
B. left
C. leave
D. to leave
24. I’m hungry . Get me something ____.
A. eating
B. to eat
C. to be eaten
D. eaten
25. His wish ,____ a doctor ,came true. A. coming B. come C. to come D. came
26. He loves praise. He is always the first ____ and the last _____.
A. of coming ; of leaving
B. comes; leaves
C. to come; to leave
D. coming; leaving
27. At last they found a house _____ .
A. to leave his things with
B. to leave his things in
C. leaving his things in
28. There is nothing ______ . A. to worry B. to worry about C. worry D. worry about
29.Have you got enough room ___all of us ?
A. seating
B. to seat
C. seated
D. to be seated
30. It is too dark for us ____ anything in the room.
A. see
B. seeing
C. to see
D. seen
31. The young man is ____ willing ____ the old living around here.
A. very; helping
B. very; to help
C. too; to help
D. enough ; help
中国饮食文化英文介绍 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：中国饮食文化——英文版 China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China’s local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系，这种分类已被广为接受。当然，
还有其他很多著名的地方菜系，例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重
Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes treachery and guile. 京剧 京剧是中国流行的最广泛影响最大的一个剧种，拥有两百多年的历史。在长期的发展过程中，京剧形成了一套虚拟表演动作，如一条桨就可以代表一只船。不需要任何的道具，演员就能表现出上楼、下楼，开门、关门等动作，虽然经赤了夸张但这些动作能给观众既真实又优美的感觉。京剧演员分生、旦、净、丑四个行当，生和旦的化痕迹要描眉、吊眉、画眼圈，净丑面部需要化妆，比如，红脸表示忠诚勇猛，白脸表示奸险。
精心整理 陶瓷术语中英文对照 白云土dolomite 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse,petuntse,petuntze 瓷漆enamelpaint,enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin,chinaclay 硅石,二氧化硅silica,SiO2 堇青石 莫来石, 泥果, 石灰, 氧化锡 釉 原材料 云母 皂石, 其它 斑点 半透明 茶叶罐 单色的 镀金 多色的 高白 工艺品 建白材料construction/buildingmaterial 景德镇Jingdexhen,Ching-te-chen 景泰蓝cloisonné 绝缘子insulator 考古学archaeology 可塑的plastic 流变学rheology 琉璃瓦glazedtile模型、模特model 模子mould
耐热heat-proof 配方formula 盆栽bonsai 漆器lacquerwork 器皿ware 秦始皇陵兵马俑life-sizeterra-cottasoldiersandhorsesinChintomb 青铜器bronzework 人类学antropology 渗透的porous 手印，指印fingermark 首饰盒jewelcase 四面体 陶瓷的 陶工 瓦tile 温度 硬度 釉工 砖 何朝宗 薄胎瓷thinchina 彩陶器,釉陶faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷displaychina 瓷porcelain,china(China‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词) 赤陶terracotta,terracotta,redearthenware 代尔夫精陶delft 德化陶瓷Te-huaporcelain,Dehuapottery 高温陶瓷refractorychina 工业陶瓷industrialceramics
