常用语言：Useful words and expressions:
Part 1招呼用语：Polite greetings:
欢迎访问北京Welcome to Beijing 久闻先生大名l’ve heard so much about you.
久仰，久仰l’ve heard so much about you 久违l haven’t seen for a long time
幸会Very pleased to meet you
我很高兴能与我的家乡接待您
l’ m happy to have the pleasure of meeting you in my hometown.
我想把您介绍给I would like to introduce to 你旅途如何？How was your journey?
长途旅行之后您一定很累了You must be quite exhausted after such a long trip.
您的光临令寒舍棚壁生辉My humble house is honored by your presence.
多谢大驾光临Thank you very much for coming to
感到宾至如归Feel at home
设宴为您洗尘host a reception banquet in your honor
敬请光临We would like (you and your family) to come (to the dinner)
(On the occasion of the visit to China by His excellency… / in the honor of …… requests the pleasure of your company at a banquet at 7:00pm on Sunday, 17 October 1982 in the Banquet Hall of the Great Hall of the people.)
Part 2头衔称谓：Title and address:
Head of State 国家元首Secretary-General秘书长:总干部
Foreign Minister/Secretary 外交部长Director局长
State Councilor 国务委员chairman of the board directors董事长
President 总统；总裁Congressman众议员
Senator 参议员Provincial Governor省长Mayor 市长
General manager/executive Manager/President总经理
Member of the standing committee常务委员会委员
Your Majesty/Your Highness/your Excellency/Sir/Lady阁下
Part 3礼待宾客:Reception literary
初步日程安排 a tentative itinerary 历史名胜places of historical interest
瞻仰pay respects to 十三陵the Ming Tombs
工艺美术品厂Arts and Crafts Studio 美候王Monkey King
茶馆Tea House 专场演出 a special show
剧情简介synopsis 杂技表演acrobatic performance
饯行晚餐farewell dinner 安排周到的日程an elaborate program
来而不往非礼也One should give as good as one gets.
Part 4饮食文化：Catering Culture
烹饪艺术culinary art 色香味color , aroma and taste
饮食习惯food style 民族风味餐ethnic food
家乡特色菜native specialties 食谱recipe
餐前开胃点心appetizer 餐后甜食desert
正菜;主菜entrée ; main course 附菜side dish
大菜whole- size showpiece dish 冷盘cold dish
原料raw material 佐料seasonings
刀功slicing technique 点心pastry
主食staple food 膳厨师royal chefs
下午茶点high tea 野外烧烤barbecue
地方风味local specialities 大师傅chef
Part5合资企业:Joint Venture
外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 合资企业joint venture
合作企业cooperative enterprise 独资企业wholly foreign-owned enterprise
中外合资经营企业法修正案The Amendment Bill on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures 涉外经济法律economic law concerning foreign business
外资企业法The Law of the PRC on Enterprise Operated Exclusively with Foreign capital
涉外经济合同法The Law of Economic Contract involving Foreign interests
有效投资actual funding 协议资金agreement funding
长远规划long-term planning 短期行为short-term behavior
法人legal person 减免税收to exempt sb. From taxation
违反合同 a breach of contract 工商行政industry and commerce administration 承包工程和劳务合同engineering contracts and labor service
双重征税double taxation
对外商会 a chamber of commerce for international business
专利和商标代理services in patents and trademarks
仲裁委员会arbitration commission 工业产权industrial property
财权equity 汇回本国to repatriate
投资回收return on investment
Part 6 中国对外贸易：Foreign Trade
外贸额Foreign Trade V olume 工业成品finished industrial product
双边贸易bilateral trade 开拓国际市场tap the international market
市场多元化战略market diversification strategy
宏观经济政策macro policy measures 贸易摩擦trade friction
贸易壁垒与投资障碍trade barriers and investment impediments
非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers 进口配额限制import quota
出口管制export control 加工企业processing enterprise
人民币经常项目可兑换RMB convertibility under current account
利润汇出风险risks involved in the remittance of profit
审批环节procedures for examination and approval
资金周转速度turnover rate of capital
外汇调剂中心foreign exchange swap center
世界贸易组织World Trade Organization (WTO)
亚太经济合法组织improve the market economic system
完善市场经济体制improve the market economic system
大幅度降低关税reduce substantially the tariff
经济特区Special Economic Zones
中外合资外贸公司Sino-foreign joint venture trading companies
有形贸易赤字deficit on visible trade 非贸易收入non-trade receipts
降低单位成本reduce the unit cost 易货贸易barter
比较强的互补性 a substantial complementation
双边年贸易额the annual bilateral trade volume
年平均增长率an average annual growth rate
贸易伙伴trading partner 中美贸易不平衡Sino US trade imbalance Part 7外交政策与国际关系：Foreign Policy and International Relations
大变革profound changes 趋于缓和moving towards greater relaxation
解决争端settling disputes 多极化multipolarity
国际事务international 霸权主义hegemony
强权政治power politics 武装冲突armed conflicts
全球经济合作global economic cooperation 展望未来looking ahead
独立自主的和平外交政策independent foreign policy of peace
睦邻友好政策good-neighborly policy
和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (i.e. mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression , non- interference in each other’s internal affairs , equality and mutual benefit , and peaceful coexistence)
意识形态ideology
公认的国际关系准则universally recognized norms governing international relations
和平与发展的崇高事业the lofty cause of peace and development
不懈的努力unremitting efforts
外交政策的基石cornerstone of a country’s foreign policy
基本立场basic stand
祖国和平统一大业the peaceful reunification of the motherland
“一国两制”的方针the principle of “one country , two system”
恢复行使主权resume the exercise of sovereignty over
