名词
（一）概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：
人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary
行为名称study, invention 抽象概念history, grammar
（二）普通名词和专有名词
1．普通名词凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：
1）个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：
He has two aunts. Most classrooms have computers.
也可指抽象东西，例如：We?ve lived here for twenty years. I had a dream last night
个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks, problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week, a problem, an old man.
2）集体名词集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：
family（家，家庭）army（军队）company（公司；全体船员）enemy（敌人）government（政府）
group（小组，团体）public（公众）team（队；组）police（警方）
作单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待：例如看待
His family isn't large. The government is planning to build a dam here. The public was unlikely to support it.
作复数看待
His family are all music lovers. The government are discussing the plan. The public were deceived by the newspaper.
有的集体名词通常用作单数，例如：Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
有的集体名词多作复数看待。例如：The police are looking for him.
3）物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：
beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool等。
一般说来，物质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
a．有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：
Tree beers, please. A chocolate ice-cream for me.
b．有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. It was a delicious wine. c．个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：It was now the time of the spring rains. Here are the snows of last year. d．抽象名词抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence, sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：
safety first! It?s wonderful weather.
但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an. 例如：
I shall never forget the beauty of that lake. There?s a beauty in simplicity.
2．专有名词
专有名词主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：
1）人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua
2）地名：Beijing, West Lake
3）某类人的名称：Americans, Russians
4）某些抽象事物的名称：English, Chinese
5）月份、周日及节日名称：May, Saturday, Easter
6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind
7）对家人等的称呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：
单数复数
a country countries
a class classes
a sheep sheep
a tomato tomatoes
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice (冰)，water (水), rice (稻子)等。
在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。
例如
作不可数名词作可数名词
glass 玻璃
paper 纸张
time 时间
work 消息玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜
报纸；文件；考卷
次数；时代
单词；话语
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，发如：fun ，work ，advice ，weather ，homework ，news ，money ，information ，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
情况构成方法例词读音
一般情况在词尾加-s desk→desks
map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音
day→days
girl→girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z]
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es bus →buses
box→boxes
watch→watches
fish→fishes es发[iz]音
以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为I再加-es family→families
party→parties -ies发[iz]音
以元音字母y结尾的词在词尾加-s day→days
boy→boys
key→keys -s发[z]音
以f或fe 结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-es knife→knives
life→lives
wife→wives
half→halves -ves发[vz]音
以辅音字母加o结尾的词在词尾加-es potato→potatoes
tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes -es发[z]音
以元音字母加o结尾的词在词尾加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos -s发[z]音
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。如：photo→photos, piano→piano s 等。
有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs, roof→roofs等。
英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把它们牢记在心。如：man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese, mouse→mice, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾可以加上?s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。
1．名词所有格的构成
名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加?s。
例如：
the boy?s schoolbag 这男孩的书包
the worker?s shoes 这个二人的鞋
2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加?（在s的右上角）即可
如：
the teachers? office 老师们的办公室
the students? classroom 学生们的教室
3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加?s
如：
Women?s Day 妇女节
the People?s Park 人民公园
2．名词所有格的用法
名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：
1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。
例如：
He is Mary?s younger brother.
他是玛丽的弟弟。
They are reading Lei Feng?s Diaries.
他们在读雷锋的日记。
2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
例如：
Ou r school is half an hour?s walk from here.
我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。
Beijing is China?s capital.
北京是中国的首都。
3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
例如：
The front door of the house was painted red.
那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.
我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。
例如：
My sister often goes to my uncle?s.
我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill. You?d better go to the doctor?s.
你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。
例如：
I am using my dictionary. You can use T om?s.
我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick?s.
我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多，
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
1．两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。
例如：
Please give me some paper.
请给我一些纸。
I don?t want to borrow any magazines.
我不想借什么杂志。
2．用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。
例如：
You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.
你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。
Several days later, a group of students went to help the old man.
几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。
3．用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。例如：
I want a piece of red chalk.