一，题目：中国瓷器之宋瓷 二，摘要：瓷器是一种由瓷石、高岭土等组成，外表施有釉或彩绘的物器。瓷器的成形要通过在窑内经过高温（约1280℃-1400℃）烧制，瓷 器表面的釉色会因为温度的不同从而发生各种化学变化。烧结的瓷器胎 一般仅含3%不到的铁元素，且不透水，因其较为低廉的成本和耐磨不透水的特性广为世界各地的民众所使用。中国是瓷器的故乡，瓷器的发明是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献，在英文中“瓷器（china）”与 中国（china）同为一词。而中国历代瓷器又以宋瓷最为有名。宋代 是中国陶瓷发展的辉煌时期，不管是在种类、样式还是烧造工艺等方 面，均位于巅峰地位。 三，关键词：起源发展特点分类代表 正文:. 我国白釉瓷器萌发于南北朝，到了隋朝，已经发展到成熟阶段。至 唐代更有新的发展。瓷器烧成温度达到1200°C，瓷的白度也达到了70%以上，接近现代高级细瓷的标准。这一成就为釉下彩和釉下彩瓷器的发展打下基础。宋代瓷器，在胎质，釉料和制作技术等方面，又有了新的提高，烧瓷技术达到完全成熟的程度。在工艺技术上，有了明确的分工。宋代闻名中外的名窑很多，耀州窑、磁州窑、景德镇窑、龙泉窑、越窑、建窑以及被称为宋代五大名窑的汝、官、哥、钧、定等产品都有它们自己独特的风格从宋代始，官、汝、钧、哥、定、龙泉等瓷窑的产品，形成了各自的特色和工艺，官窑、哥窑、汝窑以釉色润滑如玉、器型浑厚稳重、开片纹理疏密、布局有致而闻名,其中,汝窑为铁还原釉之景高成就，是青瓷之代表，制作精纯，釉色腴润，青色中尚隐含淡碧与浅粉红色，为任何青瓷所难及;官窑器色纯青，虽略逊於汝窑，但胎质之淘链，仍甚精细;哥窑亦属於青瓷之一种，但颜色每与米色相近，且以纹片出名;定窑以白瓷、刻花、印花而见长; 钧窑以釉色变化形成窑变的艺术效果,堪称一绝,其窑变最为著称，色彩鲜艳，光泽照人. 其中钧瓷的海棠红、玫瑰紫、好似晚霞般光辉灿烂，其“窑变色釉”釉色变化如行云流水.龙泉则以青釉.器型丰富为特色,翠绿晶润的“梅子青”则是是宋代龙泉窑中上好的青瓷。https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc1155287.html, 在单纯的素色釉中，宋瓷不仅重视釉色的美观，并且追求釉的质地之美。由于釉料配方的发展，从以前的稀淡的石灰釉改变为粘稠的石灰碱釉，出现了如堆脂凝血的凝重深沉的质感。我们从宋代汝瓷、龙泉青瓷上可以看到这种效果，钧瓷也是如此、宋代越窑的青瓷在唐代就很有名，被誉为“如冰似玉”的美丽，但是从实物中看，真正取得如冰似玉效果的要算宋代的龙泉青瓷和青白瓷了。
The Spring Festivel The Spring Festivel is an important holiday in china.All Chinese families celebrate it. It is always in January or Feberary.It is often very cold at this time of year,but people are all busy and happy.Family members get tegether and then have a big dinner .After dinner we like to watch TV.There is a great Spring Festival Gala on TV every year. 翻译：春节是中国的一个重要的假期里的节日.所有的中国家庭都庆祝它. 它总是在每年的一月或二月.这个时间通常都很冷,但是所有的人们都很忙碌和快乐.家庭成员们聚在一起,然后吃一顿大餐.大餐之后我们喜欢看电视.这里每年都有一个很棒的新春盛典. Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe. 中国传统文化正在吸引全世界的注意，尽管在传统意义上被看成是西方文化的流行文化开始在中国广泛传播。尤其是中国功夫，对于那些通过功夫初次了解中国的成千上万的人来讲，有着非常大的影响。由于功夫，他们可能来到中国，学习了解中国文化的其他方面，比如京剧和川剧这样的传统戏剧。亚洲国家很早以前就知道古代中国文化的博大。他们自己的文化混合了本民族的文化和中国文化的特色。韩国和日本很早就把儒教等观念引进了他们的社会当中。甚至在被流行文化冲击的今天，儒教的影响也一直在延续。这种力量来自“四书”(《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》和《孟子》)中的思想。这些书是依照“五经”之中所体现
Jingdezhen (景德镇, Pinyin: Jǐngdézhèn, or the Town of Jingde), is a prefecture-level city, previously a town, in Jiangxi Province, China, with a total population of 1,554,000 (2007).It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing quality pottery for 1700 years. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2000 years. Jingdezhen is one of Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities, and was named one outstanding civilization & health city of Jiangxi Province, one tourist city of China by the end of 2007. Geography Jingdezhen is situated in the north-east of Jiangxi Province of China and neighbours Anhui; the city center area is located in the north-east of the Poyang Lake Plain. Its area is 5,256 km2.