香港/澳门行政区基本法the Basic Law of the Hong Kong/Macao Special Administrative Region
享有高度自治enjoy a high degree of autonomy
历史遗留的边界问题issues concerning boundaries left over from history
中美联合公报Sino-US joint communique
威望prestige 安理会the Security Council
美苏对抗the US-Soviet rivalry 否决权veto right
使无能力incapacitate 核武器扩散proliferation of nuclear weapons
难民refugee 主权sovereignty
强制和平peace-enforcement 干预meddle
联合国宪章the UN Charter 北约组织NATO
波黑战争the Bosnian-Herzeguvinian 使之相形见绌outshine
一致unanimously 事先同意prior approval
联合国安理会常任理事国permanent member of the Council
支持back up 瘫痪paralysis
南南合作South- South cooperation 秘书处the Secretariat
南北对话South-North dialogue 托管理事会the Trusteeship Council
联合国大会the UN General Assembly 缓解buffer
经济及社会理事会the Economic and Social Council
国际法院the international Court 常驻代表permanent representative
不结盟国家non-aligned country
求同存异seeking a common ground while reserving differences
Part 8中国组织机构名称
立法机关
全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress(NPC)
政府机构
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affair 国防部Ministry of National Defense
国家发展计划委员会State Development and Planning Commission
国家经济贸易委员会State Ecnomic and Trade Commission
教育部Ministry of Education 公安部Ministry of Public Security
司法部Ministry of Justice 国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources
建设部Ministry of Construction 铁道部Ministry of Railways
交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry
农业部Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture
国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission
司法机关
最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court 经济审判庭Economic Adjudication Division
民事审判庭Civil Adjudication Division 行政审判庭Administrative Adjudication Division 最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Proceratorate
中国人民政治协商会会议Chinese People’s Political Consulative Conference(CPPCC)
其他常用词汇
不记名投票secret vote/anonymous ballot 便民措施measures for efficient services
“三个代表”“Three Represents Theory”(The Party should always represent the development needs of China’s advanced social productive forces , always represent the onward direction of China’s advanced culture , and always represent the fundamental interests the largest number of the Chinese people.)
长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision , sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe
带薪分流assign redundant pubic servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original
反腐倡廉combat corruption and build a clean government
放宽政策decentralized 改革力度intensity of reform
符合中国国情be suited to China’s national conditions
公开选拔人才competitive selection of competent people
恢复行使主权resume exercise of sovereignty over 候选人candidate
基本国策basic policy of the state 机构臃肿overstaffed organization
减员增效downsize and cut payroll to improve efficiency
简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization
竞聘上岗competition for a job/a post 廉正建设keep government clean
具有中国特色的with Chinese characteristics 施政报告Policy Address
两个文明一手抓place equal emphasis on material and moral revival
落实政策implement a policy/rectify a wrong case 行政长官Chief Executive
全方位开放格局pattern of all-round opening up 投票vote/cast a ballot
生存权和发展权rights to subsistence and development
特别行政区Special Administrative Region (SAR) 选票vote/ballot
体察民情closely observe how things are going with people
物质文明high material standards/sound economic development
下岗分流reposition of redundant hands
香港永久居民身份证Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card
虚报浮夸false reports and exaggerate
选民资格elector’s qualification/voter’s qualification
一国两制one country , two systems
硬道理absolute principle/top priority
有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的社会主义新人 a new , socialist-minded type of person with lofty ideals , moral integrity, fine education and a high sense of discipline
抓紧落实act promptly to implement
A. 9-year compulsory education 九年义务教育（制）
the rate of school attendance 入学率
Prairie Fire Program 燎原计划
……. is one of the key universities of the country, entitled to confer the bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctor’s Degree. It’s authorized by the state to establish centers for post-doctoral studies.
…… (大学) 为国家重点大学，拥有颁发学士证书` 硕士证书` 博士证书资格并被国家授权为博士后流动站。
1)Reform is designed to liberate productive forces.
改革就是解放生产力。
2)We should preserve in the pursuit of one Central Task and two Basic Points. (the central task refers to
economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles and persisting in reform and opening-up policy)
我们要坚持一个中心，两个基本点。（一个中心指以经济建设为中心，两个基本点指坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放）
3)We should be bold in reform and opening up.
改革开放要大胆。
4)Between…(time) and… (time) China’s gross national product (GNP) increased …(number) annually/
yearly ; the world average over the same period was…(number).
在…与…（时间）中国的国民生产总值年均上升…. （数字）；世界同期为…
Eg: Between 2000 and 2004 China’s GDP increased 7.8% annually/ yearly ; the world average over the same period was 4%.