我想要一支红粉笔。
Please give her a bit of bread.
请给她一点面包。
（七）名词的用法
1．作主语
例如：
The radio says that it may stop raining later.
广播说一会儿雨可能会停。
2．作表语
例如：
Class 3 were the winners.
三班获胜了。
3．作宾语
例如：
I told him a story.
我给他讲了个故事。
4．作宾语补足语
例如：
He named her Jenny.
他给她取名詹妮。
5．作定语
例如：
We are discussing the population problem.
我们正在讨论人口问题。
6．作状语
例如：
He sat here a long time.
他坐在这儿很久了。
7．与介词组成词组
例如：
I am working hard on my Chinese.
我正在努力学习汉语。
8．作介词宾语
例如：
Give the money to your sister.
把钱给你姐姐。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. house _________
2. village ___________
3. map __________
4. orange _________
5. bag ___________
6. exercise ___________
7. brush __________
8. family ___________
9. bus ___________
10. city __________ 11. box ___________ 12. baby __________
13. class __________ 14. factory _________ 15. glass __________
16. dictionary __________ 17. watch _________ 18. woman _________
19. match __________ 20. man _________ 21. wish __________
22. German __________ 23. tomato _________ 24. policeman ___________ 25. kilo __________ 26. human _________ 27. potato ___________ 28. Chinese __________ 29. shelf __________ 30. Japanese __________ 31. leaf ___________ 32. American __________33. life ___________
34. tooth __________ 35. wife ___________ 36. foot ___________
37. knife __________ 38. sheep __________ 39. half ___________
40. child __________
II. 将下列词组译成英语：
1、一群孩子
2、两箱子苹果
3、三篮子蔬菜
4、九块面包
5、十杯牛奶
6、五块肉
7、多种植物8、一副眼镜
9、两块冰10、三张纸
11、四瓶橘汁12、五杯茶
13、六碗米饭14、七袋米
15、八块木头16、九块金属
III. 写出下列各词的名词形式：
1. work _________
2. teach _________
3. sing ________
4. ill ___________
5. fight ___________
6. invent ________
7. wait ________
8. woolen __________
9. win ____________ 10. thankful ________ 11. foreign _________ 12. cloudy ________
13. run __________ 14. dirty __________ 15. visit _________ 16. funny __________
17. wooden ________ 18. medical ________ 19. operate ________ 20. hot __________
21. invite __________22. worried ________ 23. build __________ 24. please ________
25. help _________ 26. safe _________ 27. die _________ 28. dangerous _______
29. draw ________ 30. noisy ________
四、随堂监测B组
Ⅳ. 选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink
B. two bottle of ink
C. two bottle of inks
D. two bottles of inks
2. They don?t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework
B. many homeworks
C. many homework
D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice
B. noise
C. sound
D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool
B. these wood
C. wools
D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps
B. cows, sheep
C. cow, sheep
D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children?s day
B. children?s Day
C. Children?s Day
D. Children?s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents?.
A. Kate?s and Joan?s
B. Kate?s and Joan
C. Kate and Joan?s
D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary?s mother?s
B. Mary?s mother
C. Mary mother?s
D. mother?s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend
B. a friend
C. mine friend
D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are
B. are, is
C. is, is
D. are, are
11. I?d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads
B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread
D. two piece of bread
A. street
B. road
C. way
D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman
B. women
C. girl
D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe
D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child
B. children
C. childs
D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys
B. city
C. cityes
D. cities
17. --- Where?s Mr. White? --- He?s in _______.
A. the room 202
B. Room 202
C. the Room 202
D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places
B. homes
C. rooms
D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes? walks
B. 20 minute?s walk
C. 20-minutes walk
D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren?t. They?re _______.
A. sheep, cows
B. sheep, cow
C. sheeps, cow
D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish
B. fruit
C. eggs
D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It?s _______.
