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2020高考英语常考语法知识点

2020高考英语常考语法知识点
2020高考英语常考语法知识点

2020高考英语常考语法知识点

一?识别标志词

如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态?

[例]①Morethanadozenstudentsinthatschool________abroadto studymedicinelastyear.

A.sent

B.weresent

C.hadsent

D.hadbeensent

[解析]此题有明显的时间标志词lastyear,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态?答案为B?

动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语?

(1)一般现在时:often,always,usually,seldom,now,everyday

等?

(2)一般过去

时:then,yesterday,lastweek,afterthat,ago,inthefollowing/nex tfewmonths等?

(3)现在进行

时:now,rightnow,atpresent,atthismoment,thesedays等?

(4)过去进行时:then,atthattime,atthistimeyesterday等?

(5)现在完成

时:recently,lately,upto/tillnow,sofar,inthepast/lastfewmont

hs/years…,for+一段时间,since+一点时间等?

(6)过去完成时:before,bytheendoflastmonth/years…等?

(7)一般将来

时:tomorrow,today,nextweek/month…,inanhour,inthecoming/fol lowingfewweeks等?

(8)过去将来时:thefollowingmonth,thenextweek等?

二?主从时态须呼应

如果所给题干是主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出

正确的时态?

命题角度及对策]近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查?在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:

(1)在时间?条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时?

(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境?

(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)?

考点一、考查谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别

英语句子至少应该包括主语与谓语两部分,而多数情况下谓语都由动词来充当。如果对句子成分划分不清,把谓语动词与非谓语动

词混淆,做题效果可想而知。要克服这一毛病,关键在于正确判断、

识别动词在句中是否充当谓语。如:

1.Thechildren(play)_____theviolinoverther

ewillgoonthestagenextweek.

根据句子结构,我们可以看出这是一个简单句。主语是Thechildren,谓语部分是willgoonthestage,动词play显然在句

中不作谓语,应用非谓语动词形式。依据play与它的逻辑主语children之间的主动关系以及拉小提琴动作正在进行,可以判断用

现在分词作定语修饰children,意为“正在那边拉小提琴的小孩”,因而正确答案为playing。

考点二、考查作状语的非谓语动词的辨析

作状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的辨析,即是选择动词

不定式、现在分词还是过去分词作状语,不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同。动词不定式主要作目的、结果和原因状语;现在分词和过去分词主要作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随状语,两者不

同之处在于:现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的

动作,即它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,它们之间的关系是主动关系,而过去分词作状语时,虽然它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语,但过去

分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关

系。请看下面例题:

1.____tired ofTom’sall-talk-no-

actionattitude,Juliadecidedtodothejoballbyherself.

A)TogetB)Tohavegot

C)GettingD)Havegot

一般来说,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此,首先可以确定这是一个简单句,非谓语动词短语放

在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语gettiredof与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系,以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作

几乎同时发生,没有明显的先后顺序,可以断定应用现在分词一般

式作原因状语,即“由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度”,故正确答案为C。

考点三、考查非谓语动词逻辑主语的分辨

非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语,但仍然有自己逻辑上的主语。

历年各种考试的重点在于正确分辨非谓语动词的逻辑主语是什么,

两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系,特别是非谓语动词作状语的时

候。我们知道,当非谓语动词放在句首作状语的时候,一般来说,

它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,那么,当它的逻辑主语不是句子的

主语时,又会出现什么现象呢?请看下面例题:

1.Thelastbus(go)____,wehadtowalkhome.

2.Weather(permit)____,thespaceshipwillbelaunchedtomorrow evening.

这两个非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语都不是句子的主语,而是分别

有它自己的逻辑主语,即“是末班车开走了,而不是我们走

了”,“是天气允许,而不是飞船允许”,这种现象或结构就是独立

主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动关系,正确答案分别为havinggone和permitting。

请再看下面例题:

3.Thework(finish)_____,theymaygohome.

4.Theproblem(discuss)_____atthemeeting-

roomnow,theworkershadtowaitoutdoors.

同样,这两道题的结构也是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其

逻辑主语之间的被动关系以及非谓语动词所表示动作发生的时间性,可以判断正确答案分别为finished(已完成)和beingdiscussed(正在进行)。

考点四、考查非谓语动词时态与语态的把握

非谓语动词虽然在句中不作谓语,但它仍然具有动词的特征,即

可以有自己的主语(逻辑主语),也可以有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下,如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动

作同时或之后发生,就用非谓语动词的一般

式或进行式(侧重强调动作正在进行);如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,就用非谓语动词的完成式

(特别强调动作发生的先后)。非谓语动词的语态在于正确把握非谓

语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。例如:

____thatBobhadgotpromoted,hisfriendscametocongratulatehi

m.

A)HeardB)Havingheard

C)HearD)Tohear

依据非谓语动词hear与其逻辑主语hisfriends之间的主动关系,以及前后句的逻辑关系,可以断定用现在分词形式来作时间状语,

再根据现在分词的动作“听说”发生在主要谓语动词“来”之前,

由此判断应该用现在分词的完成式(只用作状语时使用),意为“听

说Bob已得到提升,他的朋友都来向他表示祝贺”,故正确答案为

B。

考点五、考查非谓语动词作主语时句式的转变

非谓语动词(动词不定式或动名词)作主语主要考查其句式的转变,习惯上通常把it作为形式主语放在句首,作题时要善于分辨这种形

式上的转变。请看下面例题:

1.Itisanhonourforme(be)_____yourEnglishteacher.

2.Itisnouseofus(wait)_____athomelikethis.

根据对句式的分析,可以判断出It是形式主语,真正的主语由非谓语动词(动词不定式或动名词)来充当。依据表语的特性以及句式

的特点,我们可以断定第1题应该填动词不定式,即tobe,第2题

应该填动名词,即waiting。

六、考查作定语的非谓语动词的判断

非谓语动词作定语主要考查非谓语动词作后置定语的情况,这里

关键要把握住非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动行为还是被动行

为,以及非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间性,即是正在进行或已经

完成还是将要发生。一般来说,用现在分词一般式作定语往往表示

动作是主动行为且正在进行当中,如果动作是被动行为且正在进行

当中,就用现在分词一般式的被动语态;用过去分词作定语往往表示动作是被动行为且已经完成;用动词不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作,如果是被动行为,就用动词不定式一般式的被动语态。例如:

1.Theboy(cry)____overthereismyyoungerbrother.

依据cry与它的逻辑主语Theboy之间的主动关系和cry的动作正在进行,所以用现在分词作定语修饰boy,因而正确答案为crying。

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