2000 年到2004 年间，中国国民生产总值年均上升7.8%，世界同期为4%。
5) seek truth from facts 实事求是
Fresh Impetus from Deng Xiaoping’s message （来自）邓小平思想的新的动力
Deng’s visit to southern China 南巡
the household responsibility system (in rural area) 家庭联产责任承包制
township enterprises 乡镇企业
the planned economy and market economy 计划经计与市场经济
the system of socialist planned commodity economy 社会主义计划商品经济
tertiary industry 第三产业
urban and rural economy 城市与农村经济
B.1)The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
三中全会
net profit 净利润
gross profit 毛利润
national income/ revenue 国民收入
original value of fixed assets 原始固定资产
industrial output value 工业产值
annual processing capacity ( of…tons) 年加工量…
annual production capacity (of… tons) 年生产量…
quota 配额
ocean-going freighter with a total capacity (of… tons) 容量为的远洋货轮
industrial facility 工用设备
civil building 民用建筑
computer hardware development 计算机硬件开发
software design and installation 软件设计及安装
casting and forging equipment 铸造锻压设备
Sino-foreign joint ventures 中外合资企业
The pilot enterprises 试点企业
Wage “float”工资浮动
The system of responsibility for profits or losses 自负盈亏制
Deficit 赤字/ 亏空
Property right/ intellectual property right 产权/ 知识产权
2) Over the past …years, … (S) has developed into an intertrade, trans-regional and transnational enterprise group with …(number) employees and annual production capacity of…(tons)
在过去…年中，…已经发展成为一个跨行业，跨地区，拥有…员工及年生产量为…的跨国企业集团。
3) ( Light industry’s ) share of total industrial and agricultural output value decreased/ increased from…(number/percentage) to …(number/percentage)
…（行业）在总体工农业产值中所占份额从……上升/下降到…….
C.1)The… (1st ) Five-Year Plan 五年计划
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Central Committee 第十一届三中全会
Carry out / build water conservancy project 兴修水利
The average per capita income 人均收入
Public accumulation fund 公积金
Immigrant labors 农民工
Relief loan/ projects 救济贷款/救济项目
… handed over …(money RMB) (…$) in taxes to the state. …上缴国家利税…
2) the following words were used in the past, but now they are rarely used .
The rash move of the Great Leap Forward 大跃进（冒进）
The ultra-Left tendency 左倾
The Cultural revolution 文革
The Household Contract Responsibility System 家庭联产责任承包制
The method of fixing output quotas on the household basis 以家庭为单位确定生产量/配额
Village and Township Industry 乡镇企业
Spark Plan Leads Rural Enterprises to Prosperity 星火计划引领乡村企业走向繁荣
To accelerate the development of agriculture by relying policies and science 依靠政策和科学，加快农业发展
3) From …(year) to… (year) , the average annual/ yearly increase in the total output value of …( aspect
such as agriculture) was …( number)
从…（年）到…(年) , ( …方面)年生产总值上升…
EG: From 2003 to 2004, the average annual/ yearly increase in the total output value of agriculture was 8%.
D. the stated-owned enterprises 国有企业
collectively-owned enterprises 集体所有制企业
privately-owned/run enterprises 私有/营企业
the enterprises with foreign investment 外资企业
the industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税
UN Development Program 联合国开发计划署
UN Children’s Fund 联合国儿童基金
Interior area 内地
Revenue department 税务部门
Berth 泊位
Handling capacity 吞吐量
Balance of revenue and expenditure 收支平衡
Immunization program for children 儿童免疫
Entry and exit port 出入境口岸
Transnational cooperation 跨国公司
Financial group 财团
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议
The members on the Standing Committee 常务委员会委员（常委）
The state councilor 国务委员
People’s governments at various levels and departments concerned
各级人民政府和有关部门
E. Abduction of and trafficking in, or kidnapping of women is prohibited.
禁止拐卖绑架妇女
Prostitution or whoring is prohibited. 禁止卖淫嫖娼
Women have the right to conduct state affairs, manage economic and cultural undertakings and administer social affairs through various channels and in various ways.
妇女有权通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事务，管理社会事务。Discrimination against, maltreatment of, or cruel treatment in any manner causing injury even death of women is prohibited. 禁止歧视、虐待、残害妇女。
F. 1)Provinces 省
Autonomous region 自治区
Municipality 直辖市
The prefecture 专区
The county 县
The (50th ) U. N. General Assembly 第(50次)联合国大会
2) It’s a Chinese tradition to respect , love and support the elderly.
敬老`爱老`养老是中国的传统美德.
The Double Ninth Festival ( the Elderly’s Day in China) 重阳节
The Double seventh Festival (a day of the beloved) 七巧节
Home for the aged /elderly 敬老院
geriatric hospital 老年医院
recreational center 活动中心
the family with 4 generations living together under one roof/ four generations under one roof
四世同堂
extended family 大家庭
stem family 直系家庭
nuclear family 核心家庭，小家庭
ethical code 道德准则
mediate 调停
civil affairs department 民政部门
3) Traditional Ethics: 传统道德
3 cardinal guides: ruler guides subjects, father guides son, and husband guides wife.
三纲: 君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲.
5 constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity.