A. Li Ming
B. Li Ming?s
C. Li Mings
D. Li Mings?
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos
B. some potatoes
C. three tomatos
D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish
B. hope
C. wishes
D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop
B. park
C. zoo
D. garden
26. What?s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军
B. 中华人民共和国
C. 联合国
D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books
B. inventions
C. instructions
D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey
B. elephant
C. panda
D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily
B. Lucy and Lily?s
C. Lucy?s and Lily
D. Lucy?s and Lily?s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March
B. January
C. February
D. April
31. Mum, I?m quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange
B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange
D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass
B. house, glasses
C. houses, glass
D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses
B. American
C. Chineses
D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer
B. Winter
C. Spring
D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank
B. post office
C. shop
D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf
B. shelfs
C. shelfes
D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years
B. months
C. days
D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. writer
39. It?s very cold today. Why don?t you put on your ______?
A. watch
B. shirt
C. sweater
D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I?m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese
B. China, Chinese
C. England, English
D. American, America
V. 各地中考题选编：
1. --- Where is Tom? --- He?s left a ______ saying that he has something important to do.
A. excuse
B. message
C. exercise
D. news
2. There is no ______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. room
B. a room
C. rooms
D. seats
3. --- Would you like some ______? --- Oh, yes. Just a little.
A. pears
B. oranges
C. sugar
D. apples
4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _______. KEEP IN A COLD PLACE
A. food
B. money
C. clothes
D. books
5. Mr. Green has lived in the _____ hotel since he came to China.
A. five-star
B. five-stars
C. five star?s
D. five stars
6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _______.
A. home
B. family
C. house
D. place
7. --- What?s the _____ today? --- It?s June 26.
A. day
B. date
C. time
D. hour
8. English is spoken as a first language in ______.
A. the USA
B. India
C. Japan
D. China
9. ______ comes from cows.
A. Wool
B. Chicken
C. Pork
D. Milk
10. Which of the following does paper burn in?
A. B. C. D.
11. Let the children go away. They?re making too much ______ here.
A. noise
B. voice
C. noisy
D. sounds
12. ______ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool
B. Pork
C. Mutton
D. Milk
13. --- Oh, there isn?t enough ______ for us in the lift.
--- It doesn?t matter, let?s wait for the next.
A. ground
B. floor
C. place
D. room
14. _______ is the biggest city in China.
A. Beijing
B. Shanghai
C. Guangzhou
D. Kunming
15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented _______.
A. the ship
B. the car
C. the plane
D. the train
冠词
重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）概说
1．冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：
1）定冠词the 2）不定冠词a/an
2．冠词的基本意义
不定冠词a/an与数词one同源，表示“一个”的意思，用在可数名词单数前。
例如：
She is a nurse. He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.
定冠词the，与this同源，有“这（那）个”的意思，但比较弱，表示一（几）个特定的人或东西，有时可译作“这个（些）”或“那个（些）”。
例如：
That?s the book you want. Who?s the young ma n over there?
但在很多情况下，“这”或“那”这类词在译文中并不出现。
例如：Put it on the table. Shut the door, please.
3．特指和泛指
一般来说，名词有特指和泛指两种情况，请比较下面的句子：
A gentleman is asking to see you. Ask the gentleman to come in.
在特指时一般前面要加定冠词，而泛指时则有三种情况：
1）在可数名词单数前加不定冠词。例如：She sent me a postcard
2）在可数名词复数前可不加冠词，可使用some, any这类词。例如：These are new words. She sent me some flowers. 3）在不可数名词前多不加什么，有时也可加some, any等。例如：
It?s lovely weather.Do you want any sugar in your tea? Give us some help.
（二）不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指某一类人或事物中的一个，代表某一类别（不一定译为“一”）例如：His father is a doctor.
2．代表某一类人或事物，相当于any（+名词）（不必译为“一”，但必须用a，表示类别）
例如：A horse is a useful animal.
3．指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）例如：This book was written by a worker. 4．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈（一般译为“一”）例如：Wait a moment.