[1]The highest point is 1,618 metres, with plains on the southern part with an average height of 200 metres. There are some cities and counties between Jiangxi and Anhui Province around Jingdezhen. To its north, northwest and northeast are Dongzhi, Xiuning and Qimen County of Anhui Province. To its south are Wannian County and Yiyang County. To its west is Boyang County. Lastly, to its southeast are Wuyuan County and Dexing County-level City of Jiangxi Province. Jingdezhen's natural resources include kaolin, coal, manganese, and lime, but it is the kaolin that has made the city famous in China and the world.For over a millennium, its unique kaolin has enabled Jingdezhen to make high-quality porcelain. (The word "Kaolin" came from "Gaoling" or "Kaoling", a village located in Ehu Town, Fuliang County, Jingdezhen City.) Jingdezhen has a subtropical monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons of a year. It is cool and comfortable in spring and autumn, very hot in summer with the extreme maximum temperature of above 40 degrees celsius, and very cold in winter with the extreme minimum temperature of below -5 degrees Celsius. Economy Jingdezhen is not only a major city, but is also a important industrial and commercial base in north-eastern Jiangxi. In 2008, Jingdezhen achieved a GDP of RMB32.2 billion yuan. The city’s per capita GDP ranks fifth among the eleven administrative regions of Jiangxi Province. The per capita disposable income of the urban residents is RMB13,583 yuan; per capita net rural income is RMB5253 yuan. Both of these rank fourth in Jiangxi. Local fiscal revenue was RMB18.5 billion, putting the city
stoneware:粗瓷 dolomite：白云土 terracotta:红土 construction/building material :建白材料 type of glaze: matt:哑光transparent:透明釉opaque: 不透明釉pigmented:色釉 crackled:裂纹釉 pearlized :珍珠釉 under glazed:釉下彩 on-glazed:釉上彩 浮雕：relief, emboss bisque firing:素烧 glost firing:釉烧 gild ：镀金 decal：贴花 trinket box：首饰盒 silk screen printing :丝网印 素彩瓷plain porcelain 高温陶瓷refractory china 窑：kiln tunnel:隧道窑 印花：stamping 陶瓷原料Ceramic Material 长石feldspar 瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze 瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute 高岭土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite 莫来石,红柱石andalusite 泥果,坯体clay body 泥釉slip 石灰,生石灰,氧化钙lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化锡tin oxide 釉glaze 原材料raw material 云母mica 皂石,块滑石steatite 陶瓷类型Types of Pottery 碧玉细炻器jasper 薄胎瓷thin china 彩陶器,釉陶faience 陈设瓷,摆设瓷display china 瓷porcelain, china (China ‘中国’来自’Chin’’秦’,在英文中’中国’和’瓷’同一单词) 