五常: 仁` 义` 礼` 智` 信.
3 obediences: to father before father, to husband after marriage, and to son after the death of husband .
三从: 在家从父, 嫁夫从夫, 夫死从子.
4 virtues: morality, proper speech, modest manner, and good needlework.
四德: 道德`谨言`谦和`女红
In family, filial piety was stressed.
在家孝字为先
Cultivate individual moral character, run the family in unison, manage the nation in order, and peace will prevail throughout the universe.
修身，齐家，治国，平天下。
Marriage is not permitted where the man and woman are lineal relatives by blood or collateral relatives by blood (up to the 3rd degree of relationship)
直系血亲，三代以内的旁系血亲不允许通婚。
H. 1)Free medical care system---- the system has strict regulation. Those who receive free medical care must not only be on the state payroll but also go to designated/appointed hospitals, unless they need emergency treatment or happen to be away from home on business.
免费医疗体制----此体制有严格的规章制度。享受免费医疗体制的人不但要是国家正式职工还需去指定医院就医，除非并发时碰巧在外公干。
In medicine and health work, put the stress on the rural areas.
把医疗卫生工作的重点放到农村去
Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.
救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。
I. 1)SARS----Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 急性呼吸道综合症
AIDS----Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病；获得性免疫缺损综合症
people eligible for free medical care /service 有资格享受免费医疗
A nuclear magnetic resonance image check 核磁振成像检查
Immune system 免疫系统
Immunity disease 免疫性疾病
Health care 保健
Side effect 副作用
to conduct /launch patriotic public health campaign 开展爱国卫生运动
World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
pharmacy / dispensary ; pharmacist ; druggist 药房/药剂师
in-patient dept; in-patient emergency case 住院部
out-patient dept; out-patient 门诊部
emergency unit/room /treatment 急诊部/室/治疗
isolated ward 隔离室/病房
observation ward 观察室/病房
venereal disease 性病
incidence 发病率
acute disease 急性病
epidemic disease 流行病
endemic disease 地方病
infectious disease 传染病（空气）
contagious disease 传染病（接触）
J.Buddhist scripture 佛经
Dalai Lama 达赖喇嘛
Bainqen (Panchen) 班禅
Bodhidhmama 菩提达摩，达摩
Mecca 麦加（伊斯兰教圣地）
Laity 俗人
Potala Palace 布达拉宫
Confucianism 儒家思想
Canon 教规
Theism; theist 有神论；有神论者
A-theism; A-theist 无神论；无神论者
Pan-theism; Pan-theist 泛神论；泛神论者
Mono-theism; Mono-theist 一神教；一神教徒
K. Central People’s Broadcasting Station 中央人民广播电台Chinese Central Television 中央电视台
Protect and improve the humanistic and ecological environment 保护和改善人文及生态环境Prevent and control pollution and other public hazards/nuisance 防止污染和公害
Protect rare animals, plants and endangered species 保护珍惜动植物及濒危物种Pollution index 污染指数
Integrated control of environmental pollution 环境污染综合防治Municipal refuse / sewage 城市垃圾/ 污水
Soil erosion 水土流失
Dustfall/ duststorm 降尘/沙尘暴
Ozone layer depletion 臭氧层损耗
Ultraviolet rays 紫外线
L. Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon 不扩散核武器条约United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织
European Economic Community (the Common Market) 欧共体
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 亚太经社会
North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）
World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会
M. declaration; manifesto 宣言
statement 声明
communiqué公报
announcement 公告`通告
convention 公约
boundary treaty 边界条约
agreement on cultural cooperation 文化合作协定
cease fire agreement 停火协定
instruments of ratification 批准书
memorandum of understanding 谅解备忘录
to be equally binding 具有同等约束力
to be equally authentic 具有同等效力
signatory states; signatory 签字国
contracting party; signatory state to the treaty(convention) 缔约国
常用词汇·
科技篇科技管理
信息时代information age 纳米技术时代information age
科学技术是第一生产力Science and technology is the primary productive force.