5．表示单位，相当于“每”的意思例如：We have three meals a day.
6．用于某此固定词组中例如：a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。
（三）定冠词的基本用法
1．特指某（些）人或某（些）事物例如：Give me the book.
2．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物例如：Where is the doctor?
3．再次提到上文提到过的人或事物例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
4．用在大家所熟悉的、世界上独一无二的事物例如：The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.
5．用在序数词和形容词最高级前例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class. Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. 6．用在单数可数名词，表示某一类人或事物例如：The horse is a useful animal.
7．与下列专有名词连用
1）在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake
2）在姓氏的复数名词前，表示夫妇二人或全家人例如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.
格林一家人正围坐在早餐桌旁。
8．和某些形容词连用，表示一类人例如：the old the young the rich the poor the sick the dead
9．在一些习惯说法中the east (west, south, north) in the morning (afternoon, evening) on the left (right) in the end
go to the cinema
（四）不用冠词的几种情况
1．在专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前Have you ever been to Shanghai? We love science.
2．在表示一类人或事物的复数名词前Girls can be scientists.
3．在季节、月份、星期、一日三餐的名称前It is hot in summer. It?s Tuesday, August the 22nd.Have you had breakfast? 4．称呼语或表示头衔，职务的名词前What?s the matter with you, Mike? He is headmaster of our school.
5．学科和球类运动的名称前We study English. Do you like to play football?
6．名词前已有用作定语的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代词时，不用冠词
That is her bike. Each student in his class studies hard.
7．在某些固定词组的名词前
例如：at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 在下列句子的空格中填上适当的冠词，不需要的地方用“/”表示：
1. This is ______ old map. It is ______ useful map.
2. We have no classes in ______ afternoon on _______ Saturday.
3. ______ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _______second.
4. Beijing is ______ capital of ______ China. It is _______ beautiful city.
5. Roman was not built in ______ day.
6. Chinese is quite ______ difficult language for Mike.
7. Many ______ students will take ______ active part in sports meet.
8. There is ______ interesting picture on ______ wall.
9. Jenny found ______ wallet lying on ______ground. ______ wallet was Mr. Black?s.
10. Which is ______ biggest, ______ sun, ______ moon, or ______ earth?
11. --- Which picture is more beautiful? --- ______one on ______ left, I think.
12. --- Which is _____ way to ______ hospital?
--- Go down this road and turn left on ______ second crossing.
13. _______ more, _______ better.
14. _______ Turners are sitting at breakfast table.
15. Joe Hill was _______ fighter for ______ working class.
16. When was ______ People?s Republic of China founded?
17. In China ______ first English textbooks were published in _____late nineteenth century.
18. After ______ breakfast he went to ______ school on ______ foot.
19. ______ Huanghe River lies in ______ north of China.