赤陶terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代尔夫精陶delft 德化陶瓷Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高温陶瓷refractory china 工业陶瓷industrial ceramics 工艺瓷,美术瓷,艺术瓷art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷bone china 官瓷mandarin porcelain 光瓷lusterware 黑色陶器basalt 裂变瓷crackled porcelain 裂纹瓷crazed china 米色陶器creamware 青瓷celadon 青花瓷bule and white porcelain 轻质瓷、轻瓷light china 日用瓷household china, table ware 软瓷soft porcelain 杀菌陶瓷antiseptic pottery 绳纹陶器Jomon pottery 施釉陶器slipware 炻瓷stoneware 素彩瓷plain porcelain 陶earthenware 陶瓷pottery 无釉陶、陶瓷素烧坯biscuit, unglazed ware 锡釉陶majolica 细瓷fine china 硬瓷hard porcelain 赭色粘土陶器terra sigillata 紫砂purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工艺技术Technology 凹雕intaglio 标记marking 玻璃化vitrify 车削turning
Chinese porcelain Around the 16th century BC in Shang Dynasty, the early Chinese porcelain appeared. As it was still rough on the firing process, it can be only called primitive-celadon. 大约在公元前16世纪的商代，中国早期的瓷器出现了。因为烧制过程很粗糙，所以它仅仅可以被称为原始青瓷。 Han Dynasty After long-term improvement, the mature celadon was created in the end of the Han Dynasty. It was an important milestone(里程碑) in the history of our country's pottery. 经过很长时间改善后，在汉代末期，成熟的青瓷被创造出来。这在我国陶瓷史上是一个重要里程碑。 Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasti In Jin Dynasty, original porcelain eliminated . At the same time, color porcelain appeared. Black porcelain also appeared in this period. 在晋代，原始瓷器消失。同时，彩色瓷器出现。黑瓷就在这一时期出现了。 Sui and Tang Dynasty During the Tang Dynasty, porcelain production entered a varied and colorful stage. Porcelain production formed a green and white north pattern. However, the tri-colored(三彩）glazed（釉的）pottery was the most civilized. 在唐代时期，瓷器生产进入了一个丰富多彩的时期。瓷器的生产形成了以绿色和白色为主的北方模式。然而，三色陶器是最文明的。 Song Dynasty To the Song Dynasty, porcelain kilns were over half of Chinese porcelain and it was the most prosperous period for porcelain. Then Jun kiln, Ge kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln and the Ding kiln were known as the five famous kilns. 到了宋代，瓷窑超过中国瓷器的一半，这是瓷器最繁荣的时期。然后钧窑，哥窑，汝窑，官窑及定窑被称为五大名窑。 Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty is production of turning period of Chinese porcelain, which has innovation and development in many ways. The blue and white porcelain became the mainstream of production of Jing Dezhen porcelain. 元代是生产中国瓷器转转折的时期，在许多方面有创新和发展。青花瓷成为景德镇瓷器生产的主流。 Ming Dynasty Successfully firing the exquisite white glaze porcelain and the single-glaze porcelain with copper regarding as the coloring agent, the colorful porcelain technology of Ming Dynasty continued to be improved. 成功烧制出精美的白釉瓷器和把铜作为着色剂的单釉瓷器，彩色瓷器的技术在明代继续被提高。