高学技术产业开发区innovative & high-tech industry development zone
一支高水平的科研队伍 a contingent of topnotch researchers
推广科研成果promote the application of research findings
风险投资基金venture capital investment fund 星火项目Spark Projects
知识产权
知识产权intellectual property rights(IPR) 音像制品Audiovisual works
激光唱碟CD 激光影碟LD 激光录像碟VCD
实施条例regulations for implementation 商标局Trademark Office
国家版权局State Copyright Administration 专利局patent office
工商行政管理局Administration of Industry and Commerce(AIC)
信息技术
人工智能artificial intelligence 函数语言functional language
通讯与网络应用
电子政务e-government 电子商务e-business/e-commerce
短信息服务short messaging service(SMS) 蜂窝式移动电话cellular mobile phone
虚拟社区virtual communities 电话普及率telephone penetration rate
模拟交换系统analogue switching system 内部网intranet
数字信息digital telecommunications 局域网local network
信息平台telecommunications platforms 网址website
宽带网络broadband networks 门户网站portal
服务器server
基因工程
基因工程genetic engineering 基因gene
基因组genome 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 微生物microbes 转基因动物transgenic animal
分子变异molecular mutations 遗传工程genetic engineering
遗传密码genetic code 染色体chromosome
无性生殖agamogenesis 自然选择natural selection
遗传inheritance
常用词汇·经济篇
宏观经济macro economy 市场经济market economy
中央计划经济centrally planned economy 生产力productive forces
优化资源配置optimize allocation of resources 逆差deficit
第一产业primary industry(agriculture) 公有制public ownership
第二产业secondary industry (manufacturing)
第三产业tertiary industry(service) 私有制private ownership
生产关系relations of production 财政收入tax revenue
国有企业state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 资金到位fully funded
集体个体partnership enterprises 国民收入national income
三资企业three forms of foreign-invested enterprises
主要经济指标major economic indicator 居民储蓄存款domestic savings
国民生产总值Gross National Product (GNP)
国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product(GDP)
经济效益economic returns/business performance
社会商品零售总额total retail sales 泡沫经济bubble economy
投资回报率rate of return on investment 外贸顺差foreign trade surplus
经济过热overheating of economy 供不应求short supply
三角债chain debts/inter-enterprise arrears 经济紧缩crunch
优化结构structural optimization 通货膨胀inflation
不景气slump/sluggish 衰退recession
大萧条great depression 负增长negative growth
超前消费deficit spending 宏观调控macro control
财政赤字（盈余）budget deficit (surplus) 充分就业full employment
提高经济效益enhance economic performance/increase economic returns
拉动经济增长fuel economic growth 扩大内需expand domestic demand
扭亏为赢turn a loss-making business into a profitable one
深化改革intensify reform/deepen one’s commitment to reform
配套改革supporting (concomitant) reforms 软着陆soft landing
放松银根to ease monetary policy 收紧银根tighten up monetary policy
适度从紧的财政政策moderately tight fiscal policy
整顿经济秩序rectify economic order 基本适度broadly appropriate
规模效益economies of scale 高附加值high added value
经济特区special economic zones (SEZs) 劳动密集型labor intensive
风险投资venture investment 风险资本venture capital
生产资料capital goods 固定资产投资investment in fixed assets
折旧费depreciation cost 承包经营contract for business management
承包责任制system for contracted responsibility
常用词汇·教育篇
科教兴国rejuvenate the country through science and education
教育方针education policy
面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来be oriented to modernization , the world and the future
全面推进素质教育provide an education with all-round development in all schools and higher-learning institutions
义务教育compulsory education 重点大学key university
必考科目exam-compulsory course 教学大纲teaching program/syllabus
评定appraisal 评语comments/remarks
品德教育moral education 经费充足sufficient funding
经费不足under-funded 提高教学质量improve the quality of teaching
专业课course within one’s major(studies)
全国统一高考national unified college and university entrance examination
品学兼优excellent in character and learning
常用词汇·体育篇
体育人员
运动员athlete/player 全明星队all stars team
职业队profession team 业余队amateur team
全能选手all rounder 主力队员leading player
第一号种子No. 1 seed/top seed 后起之秀latter athlete/rising star
终点裁判员finishing judge 主场home 客场away
参赛资格eligibility 电视转播broadcast/televise
实况转播live broadcast 弃权forfeit/withdraw
主力阵容lineup 热身区warm-up area
中场休息interval 决赛finals
兴奋剂检查doping control
比赛过程
拉开比分widen lead/extend the lead 缩小差距narrow gap
追上catch up/pull up 比分领先leading score
比分落后trait 比分咬得很紧stay in touch
形成僵持局面stiffen up 扳平equalize
平局draw tie 双方各胜一局one game each
出界outride 要求暂停request time-out
要求换人request substitution 警告warning
违例violation 犯规foul
故意犯规intentional foul 技术犯规technical foul
侵人犯规personal foul 判罚charge
处罚penalty
常用词汇·环保篇
世界环境日World Environment Day(5 June)
国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration(SEPA)
“三同步”方针“3 Synchronizations”principle: strategy of synchronized planning , implementation and development in terms of economic and urban and rural development and environmental protection
环境效益environmental benefit 绿化区green area
环境状况公报bulletins on the environmental situation
污染物排放标准pollutant discharge standards 自然保护区nature reserve
环境监测environmental monitoring
治理环境污染curb environmental pollution/bring the pollution under control
减低资源消耗率slow down the rate of resource degradation
开发可再生资源develop renewable resources 野生动植物wild fauna and flora
环保产品environment-friendly products 自然生态系统natural ecosystems
保护生存环境conserve natural habitats 濒危野生动物endangered wildlife
防止沙漠化（治沙、抗沙）desertification 生态气候eco-climate
环境负荷carrying capacity of environment 生态系统ecosystem
美化环境landscaping design for environmental purpose
环境恶化environmental degradation 酸雨acid rain
贫困的恶性循环vicious cycle of poverty 放射性公害radioactive hazard
大气检测系统atmospheric monitoring system 悬浮颗粒物suspended particles
空气污染浓度air pollution concentration 森林覆盖率forest coverage
饮用水水质标准drinking water standard 粉尘dust
无公害工艺nuisanceless technology 生活污水domestic sewage
废气（水，渣）waste gas (water , residue) 汽车排气automotive emission
城市垃圾urban refuse 土地贫瘠化impoverishment of soil
土地沙化desertification of land 烟雾smog
水土流失water loss and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化soil alkalinization
温室效应greenhouse effect 废物处理waste disposal
白色污染white pollution (non-degradable white plastics)
可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway biodegradable plastic bags
森林砍伐率rate of deforestation 水土保持conservation of water and soil
水资源保护区water resource conservation zone
绿化面积afforested areas/greening space 森林覆盖率forest coverage
防风林wind breaks 防沙林sand breaks
臭氧层ozone layer 防护林shelterbelt
environmental protection 环境保护issue问题
agenda会议事项、议事日程amaze at吃惊于
disaster 灾难、灾祸head toward走向
fossil fuels 经过像化石作用而形成的可燃烧物
solutions to 解决……的方法
solar panels 用于太阳能发电的装置。electronic gadgets 电子小器械
phasing out 逐步结束、逐步撒出renewable energy 可再生资源、能源
dramatic 引人注目的给人深刻印象的引申为有力的
expose 使暴露、使曝光round up 充公
draw lessons from 从。。。中吸取教训
reverse the worsening tide 扭转恶化趋势
Labor-intensive 劳动密集型The jobless 泛指无业者
Fix 原指修理、安排、解决、<口语>引申为措施、方法
eliminate illiteracy 扫盲lift people out of poverty 使人摆脱贫穷
financial relief 财政补贴
国际新闻听力技巧
Political News
I. 1. Visits and Talks
听力技巧：BBC与VOA英语新闻听外交访问和会晤的报道十分重视。
有关各国领导人之间的互访、会谈的报道，重点抓住以下几个方面的内容：
1）来访人及其国籍、被访人及其国家、访问时间、访问的缘由、活动以及会谈准备和会谈的议题，特别是对方的立场。
2）对于谈判的进程、气氛、结果以及背景（若有必要）也要密切关注。这就要求对世界各地当前的热点问题、热点地区有一定的了解。此外，还需了解国家之间的关系和矛盾，同时还应该注意积累有关国名、地名、官衔以衣各国领导人姓名方面的知识。大家可以从https://www.doczj.com/doc/dc14051097.html,这个网站中查找各国领导人的基本情况。
3）另外，对各种常见的国家名、首都名、领导人姓名以及官衔也要心中有数。
4）有关此类报道的词语可上网查China Daily 的相关报道。
I．2. International Relations
国际关系风云变幻，热点不断出现，从而导致世界重要大国的关系发生相应变化。从建交到断交及至交战都可能在两国或更多国家之间发生。
国际关系类新闻的重点是国与国之间的相互联系，尤其是大国之间的关系，以及国际社会普遍关注的一些热点问题。听此类新闻时，应注意各国政府和各主要的国际机构对事件的反应、立场政策以及可能采取的措施、对策等。
I．3. Diplomatic policies and actions
对于各类国际问题，各国都从自身利益出发，制定相应政策，采取相应行动。
外交政策和外交行动主要指国家在外理与其他国家关系所采取的原则、立场、态度、愿望以及具体的措施、行动以及由此带来的各种后果和影响等。
I．4 .International Organization
70年代以来，联合国在维护世界和平，解决国际冲突方面发挥了积极作用。其他地区性国际机构或军事联盟也在处理地区事物中发挥着重要的作用。BBC、VOA经常对一些国际机构，尤其是联合国及其常设构安理会（Security Council）进行报道。报道通常涉及国际会议的议题或某些国际机构领导人的讲话。
I．5 Elections
各国有定期的全国性的政府选举和议会选举，也有局部性的各种地方政府和地方议会的选举。一般新闻所报道的选举都具有重大意义，所以除了掌握与选举的政党、候选人姓名、匹敌胜人的姓名、各政得票差距、以及获胜者政治态度和构想、选举后果的影响和人们反应。
I．6. Political Changes
政治变动主要指人员，尤其指一国政府中重要高级官司员的变动，如这军事政变，内阁重要成员的变动等。这些变化反映了政治集团中权利斗争和政见的分歧，也意味着本国对内对外政策将可能会出
现重大转变，因而为世人所关注。听此类新闻时要了解政变、人事变动的原因，国际、国内各方的反应，更换办法，预期的政策变化，以及新老官员的特点等。大家若经常跟踪中文广播报纸详细报道能有助于听懂此类新闻。
I．7. Social Violence and Unrest
引发暴力和社会动乱的原因很多，如民族纠纷、宗教对立、社会道德沦丧、枪支流散民间等等。更多的则是政治上的原因。为此，听社会动乱类新闻中要密切注意引发暴力和动乱的原因、行动、事件过程、后果、社会反应以及为解决问题各方所采取的措施。另外，也要注意各方动乱的态度。
I. 8. Demonstrations and Protests
有关游行示威的报道大致可分为两种：一种是政治性的，另一种是经济性的。政治性的有关和平进军、反政府示威，反核武器示威、反种族隔离示威、反独裁统治示威、反对军管法示威等。经济性的有直对失业率的示威、反对物价上涨的示威、反对农产品进口的示威、要求提高工资改善工作条件的示威、要求缩短工时的示威等。当然有些经济性的示威也会带有政治性的要求，其影响远远超过经济范围。听这类新闻要注意示威的地点、时间、人数、原因、经过、与警察冲突情况、伤亡与逮捕的人数等。
I．9. Justice and law
在司法方面容易引起媒体报道的事件很多。例如国与国之间引渡罪犯的请求，政府对公司的起诉案。另外，出于政治目的而进行的诉讼也经常受到广泛的关注。法律方面的新闻一般应注意原、被告的姓名、罪名、审判结果和影响。特别要注意被告的身份和背景。
I. 10. 恐怖主义Terrorism
恐怖活动是指一些危害无辜人民生命的暴力活动。它因伤害生命、破坏财产而受到国际社会的普遍谴责。它们大多数带有一定的政治色彩。恐怖主义的表现形式主要有：暗杀、制造爆炸事件、纵火、绑架人质、劫持飞机或其它运输工具等。劫持商业航班常有发生，因涉及到许多乘客，所以媒体对此类新闻的报道也比较多。在现代恐怖主义大多是有组织的，活动经常是跨国的。听此类新闻时，要注意，恐怖事件发生的地点、时间、目的、是否有组织声称对其负责、人员伤亡情况等。
各类听力技巧的训练方法及实例：
下面我们来谈谈各部分内容具体练习方式：
1、记忆力的训练；首先强调一点，理解是记忆的根本。如果听都没听懂，也就根本不可能记住。而如果理解很清楚，记忆效果必然较佳。这就是为什么我们听汉语内容可以记住很多，而记英语往往略差的道理。
我们的训练分三个层次：A单句记忆B复句记忆C段落记忆
下面分别举例谈谈(exemplification):
A.单句记忆：对于单句的记忆方式，只要掌握这样一个原则：分意群，抓主干。
尽管大家都应具有较好的听力基础，但是这种方法大家的听力也有好处。英语这种言结构清晰，语法鲜明，只要抓住干，意思就不会太错。借用语法学概念，英语乃至整个西方语言是一种“焦点”式的语言。这可以从句子的形态变化清楚的反映出来。一般来说，西方语言句子的谓语必然是由限定动词来充当，而这个限定词又在人称和数上与主语保持一致关系。句子中如果出现其他动词，那一定采取了非限定形式以示它与主动词的区别。因此，抓住句子中的限定动词，就是抓住了句子的骨干，整个句子格局也就纲举目张了。即：理解和把握西方语言的句子，只要抓住了谓语动词也就抓住了全句的灵魂。再一个就是意群(sense group),或意义单位(sense unit)。即按照意思将听到的句子分成不同的几块。这样句子结构更加清晰，我们来看看几个例子。注意，我们现在就开始练习了。我念一个句子，然后请同学复述，所有同学请仔细听。
例
(1)Welcome to Beijing. I’m Sampson, /from Beijing New Oriental F inance and Industrial Service Development Company/,the director of the company’s overseas department./
(2)I would like /to discuss with you/ the possibility/of establishing a joint-venture/.
(3)Permit me/first of all /to thank you /, our host/,for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality/.
意群可长可短，划分可由同学们自己而定，只要能帮助记忆即可。
一个句子，只要找到期谓语，大致意思即搞定。
（更多练习略）
B．复句记忆：由于英语是形合(hypotaxis)语言，主从句子间大多是通过意义鲜明的连词来连接。因而我们记忆的重点也即是寻找各从句间的逻辑关系，主要是通过连接词（连词、关系代词、副词等）来辨别，这样我们对全局也就能够有一个非常清晰的把握而不至于如坠云雾。练习：
例
(1) Premier Zhu further states that/ the State will make earnest effort/ to improve the working and living conditions of intellectuals/, protect intellectual property rights/, and set up an incentive mechanism/favorable to the upbringing of talented personnel/, so as to bring into fuller play/ the initiative and creativity of intellectuals/, working in the fields of education and science and technology.
(2) On behalf of all my colleagues/present here, I wish/to thank you/ for your incomparable hospitality/,for which the Chinese people/are justly famous throughout the world/.
(3) With a joint venture, a foreign partner usually brings into the enterprise or business capital funds, machinery, advanced technology and management, while the Chinese partner supplies land, labor and a portion of the funds for the infrastructure.
(4) In that spirit, I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to the friendship and cooperation of our two peoples which call lead to friendship and peace for all peoples in the world.
C段落记忆：其实这一部分才是我们记忆训练的重点。前面两者相对而言难度不大，句子虽然并非完全口语化，但一般句子不多。难点在说一段话的记忆。
对于一段话的记忆，从宏观上讲，要注意事物的逻辑规律。不论什么主题，由于都是由人说出口的，（如果讲话人不是信口开河、胡说八道的话），它所涵盖的内容都有一定的范围和逻辑规律。例如：到机场迎接客人，主人一般是表示欢迎、问候，关心客人的旅程；而客人总要答谢。做演讲也定会有一主题，所有的话都应围绕一个主题。例如，某公司经理来发布一最新产品，必然会说这种产品有如何、如何的优势，如何领先业界，如何为顾客考虑，如何具有创新性等等。有了这样的心理准备，就不应再怯场，信心十足地应战。一定要注意力高度集中，不可三心二意；注意力集中不集中效果大不一样。
具体而言，可按照大致六种方法来增强效果：下面我念一段话，请大家来复述，注意只是复述，不需要翻译，大家尽量用脑子记下来，也不要用笔记，练练记忆，
（1）注意抓“线索”，沿着线索顺藤摸瓜把一件件事介绍出来。
（2）把事物形象化。人的记忆对直观的，看的见摸的着的具体事物获得印象较深，比较容易记住。
把听到的话形象化（或者说由讲话人的话联想到具体的事物），对强化短时间记忆也很有帮
助。例：略。
（3）以事件发生的时间的为顺序，这种方法尤其适用于和时间的谈话中。例：略。
（4）以地点为线索。很多参观活动译员都可以找出地点线索。例：略。
（5）以具体事由为线索。这种方法常用在说理性的情况下。例：略。
（6）注意抓论点和论据。例：略。
注意不等同于简单的英语听力练习，这种练习的工作重点不只是听清并熟悉原语的语音，熟悉并模仿操英语为母语者的“标准”的语调，而是熟悉各种不太“标准”的发音方式以及口音（包括以这一语言为第二、第三应用语言的“外国人”的古怪口音）并不受各种复杂的语音发布现场的干扰，丢弃掉那些无关紧要、或者虽然不很清晰但可从语境中猜测出来的声学符号，集中精力，抓住叙述、介绍、论证等语类的言语主线，理清原语思路把握住话语主题，以便为下一步启用真正的使用打好基础。
通常训练记忆有以下几种方法：
（一）以时间为线索
这种方法尤其适用于和时间有关的谈话中，以下面一段话为例：
Welcome to the activities of Australian week—A Unique Experience of Australian Flavor. We have arranged the following activities for the five-day Australian week. On Monday, March the 13th, the Assailant Food Festival will be held to show you the Australian Food Flavor will be held to show you the Australian Food Flavor, “the Australian Week Cup” tennis tournament is to be held on the 14th of March; On Wednesday,
March the 15th, there will be an Australian Investment Seminar,On March the 16th , you can enjoy the Australian painting Exhibition will be held. We hope you will know more about Australia through “Australian Wee k”.
这段话不短，但是译员能凭时间线索很容易记住主要内容：共五天，只需记住星期一就行了，依次为：1、食品展2、网球赛3、研讨会4、绘画展5、报影展
（二）以地点为线索
很多参观活动译员都可以找到地点线过，以下面一次参观为例：
This is the main library. There’s also a graduate library in Newman Hall on the other side of the campus.
This is the periodical room, mainly for current or recent periodicals. For earlier issues, there’s another periodical room on the left.
This is the main reading room. There are several others, at least one on each floor.
Over there are the audio-Visual rooms. You Can borrow tapes, cassettes, slides Or filmstrips and listen or watch without disturbing others.
Here are the typing booths. Typewriters can be rented for 25 an hour.
Here you see the copying machines. You’d find several on almost every floor.
这段话中有不少表达方位的词可以帮助记忆：
这边：主要----那边：研究生的------这里：期刊室（近期的-----左边另一个，（过期的）------（走到另一个地方）：------这里，主阅览室--------还有其它，每楼至少一个-----那里，视听室-----（再换个地方）--------到了打字室租：25分/小时-----最后：复印机
这样译员边听边记忆，有一个空间的概念，可以把上面一段话段译成：
这是主图书馆，校园的那头，纽曼楼里还有一个研究生图书馆。
这是期刊室，主要陈列近期的和新的期刊，过期刊物存放在左边另一个期刊室里：
这是阅览定。还有好几个阅览室，至少每层楼一个。
那一边是视听室。你可以借磁带、录音机、绿灯片或电影片。你听或看时不会打扰别人。
这是打字间，租用打字机每少时交费二十五分。
这儿是复印机，几乎每层楼都有几台。
（三）以具体事由为线索
这种方法常用在说理性的情况下，如有这么一段话：
我国今年出口的情况比预计的要好，估计到年底能完成出口2000亿美元，这主要是因为：
（1）外贸结构改革的深化取得了一定的成绩，国家采取了鼓励改革措施，外贸体制运行正常。
（2）工农业生产的持续发展为外贸出口提供了物质础。
（3）我国鼓励外贸的改革措施继续落实完善。
（4）国际环境较为有利，世界已经注意到的稳定发展，为我国出口提供了良好的外部条件。译员要记住的主要内容有：
出口好，完成2000亿，国内原因3个：
1．外贸强构改革/有物质基础/鼓励改革措施完美，再加上一个有利的国际环境。
这样译员可凭记忆顺利译出：
China’s export of this year is better than expected. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the total export. It is estimated that by that of this year, the total export volume can reach 200 billion US dollars. The reasons are as follows.
First, the deepening of foreign trade structural reform has achieved some results. The state has adopted some measures to encourage reform and the foreign trade system is running well.
Second, continuous development of industrial and agricultural production has provided the material basis for export..
Third, measures to encourage foreign trade and being carried out and perfected.
Fourth, the international environment is favorable for our export.