20. He likes playing ______ football. His sister likes playing ______ piano.
II. 单项选择：
1. 上学 A. go to school B. go to the school C. go to a school
2. 住院A, in the hospital B. in a hospital C. in hospital
3. 此刻 A. at the moment B. at a moment C. at moment
4. 在课堂上 A. in class B. in a class C. in the class
5. 在地球上 A. on earth B. on an earth C. on the earth
6. 步行 A. on foot B. on the foot C. on feet
7. 吃饭 A. at a table B. at the table C. at table
8. 乘公共汽车A. take bus B. by bus C. by the bus
9. 在家 A. at the home B. at a home C. at home
10. 在工作 A. at work B. at the work C. at works
11. 跳高 A. jump high B. high jump C. the high jump
12. 坐飞机 A. by air B. by the air C. on air
13. 乘火车 A. by the train B. by train C. on train
14. 在校学习A. in the school B. in school C. in schools
15. 睡觉 A. go to bed B. go to the bed C. go to a bed
16. 感冒 A. have a cold B. have the cold C. have cold
17. 乘船 A. by ship B. on ship C. by a ship
18. 玩得痛快A. have good times B. have a good time C. have good times
19. 事实上 A. in the fact B. in facts C. in fact
21. 从早到晚A. from morning to the evening
B. from morning to evening
C. from a morning to an evening
四、随堂监测B组
III. 选择填空：
1. There is ______ old woman in the car. A. / B. the C. a D. an
2. Shanghai is in _______ east of China. A. / B. an C. the D. a
3. Bill is ______ English teacher. He likes playing ______ football.
A. a, the
B. an, the
C. a, /
D. /, /
4. The museum is quite far. It will take you half _____ hour to go there by ______ bus.
A. an, /
B. an, a
C. a, /
D. /, /
5. The story is ______ interesting. That means it is ______ interesting story. A. an, the B. the, a. C. /, an D. /, a
6. Let?s go for ______ walk, shall we? A. a B. an C. the D. /
7. This is ______ interesting story-book and it is also ______ useful one.
A. a, a
B. an, an
C. an, a
D. a, an
8. _______ woman over there is ______ popular teacher in our school.
A. A, an
B. The, a
C. The , the
D. A, the
9. They passed our school ______ day before yesterday.
A. an
B. one
C. a
D. the
10. Australia is ______ English-speaking country.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
11. Don?t play ______ basketball here. It?s dangerous.
A. a
B. an
C. /
D. the
12. This is ______ apple. It?s _______ big apple.
A. an, a
B. a, the
C. a, an
D. an, the
13. --- Have you seen ______ bag? I left it here just now.
--- Is it ______ one on the chair near the door?
A. a, a
B. the, the
C. a, the
D. the, a
14. I have ______ blue coat.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. some
15. This is _____ orange. _______ orange is on the table.
A. a, The
B. an, The
C. an, An
D. the, An
16. Have you had ______ breakfast?
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
17. He wondered when the doctor could finish _____ operation.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. any
18. After ______ supper, he stayed at home and played ______ violin.
A. the, the
B. /, the
C. /, a
D. /, /
19. There is ______ apple on the plate.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
20. He said that he got ______ “ C” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. /
21. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.
A. The, a
B. A, /
C. A, the
D. An, an
22. English is _______ useful language in ______ world.
A. an, the
B. a, the
C. the, the
D. an, an
23. In the word “ cariage” _______ “ r” is lost.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D. /
24. With the he lp of his teacher he studied hard and got ______ “ A” in the test.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. one
25. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.
A. A, a
B. The, a
C. The, the
D. A. the
26. Li Dan can play ______ piano very well.
A. /
B. a
C. an
D. the
27. What ______ interesting film it is! I like ______ film very much.
A. a, the
B. a, a
C. an, the
D. The, /
28. ______ tall man over there is our ______ English teacher.
A. A, the
B. The, a
C. A, an
D. The, /
代词
一、本周内容概述
1．代词的作用
严格地讲，代词是代替名词的，在句子中起名词的作用，可用作：
1）主语
例如：
This is our new home.
这是我们的新家。
Who is on the phone?
谁在打电话？
2）宾语
例如：
Take good care of yourself.
多多保重。
We should help each other.
我们应互相帮助。
例如：
That?s not mine.
那不是我的。
Who is it? —It?s me.
谁呀？—是我。
4）同位语
例如：
We both live in the dormitory.
我们两人都住宿舍。
He ate them all.
他把它们全吃了。
5）呼语
例如：
Be patient, everybody.
大家都耐心点。
2．代词的分类
代词通常可分为以下八类：
1）人称代词（I, you, he , we等）
2）物主代词（our, your, their, his等）
3）反身代词（myself, ourselves, yourself, itself等）4）相互代词（each other, one another）
5）指示代词（this, that, these, those等）
6）疑问代词（who, what, which, whose等）
7）关系代词（who, that, which, whose等）
8）不定代词（both, all, some, any等）
二、重点知识归纳及讲解
（一）人称代词
1．人称代词的单数、复数和主格、宾格
数
格
人称单数复数
主格宾语主格宾格
第一人称I 我me we 我们us
第二人称you 你you you 你们you 第三人称he 他
she 她
it 它him
her
it 他们
they 她们
它们them
2．人称代词的用法
1）人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语
I am studying English now.
我现在正在学英语。
We love our country.
我们热爱我们的国家。
如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语，它们的顺序是：
单数形式you, he and I
复数形式we, you and they
2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。
例如：
Can you help us?
你能帮助我们吗？
We are waiting for them.
我们正在等他们。
Who is there? It?s me.
是谁呀？是我。
（二）物主代词
物主代词用来表示人和物之间的所有关系，这类代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，并有不同的人称和单复数之分。
2．形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别
1）形容词性物主代词不能独立使用，只作定语，用来修饰后面的名词。
例如：
My parents are both doctors.
我的父母都是医生。
We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed.
我们昨天看了一场电影，片名是《生死时速》。
2）名词性物主代词应独立使用，后面不跟名词，相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
例如：
Is this her pen? No, hers is red. （主语）
这是她的钢笔吗？不，她的是红色的。
Let?s clean their room first, and then clean ours. （宾语）
咱们先打扫他们的房间，然后再打扫我们的。
These letters are his.（表语）
这些信是他的。
（三）反身代词
反身代词用来表示反射或强调。
1．反身代词的形式
人称一二三
单数myself yourself himself herself itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
2．反身代词的用法
1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。
例如：
My grandmother is too old to look after herself.
我奶奶年纪太大了，照顾不了她自己。
Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself.
雷锋总是乐于帮助别人，从不考虑自己。
2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。在这种情况下，反身代词可以紧跟名词或代词之后，也可以放到句末。
例如：
We ourselves will build the factory.
我们将自己建造这个工厂。
He spoke to me myself.
他对我本人说话。
3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。
例如：
by oneself 亲自for oneself 为自己
call oneself 称自己teach oneself 自学
help oneself to 随意吃lose oneself 迷路
speak to oneself 自言自语seat oneself 就座
make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思
（四）指示代词
指示代词是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词，如：this, that, these, those等。英语中指示代词的用法同汉语中的情况相似。this和these一般用来指较近的事物，that和those则指较远的事物。
指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。
例如：
This is a difficult question.
这是个难题。
That basketball isn?t ours.
那个篮球不是我们的。
Do you like these?
你喜欢这些吗？
（五）不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。
1．不定代词有以下形式：
some, somebody, someone, something, any, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one
2．不定代词在句子中的作用：
1）作主语
例如：
Everyone has come. Let?s begin.
大家都到了，我们开始吧。
Both of his parents are doctors.
他的父母都是医生。
One is the teacher, the others are students.
一人是老师，其余的是学生。
2）作宾语
例如：
This one is too small, please show me another.
这个太小，请另外拿一个给我看看。
Please introduce me to the others.
请把我介绍给所有其他的人。
3）作表语
例如：
That?s all for today.
今天就到这儿吧。
It?s too much for me.
这件事非我力所能及。
3．常见不定代词的用法讲解
1）some和any
a．some常用于肯定句，any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句，两者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。
例如：
Some say yes and some say no.
有的人说是，有的人说不是。
I don?t like any of them.
我对他们一个也不喜欢。
Does any of them know this?
他们当中有谁知道吗？
b．如果在提问时期待对方肯定回答，或鼓励别人说yes时，疑问句中的不定代词要用some，不用any。
例如：
Would you like some of the tickets?
你想要些票吗？
c．在强调“任何一个”意思的时候，any也可用于肯定句。
例如：
You can take any of the newspapers here.
你可以拿这儿任何一份报纸。
2）either和neither
either用于肯定，neither用于否定，二者均限于两个个体的情况。
例如：
You can see tall trees on either of the river banks.
在河的两岸你们能看到高大的树。
Neither of them wants to see the film with me.
他们两个谁也不想和我去看电影。
3）one和ones（one的复数形式）
one可以指某人，人人或某物，也可以用来代替上文中提及的可数名词，以避免用词的重复。当one指人时，其反身代词为oneself，所有格形式是one?s。
例如：
One should follow the laws.
人人应该遵守法律。
The one in red is our monitor.
穿红衣服的那位是我们的班长。
Shanghai has a lot of new buildings, but it also has many old ones.
上海有很多新的建筑物，也有不少老的建筑物。
4）复合不定代词
复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every同body，one, thing等词构成的代词。复合不定代词都可看作单数，表示“某人”或“某物”，并在句中作主语、宾语或表语。同some和any在用法上的区别一样，some, someone和something一般用于肯定句，anybody, anyone和anything一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。
例如：
We want somebody to help us.
我们想要有人来帮助我们。
Have you found anything here?
你们在这儿发现什么了吗？
If anyone comes to visit us, tell him we have gone to the cinema.
如果有人来访，就告诉他我们去电影院了。
表示人的复合不定代词后面都可以加?s构成所有格。
例如：
Somebody?s wallet has just been stolen.
有人的钱包刚刚被偷了。
复合不定代词要求后置定语。
例如：
We will have something important to do this afternoon.
今天下午我们有些重要事情要做。
（六）疑问代词
疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。
在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
例如：
Who is your maths teacher?（表语）
谁是你们的数学老师？
Whose bag is that?（定语）
那是谁的书包？
Who teaches you English?（主语）
谁教你们英语？
Whom are you talking about?（宾语）
你们在谈论谁？
（七）相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。
主格和宾格所有格
each other
one another each other?s
one another?s
在当代英语中，each other和one another意思上没有区别，它们在句中可以作宾语，其所有格可以作定语。
（互相）
（彼此的）
例如：
Do you often help each other?
你们经常互相帮助吗？
We are interested in one another?s work.
我们对彼此的工作感兴趣。
三、随堂监测A组
I. 选择填空：
1．This dictionary is not hers. It?s _______.
A. I
B. me
C. mine
D. my
2. --- Is this ______ magazine? --- No, it isn?t. It?s ________.
A. your, her
B. hers, mine
C. yours, hers
D. your, hers
3. There are two books on the desk. One is a maths book, _______ is an English book.
A. others
B. other
C. the other
D. another
4. _______ of the girls plays tennis well.
A. Neither
B. Both
C. All
D. Some
5. Mary speaks very quickly. _______ is difficult to understand what she is saying.
A. That
B. she
C. It
D. There
6. The school was built by the villagers _______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. them
D. themselves
7. He put a finger into ______ mouth and sucked it.
A. his
B. he
C. him
D. his?s
8. He is always ready to help ______.
A. another
B. others
C. the other
D. other
9. Let _______ do this exercise myself.
A. him
B. her
C. us
D. me
10. Have you _______ to tell us?
A. important something
B. something important
C. important anything
D. anything important
11. I met an old friend of ______ on ______ way home.
A. mine, my
B. my, the
C. mine, a
D. mine, the
12. ______ of the students in our class has a ticket.
A. Every
B. Both
C. Each
D. All
13. There are several books on the desk.. _____ of them is English.
A. All
B. Both
C. None
D. Neither
14. _______ live in Shanghai.
A. We
B. Our
C. Ours
D. Ourselves
15. --- Is this ______ jacket? --- Yes, it?s _______.
A. her, her
B. her, hers
C. hers, her
D. hers, hers
16. --- _______ is that boy? --- He?s my son.
A. Who
B. Whom
C. What
D. Which
17. _______ humans ______ animals can live without air.
A. Both, and
B. Neither, nor
C. Either, or
D. Not only, but also
18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, ______ are for the students.
A. the other
B. other
C. the others
D. others
19. My dictionary is in my bag. Where is _______?
A. yours
B. you
C. yourself
D. your
20. I think you can do the job ______.
A. yourself
B. myself
C. himself
D. your
21. --- Which jacket is Mary?s? --- The red one is _______.
A. she
B. her
C. hers
D. his
22. My uncle was so angry that he was no ______ when he found I was beating his dog.
A. him
B. his
C. himself
D. he
23. There are many trees on ______ side of the street.
A. all
B. both
C. every
D. each
24. _____ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A. There
B. That
C. This
D. It
25. She can?t find ______ watch.
A. hers
B. it
C. her
D. it?s
26. There is ______ milk in the glass.
A. many
B. little
C. few
D. a few
27. Please pass ______ the cap of tea.
A. me
B. my
C. mine
D. I
28. Have you heard from ______ recently?
A. them
B. they
C. themselves
D. their
29. There is _____water in the bottle.
A. not
B. some
C. any
D. many
30. There isn?t ______ food left on the table.
A. many
B. few
C. much
D. little
31. Sorry, I can?t answer your question. I know ______ about the news.
A. a little
B. little
C. few
D. a few
32. This is his schoolbag, ______ is on the desk.
A. my
B. yours
C. your
D. you
33. We made the radio ______.
A. us
B. ourselves
C. myself
D. our
34. Would please give me ______ hot tea?
A. one
B. little
C. some
D. any
35. --- Would you like some milk in your tea? --- Yes, just _______.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
36. This question is so difficult that ______ students can answer it.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
37. They have only _________ homework for Sunday.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
38. They told us about their school and we told them about_______.
A. we
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d511803356.html,
C. our
D. ours
39. This blue suit looks better than the green ________.
A. /
B. one
C. suits
D. ones
40. _________ is your father ,a worker or a teacher?
A. How
B. Which
C. What
D. Who
四、随堂监测B组
II. 中考题集：
1．--- Whose painting is this? It?s really wonderful!
--- Oh, it?s not ________ . It?s _________ .
A. hers; your
B. mine; Elsa?s
C. yours; he?s
D. his; my
2．_________ of the twins went to watch Peking Opera last Sunday.
They were staying at home all that day.
A. Either
B. Both
C. Neither
D. One
3．The English novel is quite easy for you. There are __________ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
4．This ruler is mine. __________ is over there.
A. She
B. She?s
C. Her
D. Hers
5．I?ll tell you ________ news about the sports meeting.
A. many
B. some
C. a few
6．All the boys were very tired, but _______ of them would take a rest.
A. all
B. neither
C. any
D. none
7．Every day Mr. Hu checks _________ homework and corrects the mistakes we make.
A. his
B. her
C. our
D. its
8．--- When shall we meet again, this afternoon or tonight?
--- I don?t mind. _________ time is OK.
A. Either
B. Every
C. Neither
D. Both
9．The old man has two sons. One is a worker ; ________ is a teacher.
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. the other
10．Pass _________ the knife, please. My pencil is broken.
A. I
B. me
C. my
D. mine
11．--- Which do you prefer, orange juice or coke?
--- _________, thanks. I?d like just a cup of tea.
A. Either
B. Neither
C. Both
D. None
12．Bob couldn?t buy the dictionary because he had _________ money with him.
A. a few
B. few
C. a little
D. little
13．This is not my dictionary. It?s ________.
A. her
B. his
C. your
D. their
14．--- Oh! I came n a hurry and forgot to bring food.
--- Never mind. You can have _________ .
A. us
B. ours
C. you
D. yours
15．--- The watch is so nice! Is it for ________?
--- Yes. Happy birthday. Mary!
--- Thank you very much.
A. his
B. me
C. my
D. hers
16．--- May I use your pen?
--- Yes, here are two and you can use ________ of them.
A. both
B. every
C. any
D. either
17．--- Whose book is this?
--- It?s ________ .
A. my
B. mine
C. me
D. I
18．--- How many more oranges can I have ?
--- You can have one more. __________ are for Tom.
A. The others
B. Another
C. Others
D. The other
19．--- Can I talk to you for a minute, Brain?
--- Sure, I have _______ time.
A. a few
B. little
C. few
D. a little
20．Their English teacher is from America, but ________ is from England.