中国瓷器研究 一、瓷器介绍 中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。至宋代时，名瓷名窑已遍及大半个中国，是瓷业最为繁荣的时期。当时的汝窑、官窑、哥窑、钧窑和定窑并称为宋代五大名窑。被称为瓷都的江西景德镇在元代出产的青花瓷已成为瓷器的代表。青花瓷釉质透明如水，胎体质薄轻巧，洁白的瓷体上敷以蓝色纹饰，素雅清新，充满生机。青花瓷一经出现便风靡一时，成为景德镇的传统名瓷之冠。与青花瓷共同并称四大名瓷的还有青花玲珑瓷、粉彩瓷和颜色釉瓷。另外，还有雕塑瓷、薄胎瓷、五彩胎瓷等，均精美非常，各有特色。 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，"瓷器"与"中国"在英文中同为一词，充分说明中国瓷器的精美绝伦完全可以作为中国的代表。 二、瓷器分类 最基本的分类和命名方法主要有这四种： 1、烧制时间 是最常用的一种分类和命名方法。它包含两个方面：一是划出“朝”，如唐瓷、宋瓷、明瓷、清瓷等；二是划出“年代”，一般用于明、清瓷器，如明洪武窑、明宣德窑等。 2、烧制地点 指总的烧制区域.如“越窑”泛指浙江余姚、上虞、绍兴地区的窑址，“耀州窑”泛指陕西铜川市的黄堡镇、陈炉镇、立地坡、上店及玉华宫等窑址,景德镇窑泛指景德镇. 3、烧制特征 胎质、釉色、装饰、形制和铭文是构成瓷器的五大要素。其中，釉色又是区别瓷器类别的一个重要标准。我国陶瓷在发展中经历了单色釉到多色釉（彩釉）的过程。单色釉包括青釉、白釉、红釉、蓝釉、黄釉、绿釉、黑釉等，而青釉又可分为粉青、天青、豆青等，白釉分甜白、青白，红釉有霁红、牛血红、豇豆红等。多色釉包括两种：一种用釉色与形状不一的色块构成釉面，如钧釉等；另一种用釉彩勾勒图案，如青花、粉彩等，习惯上又称为“彩瓷”。彩瓷具体又可分为釉上彩、釉下彩和双层夹彩（釉中彩） 4、烧制窑别 是我国封建等级制度最生动形象的反映。官窑器泛指官办窑厂专为皇室烧制的产品，始于唐五代，明清时盛况空前。民窑器则是民间窑厂烧制的各种产品。官窑器工艺精美、端庄华贵，民窑器则显得洒脱、生动,无拘无束. 总之，对我国古瓷的命名，最好应将时间、地点、窑别和器物特征这四者有机结合起来，如“明永乐景德镇官窑青花瓷”，这样才显得科学、全面、正确。 三、瓷器釉色 1、青釉 中国瓷器著名传统颜色釉。亦称“青瓷釉”。古代南方青釉，是瓷器最早的颜色釉。所谓“青釉”，颜色并不是纯粹的青，有：月白、天青、粉青、梅子青、豆青、豆绿、翠青等，但多少总能泛出一点青绿色。同时，古人往往将青、绿、蓝三种颜色，一统称为“青色”，例如许之衡《饮流斋说瓷》称：“古瓷尚青，凡绿也、蓝也，皆以青括之。”刘子芬《竹园陶说》中也说：“青色一种，常与蓝色相混。雨过天晴，钧窑、元窑之青，皆近蓝色。“惟千峰
As is known to us all, our country’s name ‘China’ means china, which represents that it is our Chinese people who invented china. It also show how porcelain the china is manufactured by us. Not only is it the result of our wisdom and our hard labour, but it is also the symbol of our Chinese culture. Created in the Shang Dynasty, our technology of making china was constantly developing and reached its heights in the Song Dynasty. Furthermore, china is one kind of the three early exports of our country. Along with the appearance of china are the comments like the antique, the luxury goods, and so on. It is a kind of statue symbol in the Europe. The most famous chinas are always from the Jingde Town in Jiangxi Province, where is famous of its long history and reliable quality. As a great invention of our country, china records the development of our nation, our history and our culture. It is really the symbol of our culture and history and the pride of the Chinese nation.
国际陶瓷文化交流中英语演讲的语篇模式探讨 摘要：由于西方人的思维习惯和修辞方式不同，英语演讲有其特定的语篇模式。本文 试图通过对国际陶瓷文化交流中英语演讲的语篇模式进行研究，为日益频繁、逐步深入的国 际陶瓷文化交流提供更为科学、更加有用的语言交流工具和桥梁。 关键词：国际陶瓷文化交流英语演讲语篇模式 随着国际陶瓷文化交流的日益频繁，以陶瓷文化为主题的国际性学术会议越来越多。在 英语演讲中，虽然学者们努力表达，但很多人没能把自己的研究成果和独特观点恰当地传达 给外国朋友。其主要原因在于，他们对西方的思维习惯和修辞方式了解不深，对国际学术会 议演讲的语篇结构和语言特征认识不够。因此，提前准备符合西方语言规范的英语演讲稿， 向国际同行们正确表达自己的见解，是开展国际陶瓷文化交流的重要途径。 一、英语演讲分析的理论依据 大量的研究资料证明，语类分析理论对语篇模式分析具有很强的指导意义，并越来越受 到语言学家们的重视。如今，语类已经成为很多语言研究的热门话题。halliday的系统功能 语言学理论是当代最有影响的语言理论之一，他把语言看作是一种社会符号系统，认为语言 依赖于语境而存在。 语篇是人们在某一具体情境中进行交流的形式，所以，我们在分析具体语篇时必须考虑 “语域”（即人们在特定的语境中使用特定的的语言结构）及其相关要素（如语场、语旨、语 式等）。这几个 要素反映了交流者的关系、交流的情境、交流的内容和表达的方式，也决定了词汇和语 法上的及物性、情态性和主位结构的选择。 二、英语演讲的语篇模式分析 1、英语演讲的基本模式 英语演讲的语篇一般由开始（introduction）、主体（body）和结尾（conclusion）三部 分构成。introduction是演讲的导语部分，其作用是吸引听众，引起关注，简述演讲的意图 和要点，包括对主席的介绍表示感谢，对听众的称呼和问候，对会议背景的介绍，阐明演讲 的目的和主题等。body是演讲的正文和主体部分，其语篇结构必须主题鲜明、条理井然，演 讲者可以根据演讲的目的和主题按不同的模式组织布局。比如，根据时空的顺序或遵循因果 顺序，也可以将主题分为几个部分阐述。conclusion是演讲的结尾部分，也是高潮部分，演 讲者应该扼要总结全文，归纳演讲的主旨，明确提出本人的观点和结论。结尾最好以一种新 颖的方式深化主题，并与introduction相呼应，给听众心理上的统一感。 2、英语演讲的语篇结构 不同主题、不同场所演讲稿的语篇结构略有不同。但是，一般演讲稿的格式还是有规可 循的，有其固定的语类结构和图势结构。从多数英语演讲的语篇分析可归纳出八个组成部分， 即开头称呼（addresing or greeting the audience）、心情描述 （demonstrating the emotion of the speaker）、介绍题目 （revealing the topic of speech）、开场引题（moving down the funnel）、展示主题（delivering the speech statement，即论证）、发展主题（filling below the funnel，即结论）、结尾（essence in the ending）、致谢（closing grabber） 等。 3、英语演讲的典型语篇模式 根据演讲的目的不同，英语演讲可分为三大类,即介绍性演讲（informative）、劝说性演 讲（persuasive）、仪式性演讲 （ceremonia）。其中，介绍性演讲一般是客观地介绍某一事件、过程、概念或物体；劝 说性演讲广泛应用于各种场合，根据劝说内容分为三类：对事实问题的劝说、对价值问题的
中国陶瓷发展史 中国是瓷器的故乡，中国瓷器的发明是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献，在英文中"瓷器"(china)一词也有"中国"的意思。大约在公元前16世纪的商代中期，中国就出现了早期的瓷器。因为其无论在胎体上，还是在釉层的烧制工艺上都尚显粗糙，烧制温度也较低，表现出原始性和过渡性，所以一般称其为"原始瓷"。 瓷器脱胎于陶器，它的发明是中国古代先民在烧制白陶器和印纹硬陶器的经验中，逐步探索出来的。烧制瓷器必须同时具备三个条件：一是制瓷原料必须是富含石英和绢云母等矿物质的瓷石、瓷土或高岭土。二是烧成温度须在1200℃以上。三是在器表施有高温下烧成的釉面。 原始瓷作为陶器向瓷器过渡时期的产物，与各种陶器相比，具有胎质致密、经久耐用、便于清洗、外观华美等特点，因此发展前景广阔。原始瓷烧造工艺水平和产量的不断提高，为后来瓷器逐渐取代陶器，成为中国人日常生活的主要用器奠定了基础。 中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。至宋代时，名瓷名窑已遍及大半个中国，是瓷业最为繁荣的时期。当时的钧窑、哥窑、官窑、汝窑和定窑并称为五大名窑。被称为瓷都的江西景德镇在元代出产的青花瓷已成为瓷器的代表。青花瓷釉质透明如水，胎体质薄轻巧，洁白的瓷体上敷以蓝色纹饰，素雅清新，充满生机。青花瓷一经出现便风靡一时，成为景德镇的传
统名瓷之冠。与青花瓷共同并称四大名瓷的还有青花玲珑瓷、粉彩瓷和颜色釉瓷。另外，还有雕塑瓷、薄胎瓷、五彩胎瓷等，均精美非常，各有特色。 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，"瓷器"与"中国"在英文中同为一词，充分说明中国瓷器的精美绝伦完全可以作为中国的代表。而各个时期的陶瓷文化展现着不同的风采。 夏、商、周朝时期的陶瓷文化 商朝殷虚的遗址中挖出的陶片、陶罐包括很多种款式，有灰陶、黑陶、红陶、彩陶、白陶，以及带釉的硬陶，这些陶器上的纹饰、符号、文字与殷商时代的甲骨文和青器有密切的关系。青器的成本高只能为贵族享用，广大民众的各种生活器皿只能采用陶器。因此可以了解商代制陶工艺也得到普遍的发展，带釉的硬陶在这个时期已经出现了，釉色青绿而带褐黄，胎质比较硬，呈灰白色。 陶器在此时已经不在局限於盛物器皿，应用范围较广，大略可分为日用品类、建筑类、殉葬类、祭祀礼器类。朝廷对於制陶工作也很重视。 秦汉时期陶瓷文化 秦汉-古代的建筑多采用木料来架构，不易久存，所以一些伟大的建筑，如秦代的阿房宫和汉代的未央宫，都无法完整保存下来，但仍可在残存的废墟中发现瓦当及汉砖等遗物，藉以略窥古代建筑的规模。
Confucius Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes