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8B Unit 1 Past and present
past n. 意为“过去” in the past 过去（过去时）in the past few years 在过去的几年中present n. 现在，目前at present 目前n.礼物
in the future 未来；将来
Comic strip ＆Welcome to the unit
1、It was in the bowl an hour ago一个小时之前在碗里的an hour ago 一小时前in the bowl在碗里
2. I've just eaten it.我刚才把它吃了。(eat-ate-eaten)
just adv. 意为“刚才” 常与完成时连用。他们刚刚到达。They have just arrived.
注意：just now 意为“刚才”，相当于“a moment ago”通常与一般过去时连用。
我刚才去了图书馆。I went to the library just now.
3. You used to share food with me! 你过去常与我分享食物！
●used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，表示过去的习惯。本身已是过去时态，没有人称和数的变化，
暗含现在已不再如此。
1) 他的父母过去住在乡下。His pare2nts used to live in the countryside.
2) Tom 过去常常早起，不是吗？Tom used to get up early, didn't he?/ usedn't he?
●be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
My father is used to reading newspapers after dinner.
●be used to do 被用来做…… A pen is used to write with.笔是用来写的。
●share sth. with sb.和….分享…
4. You used to be so kind to me. 你过去对我那么好。be kind to sb. 对…友好
5. go to school by bike = ride a bike to school 骑自行车去学校
6. It took a long time to wait for the next one.等下一辆公共汽车要花费很长时间。
wait for the next one 等下一辆车
7. go to school by bus= take a bus to school= go to school on the bus 乘公交车去学校
Reading
8. know sunshine town very well对阳光镇很了解know…very well 非常了解…
9. since I was born自我出生以来be born 出生since 引导原因状语从句，不可与so连用。
10. move house 搬家
11. live in the northern part of town住在城镇的北部
south南方→southern南部的east东部→eastern东部的west →western north →northern
to the north of 在……北面（范围之外） in the north of 在……北部（范围之内）
on the north of 在……北边（接壤）
Our school is to the north of the times supermarket .我们学校在时代超市北面。
Beijing is in the north of China.北京在中国北部。
Shandong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东位于江苏北面。
12. When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then.
➢get married 结婚get married to sb.= marry sb.= be married to sb. 和某人结婚
marry sb. to sb.把某人嫁给某人
➢move two blocks away 搬到两个街区以外since then 从那以后
13. change a lot改变许多
14. over the years 在这些年期间(现在完成时)
15. in the town centre= in the centre of the town在镇中心
16. turn…into… 把…变成…
①Heat turns water into vapor .热使水变成蒸气。②Turn this sentence into English.
turn on打开turn off关turn up调高turn down调低turn around转身
by turns轮流地in turn依次turn in 上交It’s one’s turn to do sth.
17. a steel factory 一家钢铁厂
water pollution水污染air pollution空气污染noise pollution噪音污染
18. put the waste into the river把废料扔进河put away 收好put on 穿上put off 推迟/延期
19. realize the problem意识到问题
19. take action to improve the situation采取行动改善情况20. much cleaner 干净得多
21. in some ways 在某种程度上in this way以这种方式on the way (to )在……的路上
by the way 顺便说下no way 没门in any way 无论如何
若形容词是描述行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb.。
若形容词仅仅是描述事物,用for sb.，difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。see each other as often as before和过去一样频繁的见到彼此
26. play cards and Chinese chess 打牌，下中国象棋
27. feel a bit lonely from time to time 有时感到有点孤
➢feel a bit lonely 感到有点孤单from time to time=at times=sometimes有时
➢ a bit和a little “稍微”、“有点” ,修饰形容词、副词。在肯定句中可以互换.
➢ a little 直接修饰不可数名词;而a bit修饰名词时,其后须加上of,构成“a bit of+n.”结构。
例如: He knows a bit of French.
➢ a bit和a little的否定式意义正好相反。not a bit=not at all,意为“毫不”;而not a little=very much,
意为“非常”,“很”。例如: He is not a bit tired.他一点不累。He is not a little tired.他很累。
➢ a few/few用在复数可数名词之前，little/a little用在不可数名词之前。
He took a few biscuits. (肯定) He took few biscuits(否定)
He took a little butter. ((肯定) He took little butter. (否定)
28. the amazing changes 令人惊奇的改变
29. because of being alone 因为独自一人.
lonely, alone的区别：
lonely作表语，表示心灵内部的孤独寂寞,lonely修饰地点时，意：“荒凉的，偏僻的”。
alone指单独、独自的意思，作表语。例如：He is alone, but he never feels lonely.
30. a group of buildings with streets on all sides街道两边全是高楼31. all one’s life 一生
Grammar
32. repair over ten bicycles 修十多辆自行车33.the changes in Beijing北京的变化
34. over the past century上个世纪期间35.learn more about更多了解关于……
36 hear about/of 听说hear from sb. 收到某人来信37. plan to do sth.计划做某事
Integrated skills
38. clean and fresh air干净新鲜空气39.living condition居住环境
40. railway station火车站41. travel to and from the town by bus乘公交进出城镇
42. another big change 另一个大变化43. move into new flats搬进新的公寓move out of…搬出…
44. return from the USA 从美国回来return sth. to sb. 把某物归还给某人
45. go abroad 出国，去国外at home or abroad在国内外
46. at primary school 在小学47.keep in touch with each other互相保持联络
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d819181838.html,municate by email 通过电子邮件交流
49.make communication much easier使沟通更容易communicate with sb.和某人保持联系
Study Skills
50. be/get used to (doing) sth 习惯于（干）某事get used to the changes of life 习惯了生活的变化
51. take place发生（有目的有计划的）、举行happen发生(偶然发生)
52. green hills all around 到处都是绿山
53. a river runs through the centre of town 一条小河穿过镇中心
54. on one’s own = by oneself = alone独自
Task
55、throw rubbish扔垃圾56、in some large open spaces在一些大的开阔的地方
57、in their free time 在他们业余时间58、travel around the town在镇里转转
59、have their own cars= have cars of their own有他们自己的汽车
60.narrow and dirty roads 又窄又脏的公路61.wide and clean streets宽阔而干净的街道
62.green trees on both sides两边绿树63.enjoy a comfortable life享受舒服的生活
Unit 2 Travelling
Comic strip & Welcome to the unit词组：
1. go to sp for a/one’s holiday去某地度假go to South Hill for my holiday be on holiday在度假
2. have been to sp去过某地（已经回来）Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗？
have gone to sp去了某地（还没回来）He has gone to Shanghai 已经去了上海
3. join sb in doing sth加入某人去做某事join us/you
4.get ready for sth. 为……做好准备get ready to do sth.
5. I am getting all my things. 我正在收拾东西。
6. take the bag拿上包take sth. with sb.随身携带
7. I don’t think it’ll be a holiday for me. I don’t think it’s a good idea.
8. the capital of …的首都
9. What’s special about this book? 这本书有什么特别的？
10. come from a story by sb来自某人写的一个故事
11.place of interest 名胜Can you tell me some places of interest in Nanjing?
be interested in … 对……感兴趣I am interested in Chinese.
Reading词组：
1. see each other 互相见面
2.miss sb. very much 非常想念某人
miss v. 1)思念；想念When I studied in USA，I miss my parents very much.
2) 错过，没赶上Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
n. 小姐，后接姓氏时，常常大写This is my English teacher, Miss li.
3. I have been in Hong Kong for two months. 我来香港已经两个月了。
4. have a fantastic/good/nice/wonderful time=have fun=enjoy oneself玩得愉快
5. spend the whole day at Disneyland在迪斯尼度过一整天all the people所有的人
spend v 1）度过I spent my winter holiday in Hainan.
2) 花费spend + 时间/金钱on + 东西
spend + 时间/金钱（in) doing something
I spent an hour on my homework yesterday. I spent an hour in doing my homework yesterday.
6. We got to the park by underground.
get to sp.=reach sp.=arrive at/in sp. 到达某地(没有目的地只用arrive)
7. on Space Mountain在太空山an indoor roller coaster一个室内过山车
8. It moved at high speed and was really exciting.
move at high speed高速运行(speed –过去时speeded/ sped- 过去分词speeded/ sped)
speed n. 速度短语：at the speed of …以……的速度
It moves at the speed of fifty kilometers an hour. 它以每小时五十公里的速度移动。
Please drive at a safe speed. 请以安全的速度行驶。
9. scream and laugh through the ride全程都在尖叫大笑through the ride在行程中
10.hurry to a restaurant to have a quick meal
(动词)hurry to sp/ go to sp in a hurry(名词) in a hurry 在匆忙之中
hurry to do sth=be in a hurry to do sth.=do sth. in a hurry=do sth. hurriedly匆忙做某事
11. On the way 在路上on the way to + 地点在去……的路上
on one’s way to + 地点在某人去……的路上注意：遇到home/here/there 等地点副词时省略to
I met an old friend on my way home. 在回家的路上我遇到了一个老朋友。
12. such as/for example例如
For example, twice two is equal to four. 例如，二加二等于四。
Sally likes fruits very much, such as apples, oranges and strawberries.
13. a parade of Disney characters迪士尼人物的游行
later in the afternoon=in the late afternoon下午迟些时候
14.the best part of the day 这天最好部分
15.run after sb.追赶某人can’t stop doing =can’t help doing 禁不住做某事
When he listened to the story, Jim couldn’t help laughing. 听这个故事时，吉姆忍不住笑了。
Stop to do something停下来去做另一件事Stop doing something停止正在做的……
Please stop to listen to the teacher. 请停下来听老师讲。
The students stopped talking and laughing when they saw the teacher.
take photos拍照can't stop taking photos不停地拍照片
16. be like magic像魔法一样
magic n. 魔术Do you like Liu Qian’s magic? 你喜欢刘谦的魔术吗？
magical adj魔法的；有魔力的；迷人的The world is full of magical things.
17. We could even smell the apple pie and feel the wind. 我们甚至能闻到苹果派的香味，感觉风在吹。
感官动词smell/feel/sound/taste/look + 形容词
The flowers smell wonderful. The food tastes good.
18.go shopping=do some shopping 买东西
19. buy sb. sth./ buy sth. for sb. 为某人买couple n.两人，两件事物，几个人；几件事物
a couple of = a pair of 一双；一对 a couple of key rings 一对钥匙环
The couple arrived at the party very early. We met in Moscow a couple of weeks ago.
20.near/at the end of 将近/在…结束的时候in the end=finally 最后by the end of到..为止
21.watch the fireworks in front of …在…前面观看焰火
22. during your stay there (名词) 在你待在那期间stay at home (动词) 待在家
let me have a look at sth.让我看一下某物Here’s one for you. 这个是送给你的。
Grammar词组：
1. 去某地开会go to sp to attend a meeting
2. 参加会议attend a meeting
3. 在沙滩上玩play on the sand
4. 顺便说一下by the way
5. 邀请某人去野餐invite sb to go for a picnic
6. 去野餐go for a picnic /have a picnic
7. 电影已经开始20分钟了。The film has been on for 20 minutes.
8. 游行结束好几小时了。The parade has been over for hours.
9. Kitty来香港两天了。Kitty has been in Hongkong for two days.
10. 自从上周二他就离开家了。He has been away from home since last Tuesday.
11. 这本书我已经借了好几天了。I have kept this book with me for a few days.（不能用borrow）
12. Simon自从去年就加入足球俱乐部了。Simon has been in / a member of the Football Club since last year.
13. 他们结婚15年了。They have been married for 15 years.
14. 这些鱼死了有一段时间了。These fish have been dead for some time.
15. 在寒假第一天on the first day of the winter holiday
Integrated skills词组:
1. 旅行的地方places for traveling
2. 中国园林Chinese gardens
3. 自然景观places of natural beauty
4. 海滨城市seaside cities
5. 主题公园theme parks
6. 提一些在中国旅游的建议give some advice on travelling in China
7. 全年去那儿go there all year round(during the whole year)
8. 水上运动water sports 9. 在任何季节in any season
10.It is dangerous to climb mountains on cold and snowy days.在寒冷的雪天爬山是危险的。
11. 去那最好的时节是在春天或秋天。The best time to go there is in spring and autumn.
12. 可能会下雨。There may be some rain. / It may be rainy. / It may rain.
13.在一年的那个时刻at that time of year
14. 有一些关于五一节的计划have some plans for the May Day holiday
15. 去某地出差go to sp on business
16. 乘直达航班去某地take a direct flight to sp
17. 坐飞机去成都要多久？How long does it take to fly to Chengdu?
18. 跟我爸爸给你核实一下check it for you with my dad
补充知识点：
1. see sb. playing on the sand看到某人正在沙滩上玩
see somebody doing sth 看到某人正在做
see somebody do sth 看到某人做某事的过程或经常看到某人做某事
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. Jim often sees Mary help others.
play on the sand在沙滩上玩
2. die v 死亡His grandfather died last week.
death n 死亡He cried after knowing his grandfather’s death.
dying 动词现在分词；形容词奄奄一息的，垂死的
His grandfather is dying. 他的爷爷快过世了。
dead 形容词死的His grandfather has been dead for three years.
3. 1)Except 与besides
都可表示“除外”，但besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有……”；而except 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有……”。如：
Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except his wife. 除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
2)关于except 与except for：
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而except for是"除了因为……;要不是……;除去……一点外"的意思,表示"对一个人或事物,先做一个整体评价,然后再就局部提出一点看法"。即一部分被肯定,另一部分被否定,这就是所谓的"排除否定式"。其判别标志是:除去的与保留的"不是同类项"。
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。4：in front of (在某物外部的前面）There are two trees in front of the classroom.
in the front of (在某物内部的前面）There are a teacher’s desk in the front of the classroom.
Task
. 1. 动身去机场leave for the airport 动身去某地，前往某地leave for sp
2. 在一大早in the early morning
3. 坐飞机去香港花了我们三个半小时。It took us three and a half hours to fly to Hongkong.
4. 爱看有趣的迪士尼人物游行love watching the interesting parade of Disney characters
5. 看海豚表演watch the dolphin show
6. 看鸟表演watch the bird show
7. 给我们的亲戚们买了很多礼物buy a lot of presents for our relatives
8. 吃了一顿美食have a delicious meal
9. 我希望有一天我能再次来这儿玩I hope I can visit it again some day.
10. 坐飞机去某地take a plane to sp / take a flight to sp
go to sp by air / plane go to sp on a plane
8B unit 3 online tours网上旅行
Welcome to the unit
1、look like 看起来像（指长相，即可指人也可指物）
eg: The man looks like our English teacher. eg. The strange thing looks like a plate.
区分：What do/does sb. look like? 问长相=How do/does sb. look?
What be sb. like? 问品质
What do/does sb. like? 问喜好
2. agree with sb. on sth.同意某人观点agree to do sth同意做某事disagree不同意
3. 遥控器
4.
4.现在分词：cha tt ing
5.do word processing做文字处理
6.send and receive emails收发电子邮件
(1) send 发送send sb. sth.=send sth. to sb.把某物寄给/送给某人
(2) receive 收到，接到receive emails 接收邮件
区分：receive 与accept receive 客观(被动地)收到accept 主观接受
I received a bunch of flower, but I didn't accept it.
7. 看录像
8.为何目的，为何理由？=Why? What did you do that for?=Why did you do that?
9.
11. 你多久用电脑来做一次这个？
How often do you use your computer for this?
How often do you use your computer to do this? 多频繁(对频率提问) how often
12. almost every day几乎每天
13. I have no idea.＝I’ve no idea.＝I don’t know.我不知道。
14. turn on the TV →turn on/off打开/关闭…，turn up/down调大/调低；都是“动词＋副词”。Reading
1. Around the World in Eight Hours 八小时环游世界
2. I’m your tour guide. 我是你们的导游
3. notice the “tour” icon注意到“tour”这个图标
notice sb do sth注意到某人做了某事notice sb doing sth注意到某人正在做某事
3. at the top of the page在本页上方at the bottom of 在……底部
4. click 点击click（及物动词）sth. =click(不及物动词) on sth. 点击
5. in eight hours在八小时内（后, 用将来时）
6. 举世闻名的贸易中心
7. …..南端
8. 很多大型的公司和国际银行
9. further on再往前
10.thousands of 数以千计的hundred, thousand, million等表示确指时（前面有具体的数字），用单数；表泛指（前面
of eg. three thousand hundreds of
gather here在新年前夜聚集在这
11. It’s exciting to see the huge glass ball falling through the darkness. 看到大玻璃球在黑夜中落下令人很兴奋。
(1) see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
eg. When I passed by the KFC, I saw many children eating hamburgers and chips in it.
see sb. do sth.看见某人做了某事（强调动作发生的全过程）
（2）through the darkness穿过黑夜
12. With several lakes, hills and a large green lawn, it’s a good place to relax after a hard day’s work.
(1) 一个放松的好地方a good place to relax
relax 放松，休息relax oneself放松自己
动词三单：relaxes 形容词：relaxed 修饰人relaxing 修饰物
(2) 在辛苦工作一天后after a hard day’s work 30小时的火车车程thirty hours’ train ride
(3) 一大片绿草地a large green lawn
13. Don’t miss Broadway.不要错过百老汇。
14. It has been famous for its theatres since the early twentieth century
(1) 因……而出名be famous/ known for 作…而出名be famous as+职业被….所熟知be famous to sb
He is famous to the people all over the world.他被全世界的人所熟知.
自从20世纪早期since the early twentieth century
15. 听说过“Memory”这首歌hear of the song “Memory”
收到某人的来信hear from sb get/receive a letter from sb.
16. 著名的百老汇音乐剧《猫》the famous Broadway musical Cats
17.关于纽约就讲这么多So much for New York
so much for sth.关于......就讲这么多，......到此为止So much for the new words.生词就学到这里。
18. at the bottom of the page在页面底端pick another city选择另一个城市捡起来/ 去(机场)接某人pick up
开始你的新旅程start your new tour
19. a play filled with many songs有很多歌的剧本be filled with / be full of充满
20. fewer than / less than少于more than / over多于
buy tickets to different places买去不同地方的票fall from the sky从空中落下
gather there to welcome the New Year聚集到那迎接新年world-famous / famous / well-known著名的the activity of buying and selling买卖的活动What is the website called? 这个网站叫什么？
give people online tours给人们提供在线旅行on Manhattan Island在曼哈顿岛Grammar
1. the other day前几天dream of / about doing sth梦想做某事The boy dreams of becoming a pilot.
通过在线旅游实现你的梦想
给我展示了一次在线美国旅游
return from the USA从美国回来return from sp从某地回来return to sp 回到某地
2. take part in =join in +比赛/活动
join +党派/组织/sb./trip/walk join sb. in doing sth.加入某人做某事的行列
Integrated skills & Study skills
1.
2. 再往页面的底部
4.
5. 看起来像是一艘有很多帆的船look like a ship with many sails
6. 进行一次在线旅行take an online tour 带某人进行一次网上旅游take sb on an online tour
7. 在网站上on the website
8. 看到一座叫做“悉尼歌剧院”的神奇建筑
9. 澳大利亚的季节与我们的相反。
Australian adj.澳大利亚（人）的名词：
10. 介意做某事mind doing sth 介意某人做某事mind one’s doing sth (中间用形物主代)
介意给我展示如何开始在线旅游mind showing me how to start this online tour
介意我打开窗子mind my opening the window(中间用形物代)
Do you mind doing sth.? 介意：You’d better not .
不介意：Not at all. /Of course not. /Certainly not.
14. 当然不Of course not.
15. 不客气，很乐意My pleasure. / It’s my pleasure.（名词）
16. an online course
18. 预定票和酒店book tickets and hotels 19. 订餐order meals
20. 在日常交流中用英语use English in daily communication 日常英语daily English
21. If/as soon as/until/when引导条件状语从句，主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。
eg. If you don’t hurry up, you’ll miss the train.
注：if表“是否”时，该用什么时态用什么时态。
I don’t know if he will come to my birthday party tomorrow.If he comes, I will call you.
TASK
1. called 被称作/叫作=named，在句中作后置定语修饰前面的名词eg. I like the cat named / called Mimi.
一个岛国an island country
2. be made up of...由.....组成Our class is made up of fifty students.
区别：be made of 由......制成（能看出原材料）
be made from 由......制成（看不出原材料）
be made in 某物是某地制造的
3. 有着悠久的历史have a long history
4. 国王和女王曾是它的统治者。Kings and queens were once its rulers.
5. 在这个古老的欧洲国家in this old European country (形容词性)
6. 很多宫殿和城堡many palaces and castles
7. 它已经成为国王和女王的住所很长时间了。It has been the home of kings and queens for a long time.
8. The UK has always been famous for its museums.
9.
10. 很多自然美景
11.
12. 参观的最好时节the best time to visit
13. 那里的天气多变The weather changes often there.
14. 上一分钟晴天，下一分钟就可能下雨。It is sunny one minute but rainy the next.
15. 为……准备prepare for…
prepare to do sth.准备做某事
16. 用英镑，而不是人民币或美元use pounds, not RMB or dollars
重点句子
1. What do you usually use your computer for? 你通常用电脑干什么？
I usually use it to search for information.我通常用它来搜寻信息。
2. Have you noticed the “Tour” icon at the top of the page? 你注意到这一页顶部的“Tour”键吗？
3. Just click on it, and you can visit Asia ,Africa , Europe ,America and more in only eight hours.
只要你点它一下，你就能在八小时内参观亚洲，非洲，欧洲，美洲和更多的地方。
3. Every year, thousands of people gather here on New Year’s Eve. 每年新年前夜，数以千计的人们聚集在那里。
4. It’s exciting to see the huge glass ball falling through the darkness!看巨大的球在黑暗中落下，真是太让人兴奋了！
5. It has been famous for its theatres since the early twentieth century.自从二十世纪早期以来，它就以它的剧院而出名。
6. It’s a good place to relax after a hard day’s work. 在辛苦一天的工作之后，它是一个放松的好地方。
7. In the centre of the island is Central Park. （倒装句）岛的中心是中央广场。
8. With several lakes, hills and a large green lawn, it’s a good place to relax after a har d day’s work.
(公园内)有几片湖泊、几座小山以及一大片草坪，是人们辛苦工作一天后放松的好地方。
9.Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without a passport ?你曾经梦想没有护照周游世界吗？
10. 要了解一座城市，只要在这一页顶部的菜单里找到它并点击。
To learn about a city, just find it in the menu at the top of the page and click on it.
11. Would/do you mind doing …? 你介意做……吗？
12. ——你介意给我演示如何开始这次网上旅行吗？——当然不（介意）。
---Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour? ---Of course not.
13. ——感谢你的帮助。——不用谢，这是我乐意的。---Thanks for your help. --- My pleasure./ It’s my/ a pl easure.
14. Australian seasons are the opposite of ours.澳大利亚的季节与我们的相反。
15. Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour ?你介意向我们展示如何开始在线旅游吗？
16. There are many palaces and castles in this European country.在这欧洲国家有许多宫殿和城堡。
17. Our class is made up of 22 boys and 30 girls .我们班有22个男生和30个女生。
18. Wall Street, the world-famous trade centre, is here at the southern end of Manhattan Island.
华尔街，闻名于世的贸易中心，位于曼哈顿的最南端。
8B Unit4 A good read
★Welcome to the unit
1. Have you decided what to do with these books? 你已经决定怎样处理这些书了吗？
do with意思是：“对付，处理”，相当于及物动词，在特殊疑问句中，do with 与what 搭配使用。
例：What do you do with this problem? 你怎样处理这个问题？
拓展：deal with也意为“对付，处理”，用于特殊疑问句中，与how 搭配使用。
。被动语态：sth. be used to do sth.
2）reach 为及物动词，意为“够到，到达” I’m too short to reach the apple on the tree. 我太矮了，够不着树上的苹果。
3. They improve my knowledge of the past. 它们提高我对过去的认识。
She has a rich knowledge of Chinese history. 她对中国的历史了解很深。
have no knowledge of对….一无所知
have a knowledge of有某方面的知识He has a wide knowledge of painting.他在绘画方面知识渊博。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。获得知识get/gain knowledge, 没有learn knowledge说法
3.What do you like to do in your spare time? 你空闲时间喜欢干什么？
in one’s spare/free time 在某人的空闲时间里
spare/ free是形容词，意为“空闲的，多余的”, 例：How do you spend your spare time? 你怎样度过你的空余时间？拓展：spare也可作为动词，意思是：为…留出，匀出
例：Please spare some time for your hobbies. 请为你的爱好留出一点时间。
其他短语：
1. a good read 一本好的读物
2.I didn’t know you liked books.我原来不知道你喜欢书。
3. a book about Germany in World WarⅡ一本关于二战时的德国的书
4. be interested in history books 对历史书感兴趣
5. read novels and plays 阅读小说和戏剧
6. the book by the French writer 那个法国作家的一本书
7. The story of the ugly man really touched me.这个丑男的故事真正地感动了我。touch sb. 感动某人
8. give them to me 把它们给我
9. me too我也是(肯定句) me neither 我也不（否定句）
★ Reading
1. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. 在我们的船触礁以后，我尽可能远地向前游。（1）against是介词，意思是：靠着、顶着、迎着、衬着，反对，和…比赛
例：The teacher’s desk is against the wall.
We’ll play bas ketball against Class 3 tomorrow.
（2）as far a s 意为：与…一样远、一直到，
例：We walked as far as the river. 我们一直走到河边。
拓展：as far as也可表示为“就…而言，从…来看，尽…所能” as far as one can 尽可能地远例：We’ll help you as far as it is possible. 我们会尽可能帮助你。
swim as far as one can 奋力前游
（3）crash against the rocks 撞到岩石
2.By the time I finally felt the land under my feet, I was tired out.我能感觉到陆地在我的脚下，我已经精疲力竭了。by the time 到…..时候be tired out精疲力竭
例：Those players were tired out after the fierce match. 那些队员在那场激烈的比赛之后感到精疲力竭了。
拓展：be tired of 对...感到厌倦; be tired with 因...而疲劳
I am tired of living aboard. 我厌烦了国外的生活。
He was tired with climbing that steep hill.我爬那座陡山爬累了.
3.It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face.它在我肚子和脖子上移动直到它站在离
我脸很近的地方。
(1)move up over my stomach and neck在我肚子和脖子上移动
(2)until 意思是“直到”，表示某一种动作一直持续到某一时间。用在肯定句中，句子的谓语动词必须用延续性动词。Not…until意为“直到…才”，表示直到某一时间，某一动作才发生，之前该动作并没有发生。用在否定句中，主句中的谓语动词通常是短暂性动词。
例：I studied English until 9 o’clock last night. 昨晚我学英语直到九点钟。（表示九点前一直在学）
I didn’t leave until 9 o’clock last night. 我昨晚直到九点钟才离开。（表示九点才离开）
4. He was t he same size as my little finger. 他和我的小手指一样大。
the same…as…意思是“与…一样…”，这里as 是连词。例：
My dress is the same color as yours. 我的长裙和你的颜色一样。
5. However, they soon got up again and continued moving across my body. 但是，他们很快又起身，并继续在我身上移动。
continue to do强调停下手头的事情（后）继续做某事，doing就是不停做某事
eg：I continued to write my book when I had finished my homework.
I continued writting my book after a short rest.
6. I did not know what to say either. I tried to pull one hand free and finally managed to break the ropes.
说什么。我尽量空出一只手并且最终设法弄断了绳子。
1) either是副词，用于否定句中作“也”解释，通常置于句末。Either还可以用来强调否定含义的短语。
例：I don’t like the red shirt and I don’t like the green either. 我不喜欢这件红色衬衫我也不喜欢这件绿色的。
As for me, I shall not return there either. 如果是我，我也不会回到那儿去。
拓展：either用作代词，意为“（两者之中）任一、任何一个”，在句中作主语时谓语动词用单数，用作定语时，只能修饰单数名词。
例：Either of the books is popular with the students. 两本书中任何一本都受到学生的欢迎。
2) manage意为“设法完成，管理”，名词为management manage to do sth. 设法做成了某事
例：How did you manage to get their approval? 你怎样得到他们同意的？
其他词组
1. fall down on the beach 倒在沙滩上
2. go to sleep睡觉
3. wake up醒来wake me up wake up the man
4.My arms, legs and hair were tied to the ground.我的胳膊、腿和头发被拴在地上。be tied to the ground 被绑在地上
5.feel something on my leg感觉腿上有东西
6. look down向下看
7. the tiny person小人
8. make them fall over 使他们摔倒
9.continue moving across my body 继续在我身上移动10. shout at them朝他们大叫
11.try to pull one hand free试着挣脱一只手12.begin doing / to do sth . 开始做某事
13. manage to break the ropes 设法弄断绳子14. lift my left hand into the air 把我的左手举到空中15. a huge army of tiny people 一大群小人16. come straight towards me 向我直冲过来
17. run away from them 逃脱他们run/ get away from 从….. 逃走
18. I didn’t know ho w to get away. 我不知道怎么逃脱。
19. keep doing something 不间断地做某事17. find himself unable to move 发现他自己不能动弹
18. stand on his shoulder站在他的肩膀上19. communicate with the small men 和那些小人交流
20. hold things together with ropes用绳子把东西捆在一起
★Grammar
1. 疑问词+不定式（to do）
疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, what, which, whose和疑问副词when, where, how, why。此外，连接词whether也适用。“疑问词+不定式”结构有下列五种功能：
⑴当主语，如：
When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. 何时开会还没有定下来。
Where to live is a problem. 住哪里是个问题。
⑵当宾语，如：
We must know what to say at a meeting. 我们必须知道在会上说些什么。
He could not tell whom to trust. 他无法分辨该信任谁。
⑶当表语，如：
The problem is where to find the financial aid. 问题是到哪找到财政援助。
⑷当名词同位语，如：
Tom had no idea which book to read first. 汤姆不知道先读哪本书。
⑸当宾语补足语，如：
Jim is not sure whose to choose. 吉姆不确定选择谁的。
Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not. 玛丽和约翰不确定是否要结婚。
适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：
know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder,
understand等。
有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如：
I could not decide which dictionary to buy. = I could not decide which dictionary I should buy. 我不能决定买哪本字典。 Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher.=Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
杰克不知道到哪能找到这样一个好老师。
有些动词，如ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词”结构。例如：
Have you told him where to get the application form? 你告诉他哪里领申请表了吗？
2. must和have to的用法。
区别1：must多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事，多译为“必须”，而have to多表示客观存在的环境所限，即客观要求(无奈)而为之，多译为“不得不干某事”。
例：I must clean the room because it is too dirty.（无人强迫）因为太脏了，我必须要打扫房间。
We must be there on time.（责任感的驱使）我们一定准时到达。
I have to do my homework now.（不得不做）我现在不得不做作业。
I have to leave school because my family is poor now.因为家里穷了，我不得不退学。
区别2：must没有时态的变化，而have to有时态的变化。例：
Daming was hurt. The doctor said he had to stay in hospital for about two weeks. His father has to go to take care of him. We don’t have to go to school on Sundays. 星期天我们不必上学。
区别3：must的否定为mustn’t，多表示“禁令”。
例：No! You mustn’t turn left! You must turn right into The Strand.不！你不能向左转！你应该向右转进入到strand中。由must引起的疑问句，肯定回答要用must或have to，否定回答要用needn’t或don’t have to，意思是“不必”；
此用法在中考中的单选题中容易出现！
例：1）—Must I finish my homework before eight o’clock?—Yes, you must.
我必须要在8点之前完成作业吗？是的，必须。
2）—Must I attend the meeting?—No, you needn’t/ don’t have to. You can ask Tom to go instead.
我必须要参加这次会议吗？不。你不必。你可以让汤姆替你去。
词组：
1. talk to him about the book 和他讲这本书
2. advise us which to choose as after-school activities 建议我们选择哪些作为课外活动
3. teach oneself how to use a computer to draw 自学怎么用电脑画画
4. Have you decided which to read first? 你决定先读哪个了吗？
5. find out how to travel around the world in such a short time 弄清楚怎么能在如此短的时间内环游世界
6. hand in the report 上交报告
7. I’m still not sure what to write about in the report. 我仍然不确定在报告中该写什么。
8. write anything about your book 写关于你的书的任何东西
9. and so on 等等10. read some reviews about the book 读一些关于这本书的评论
11. keep the books clean and tidy 使书保持干净整洁12. return the books on time按时还书
13. renew the books 续借这些书
14. remember to bring your library/ student card 记得带上你的借书证/学生证
Integrated skills & Study skills
1. All the British publishing houses refused to publish it. 所有的英国出版社都拒绝出版。
refuse是动词，及物动词或不及物动词，意思是“拒绝，回绝”。一般形式为refuse+to do sth. 或refuse sth.\ sb.
例：We asked him to come, but he refused. 我们叫他来, 可是他拒绝了。
He refused to change his mind. 他拒绝改变主意。She refused their invitation. 她拒绝了他们的邀请。
2. So far 到目前为止，至今
若强调so far所描述的谓语动作一直持续到现在，谓语动词用现在完成时。
例：So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。
So far 50 people have died in the fighting. 到目前为止，已有50人在战斗中丧生。
若不强调so far所描述的谓语动作一直持续到现在，则只是侧重描述一种客观现象，则可用一般现在时（谓语动词通常为某些状态动词）。如：
So far, it is only talk. 至今还只是空谈。
This is likely to be the biggest conference so far. 这很可能是迄今为止规模最大的一次会议。
3. How many books can I borrow at a time? 一次我能借多少本书？
at a time意思是“一次，每次”，常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。
例：He checked one person at a time as they came in. 当他们进来时，他一个一个地检查。
拓展：at one time一般指“过去某一时期，曾一度（once）”或“同时”的意思。
例：At one time I used to like her, but not any more now. 我曾一度很喜欢她，可现在不喜欢了。
4. For example, Treasure Island tells the story of a young boy who sailed the sea to look for hidden treasure.
比如，《金银岛》讲一个小男孩出海寻找宝藏的故事。
1）look for意为“寻找”，是有目的地找，强调“寻找”这一动作。如：
—What are you looking for？你在找什么？—I'm looking for my bike．我在找我的自行车。
2）find意为“找到”“发现”，强调“找”的结果，其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。如：
—Did you find Li Ming yesterday？你昨天找到李明了吗？
—No，we looked for him everywhere，but didn't find him．没有。我们到处找了，但没有找到他。
拓展：find发现，发觉
例：I didn't find the joke at all amusing. 我认为这笑话一点也不可笑。
3）find out着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“弄清楚”“查明”一件事情，其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。Please find out when the train leaves．请查一下火车什么时候离站。
5. I also want to travel and have exciting experiences in the future. 在将来我也想去旅游并且有激动人心的经历。
1) experience用作名词，表示“经验”“体验”，是不可数名词；而表示“经历”，通常是可数名词。
如：Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。
I know from experience that he will arrive late. 据我的经验，他会迟到的。
He had many interesting experiences while travelling in Africa. 他在非洲旅行时，有很多有趣的经历。
表示做某事的经验，其后接in (of)doing sth.。如：
He has had many years’ experience in (of) wheat planting / planting wheat. 他有多年种小麦的经验。
比较：have experience in (of) teaching＝have teaching experience(教学经验)
2) 用作动词，表示“体验”“经历”等，只用作及物动词。如：
The child had never experienced kindness. 这孩子从未受过善待。
He experienced great hardships for the first time in his life. 他有生以来第一次体验到巨大的艰苦。
3)experienced为形容词，意思是“有经验的”。
他在教初学者方面很有经验。
1. get the idea for the first story on a trip to London 在去伦敦的一次旅途中萌生了第一个故事的想法
2. a great success 一个巨大的成功
3. translate the story into 70 languages 把这个故事翻译成70种语言
4. 400 million copies 4亿册
5. in over 200 countries and areas 在二百多个国家和地区
6. a Canadian writer 一个加拿大的作者
7. search for information on the computer 在网上搜寻信息
8. at a time 一次
9. How long can I keep the books? 我能够借这些书多久？
10. renew them online 在网上续借他们
11. find them really interesting 发现它们真的很有趣
12. sail the sea to look for hidden treasure 航海去寻找隐藏的宝藏
13. the main character in the book 书中的主人公
14. give me a lot of confidence 给我很多自信
15. I’m not as shy as I used to be. 我不再像以前那样害羞了。
Task ＆Self-assessment
1. Who do you usually ask for advice on books? 通常是谁给你读书的建议？
advice为不可数名词，意思是“建议”，可用some，much，a piece of，pieces of等修饰，不能说an advice或many/a few advice，表示“有关……的建议”时，用介词on接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。
例如：Let’s ask for his advice on what to do next. 我们去征求一下他的意见下一步该怎么办。
常见搭配：give advice on对……提出建议
take/follow one’s advice接受某人的建议
ask for advice征求意见
act on one’s advice照某人的建议去做
accept/refuse one’s advice接受（拒绝）某人的建议
offer advice to sb.向某人提供建议
wa nt one’s advice需要某人的建议
动词形式advise，是及物动词．常见搭配：advise sb. to do sth.\ advise doing sth.\ advise that sb. should do sth.
例如；①He advised waiting till the proper time.他建议等到适当时机才行动。
②My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开。
③We advise measures（should）be taken to stop pollution at once.我们建议立即采取措施以阻止污染。
2. They also open up a whole new world to me. 他们也为我开创了一个崭新的世界。
Open up意思是：开启，开创，开辟
一个新的贸易区开发了。
我的阅读习惯 2. different types of books 不同种类的书
3. the four great classical Chinese novels 中国的四大名著
4. opposite my home 在我家对面
5. give me lots of advice on books 给我很多关于书的意见
6. help me relax after a busy day 忙碌一天后帮我放松
7.on weekdays 在工作日at weekends 在周末
Unit 5 Good manners
●考点归纳so...that... such... that... enough to too……to
一、so... that...句型中的so是副词，常常修饰形容词或副词，常用句型为：主语+谓语+so+adj. / adv. + that从句。
1. He is so young that she can't look after herself.
2. He was so angry that he couldn't say a word.
二、在“such... that...”句型中，such修饰名词，意思也是“如此……以致于……”但当名词前有表示数量的many、much、(a) few、(a) little等词修饰时，句子中要用“so...that...”而不能用“such...that...”。例如：
1. He has so much money that he can buy what he wanted.
2. I've had so many falls that I have pains here and there.
但是：There is such a little(小) bird that I can't see it.
如果名词是可数名词单数才要加a 和an, 反过来如果是可数名词单数, 前面一定要加a或an
He is so lazy a boy. / He is such a lazy boy.
She is so lovely a girl that everyone loves her. She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her.
三、so与that也可连起来写，即变成：... so that ...(以便/ 为了……)，引导目的状语从句。例如：
1. I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.
2. Please open the window so that we can breathe fresh air.
四、以“so...that”引导的结果状语从句可以转换成不定式的简单句，即可转换为“...enough to...”或“...too...to”句型，但这种转换必须符合下列条件：
1. 当主句和从句的主语一致，且that从句是肯定句时，可用“enough to do sth.”来转换。例如：
The man is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.→ The man is strong enough to lift the heavy box.
He was so clever that he can understand wha t I said. → He was clever enough to understand what I said.
2. 当主句和从句的主语不一致，且that从句是肯定句时，可以用“enough for sb. to do sth.”来替换，但须注意不定式的宾语要省略。例如：
The question is so easy that I can work it out. → The question is easy enough for me to work out.
The box is so light that he can carry it. → The box is light enough for him to carry.
3. 当主句和从句的主语一致，且that从句是否定句时，可以用“too...to”来替换。例如：
The girl is so young that she can't dress herself. → The girl is too young to dress herself.
I was so tired that I could n't go on with the work. → I was too tired to go on with the work.
4. 当主句和从句的主语不一致，且that从句是否定时，如果要用“too...to...”替换“so...that...”，则用介词for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语，可以用“too...for sb. to do sth.”来替换，注意不定式的宾语要省略。
The bag is so heavy that she can't move it. →The bag is too heavy for her to move.
It is so hot that we can't sleep. → It is too hot for us to sleep.
5. 当that引导的从句为否定式时，若从句主语与主句主语相同, so．．．that可转换为enough to的否定结构；若从句主语与主句主语不相同时，so．．．that可转换为 enough for sb．to 的否定结构。注意：转换后的形容词（副词）要用其相应的反义词。例如：
The man is so old that he can't go to work．→The man isn't young enough to go to work
The desk is so heavy that I can't move it．→The desk isn't light enough for me to move．
6. enough to的句式为否定式时，enough to可以转换为too．．．to结构。但转换后的too．．．to结构中的形容词（副词）要用其相应的反义词。例如：
He is not old enough to do the job. → He is too young to do the job.
Tom didn't walk slowly enough for us to keep up with him．→Tom walked too fast for us to keep up with him.
由中考试题看so...that, too...to 和enough to的转换
1．The water was so dirty that we couldn't drink it．The water was ____ dirty for us ____ drink．（2001上海市）2．The child is so young that he can't put on his clothes． The child isn't ____ ____ ____ put on his clothes．（'99四川宜宾） 3．The problem is too difficult for me to work out． The problem isn't ____ ____ for me to work out．（2001重庆市）
答案：1．too，to 2．old enough to 3．easy enough
●词组
Welcome to the unit
1. good manners 良好的礼仪，有礼貌
2. be old enough to do sth.年龄够大可以做某事
enough放在adj./adv.的后面，n.的前面，如enough money be not…enough to do = be too…to do = so…that从句I’m not old enough to go to school. =I’m too young to go to school. =I’m so young that I can’t go to school.
3. share your things with others和别人分享你的东西 share sth with sb和某人分享某物
4. cut in on sb/sth 打断某人The old man ______ _______ _______their conversation. 老人打断了他们的谈话。(1) cut in 插嘴,打断She likes __________ ______while her teacher is giving a lesson. 老师上课时她爱插嘴
_______ _______ ______ _______ her. Let her continue speaking. 别打断她。让她继续发言。
(2) cut in = push in 插队，加塞
She _______ _______at the head of the line. She _______ _______at the head of the line. 她在列队的最前头插队。Cut词组：
● cut across: 抄进路,走捷径We may as well cut across the playground. 我们不妨从运动场上横穿过去
●cut sth into sth 把某物切成某物。如：First cut the meat into small pieces. 先把肉切成小块。
5. wait for sb. politely 礼貌地等待某人
6. You are never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。
7. drop littler everywhere随处扔垃圾
8. leave the tap running让水龙头一直流着
leave the window open/closed leave the lights on leave sth doing 使…处于某种状态
9. pick flowers in the park在公园里采花
pick up 拾起；搭便车The car stopped to pick me up. 汽车停下来接我。
pick out 选出；挑出；拣出Can you pick out the right one?
10. keep quiet in the library在图书馆里保持安静keep silent
11. obey/follow traffic rules遵守交通规则
12. queue for your turn 排队等候你的顺序
(1) queue v. 排队等候
（2）queue n. in a queue/ in line排成一排jump a queue 插队，不按次序排队
（3）It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事
13. Anything else? 还有其他什么吗？else / other what/who else the other boys
构成短语的所有格else’s My computer is faster than anybody ________in my class.
14. keep the library clean
15. write in the books在书上写字
16.put them back after reading在读完后把它们放回去
put on穿put off推迟put up举起，张贴put up with容忍put out 熄灭put away 放好，收好put back放回Reading
1. invite Jenny to talk about manners in the UK invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事（（常考被动）
invite to sp We'll invite our teachers to our New Year Party next week invitation 名词
2. the proper way to greet people. 和人们打招呼的正确方式
greet sb with…用…..问候She greeted me with a smile.
3. say hello/goodbye/sorry to向……问好/说再见/道歉
4. shake one’s hand 与某人握手shake hands with sb.
5. meet you for the first time 第一次见到你for the first time第一次 at first 首先
6. greet relatives or close friends with a kiss用亲吻和亲戚朋友打招呼用一个亲吻问候人greet sb with a kiss
relatives and close friends 亲朋好友
7. avoid subjects like age, weight or money避免像年龄，体重或金钱那样的话题 weigh v.重达 weight n.重量
avoid (talking about) subjects like age or weight
avoid后常跟v.ing形式，构成avoid doing sth.结构，意为“避免做某事”。You should avoid eating such unhealthy food.
8. behave politely in public在公共场所举止礼貌
the public n. 民众，群体 e.g. The palace is now open to the public.
in public 公开地，在别人面前 e.g. Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟
9. It’s rude to push in before others.插队到别人前面是不礼貌的
（1）push v. 推，挤反义词pull，可意为“拉，拖，拔”
e.g. Don’t push the door. Pull it, please. 不要推门。请拉开。
（2）push in 插队push sb. into 把某人推进….
(3) It is + adj + + to do sth.
it是形式主语，真正的主语是to do sth. e.g. It is impolite to ask British people how old they are.
10. bump into someone in the street在街上撞上某人bump into sb撞到某人
11. If you’re in their way, they won’t touch you or push past you.
（1）in one’s way /in t he way挡住某人的路on the/one’s way to在路上by the way顺便提一下lose one’s way迷路no way 没门in some ways在某种程度上
（2）touch sb. 碰push past you从你旁边挤过去
13. be patient enough to wait till you move wait till you move一直等到你移动
not …….until …直到……才He didn't go to sleep until 12 last night .
15. as well = too 也，还有16. all the time 始终，一直
17. keep one’s voice down放低声音18. laugh loudly大声笑
副词aloud，loud 与loudly的用法区别
（A）(B) (C)
⑴“出声地”，有使声音能被听到的意味（而不只是在脑子里默默地“说”）
(A) aloud往往与read, think 连用。
⑵“高声地”、“大声地” 修饰call, cry, shout 等词，此时用法与loud相同。
①Please read the story aloud. 请朗读
．．这个故事。
②“What did you say?” —“Oh, nothing. I was just thinking aloud. ”
“呕，没说什么，我只是在自言自语
．．．．”
③She called aloud for help. 她高声喊叫求救。
loud.
注意：aloud 这个副词没有比较级形式。
（B）loud“高声地
．．．”。在动词后面常与loud 连用的动词有call(高声地叫)，cry(高声地哭)，shout(高．．．”、“响亮地
．．．”、“大声地
声地喊)，talk(高声地谈)，speak(高声地说)，laugh 等。它有比较级。(与aloud用法⑵相同，区别在于
它有比较级。)
① “The cloth is beautiful,” he cried out loud
．．．．．．． to the whole class.
．．．．．．．. The teacher was reading my composition out loud
②Speak louder please. I can’t hear you.
Louder, please.
③ He then laughed loud. 然后他放声大笑。
④ Don’t talk so loud. √ 不要那么大声讲话。
loudly. √√ 含“喧闹”意味，是它独特用法。此处用loudly较好。
注意：loud 也可用作形容词。如：in a loud voice
(C) loudly “高声地”有时可与loud通用，但更多地含有⑴ “喧闹”的意味。⑵它可以与任何表示发声响的动词
连用，(而aloud, loud多指人的声音，是指人从声带里发出的声音)可以放在动词的前面或后面。
①Don’t talk so loudly.
②Who is knocking loudly at the door? 敲门的声音
③The bomb exploded loudly. 炸弹轰隆一声
．．．．爆炸了。都不是人从声带里发出的声音
④I’d prefer them not to play too loudly at the beginning.
弹琴的声音
19. be helpful to someone对某人有帮助
help可以是动词（v.)可以是名词(n.)
1.help sb (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事. help sb.with sth.帮助某人做某事.
2.help oneself （to ）自用（食物等）
3.help sb.out 帮助某人克服困难,渡过难关、解决问题、完成工作.
4. can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
help可以是名词(n.) without/with the help of (没有)在……帮助下.
helpful是形容词, adj.给予帮助的,有益的；愿意帮忙的helpless无助的、没用的
20. Just as the saying （谚语，格言）goes, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”常言道, “入乡随俗。”
just as the saying goes俗话说得好When in Rome, do as the Romans do.入乡随俗
21. try not to do something尽量不做某事22.by accident偶然，意外地
23. in front of other people在其他人前面
Grammar, integrated skills and study skills
1. join the discussion加入讨论
2. express himself clearly 清晰地表达他自己
3. write down all the main points 写下所有的要点
4. take her hat with her 她随身带着帽子
5. be busy with sth./ be busy doing sth忙于做某事
6. public signs 公共标记in public places在公共场合
7. explain sth to sb 给某人解释某事sb.前必须使用介词to explain的名词为explanation
8. keep us safe from danger 使我们安全，远离危险
（1）far away是短语，用来表示距离，在句中作状语或表语，意为“远；遥远”，有时away可省略。如：
（2）far away from的意思是“离……很远”，常表示距离，作表语或状语，away可省略。另外，它还有“远非，远远没有”的意思，后跟名词、代词或形容词。如：
The school is far (away) from my house. The sun is far (away) from the earth.
(3)away from用于表示确切的距离（此时不用far）,away可省略，但如果句子不带from短语，则不能省。
He lives two miles (away) from here.
He lives two miles away. 注意：不能说：He lives two miles far from here.
（4） keep doing sth keep on doing sth 一直做某事
prevent / stop / keep sb from doing sth 都意为“阻止某人做某事”，动词prevent, stop引导的句型中，from在主动结构的句子中可以省略；动词keep也可用于这样的句型，但是from不可省略，用keep sb/ sth from doing sth表示。The heavy rain prevented/stopped them (from) going out. = The heavy rain kept them from going out.
9. 1)warn sb．of(或 about)sth．警告某人注意某事；
2)warn sb．(not)to do sth．警告某人(不)要做某事；
3)warn sb．against sth．(或 doing sth．)警告某人不要做某事；
4)warn(sb．)that…警告(某人)某事。例如：
① I warned you of the danger, didn't I? 我给你说了有危险，不是吗？
② Doctor warned people not to smoke.医生警告人们不要吸烟。
③ They warned him against swimming in river.他们告戒他不要在那条河里游泳。
④ The weather station warned that a storm was coming.气象台预报有暴风雨来临。
10. No smoking/ photos/ parking/ littering 禁止吸烟/ 拍照/ 停车/ 乱扔垃圾
11. be bright in colours颜色醒目
12. sth happen to sb. 某人发生某事
happen是不及物动词，它的用法常见的有如下几种情况：
⑴. 表示“某地(某时)发生了什么事”，常用“sth.+ happen +地点/时间”这一结构来表达，此时主语应是事情。例如：
The story happened in 2003. An accident happened in that street.
⑵. 表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”，要用“sth.+ happen+to sb.”这一结构来表达。例如：
A car accident happened to her this morning. What happened to you?
⑶. 表示“某人碰巧做某事”，要用“sb.+ happen+ to do sth.”这一结构来表达。例如：
I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.
⑷. happen表示“碰巧或恰巧发生某事”时，还可用“It happens / happened that...”这一结构来表达。
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day.
注：that从句中的主语是人时，此种结构可以与“sb.+ happen + to do sth.”结构互换。例如：
It happened that Brian and Peter were at home that day. = Brian and Peter happened to be at home that day.
13. soon after不久以后
14. risk losing everything 冒险失去一切risk one’s life to do sth. 冒着生命危险做某事
risk n. 危险风险 a risk of sth. / doing sth. There is a risk of being caught.
at the risk of doing... 冒做某事的风险’ He saved my life at the risk of losing his own.
15. at one time 意为“同时；曾经一度”at a time 意为“每次；一次”
16. No pain, no gain.一分耕耘，一分收获。
17. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。in need 在困难时in great need of 急需….
The village is in great need of a doctor.
18. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。19. burn the candle at both ends.燃烧蜡烛的两头
20. keep practising speaking English 不停地练习讲英语
21. become tired out变得筋疲力尽22. be good at cooking擅长做饭
Task
1. give a talk on good table manners做个有关良好的餐桌礼仪的报告
2. It is impolite to make too much noise while eating or drinking. 吃东西或喝饮品时发出太大的声音是不礼貌的。
too many 后面接可数名词too much 后面接不可数名词much too用来修饰原级形容词或副词
(1) He can't hear you because there is _____noise here．（1999年黑龙江）
A．very much B．too much C．much too D．so many答案是B。
(2) Look！There's _____ice on the lake．（1999年成都）
A．too much B．much too C．a lot 答案是A。
(3) These shoes are _____ big for me．
3. Don’t eat with your mouth open.
4. Don’t talk with food in your mouth.
5. reach over someone’s plate for sth. 越过别人的盘子去够某物
6. Wait for everyone to finish before you leave the table.等到别人吃完再离开。finish doing sth.
7 . Mare sure that both guests and hosts are comfortable at the table.确保客人和主人在饭桌上都舒适/轻松自在。
make sure：意思是“确信、确定”，注意此短语的用法：
make sure to do sth. Please make sure to turn off the lights when you leave.
make sure of sth Please make sure of the time and the place of the meeting.
make sure + that 从句Make sure the work has been done before you leave.
8. hold a talk 举办一次演讲10. find them useful发现它们有用11. above all首要的是
sometimes sometime some time some times 的区别
答：这四个词语看起来极为相似，但其含义和用法完全不同：
1）sometimes是个频度副词，意为“有时候”，多用于一般现在时，对它进行提问常用how often。
如：Sometimes I watch TV with my parents．有时我和父母一起看电视。
—How often do you write to your father？你多久给你父亲写一次信？—Sometimes．有时。
2）sometime也是一个副词，意为“在某一时候（过去或将来）”，表示的是任何时候或某一不确定的时间，对它提问用when。
如：New students will come to school sometime next week．
—When can you finish the work？—Sometime next month．
(3) some times是名词短语，意为“几次（倍）”，time是可数名词。对它提问用how many times。
如：—How many times do you watch TV every week？你每周看几次电视？—Some times．好几次。
3）some time也是名词短语，意为“一段时间”，time是不可数名词，对它提问用how long。
如：She will stay in Beijing for some time．她将在北京呆一段时间。
—How long can I be away？我能离开多久？—Some time．一段时间。
8 B Unit 6 Sunshine for all
welcome to the unit
1. train to be a volunteer for the Olympic Games受训成为一名奥运会的志愿者
（1）train n. 火车
（2）train v. 训练，培训
train to be/as ... 训练成为train to be a volunteer 训练成为一名志愿者
train for为…训练They are training for the boat race. 他们正在为划船比赛接受训练。
train sb. 训练某人
train to do sth.训练做…train sb.（not）to do sth. 训练某人(不)做某事
receive training 接受训练
(3) the Olympic Games 奥运会
2.support v.&n. 支持；养活support→supporter支持者；拥护者
①have a lot of support from sb得到某人的大力支持
②Mark has a big family to support.马克养活一大家人。
③with/without one’s support在某人的支持下/没有某人的支持
3.It’s meaningful to do sth. 做某事是有意义的
4．I need some more food to eat at work．我还需要一些在工作时吃的食物。
①需要更多一些吃的食物
你还有面包吗？
②
5. the blind/ deaf/ disabled/ elderly/ homeless/ poor (people)盲人/ 聋哑人/ 残疾人/ 年纪大的人/无家可归的人/穷人
an elderly person 一个老年人
6. have one’s own place to live有自己的地方住
7. write to the local government 给当地政府写信
8. They can provide special places for homeless people to stay．他们能给无家可归的人提供特别的可以待的地方。
(1) provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb
(2) supply sb. with sth.或supply sth. to sb.
provide special places for homeless people = provide homeless people with special places
(3) offer侧重表示“愿意给予”，常用于offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb向某人提供某物
offer to do sth 主动提出做某事
1.
有时其过去分词用作形容词。Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.
2. what to expect期待什么expect sb to do sth期待某人做某事expect him to be an engineer期待他做一名工程师
3. ⑴volunteer n意为“志愿者，志愿兵”。
Why do you want to be a volunteer ？work as a volunteer 作为一名志愿者工作
⑵volunteer还可以作vi. vt.意为“自愿”。
I asked if anyone would help me but no one volunteered. volunteer to do sth.意为“自愿做……”
They volunteered to offer service during the Olympic Games. 他们自愿在奥运会期间提供服务
volunteer for (doing) sth 主动提出，志愿承担（做）某事
He volunteered for the hard and unprofitable job. 他自愿做这苦差使.
4. back in October, 2007 追溯到2007年10月
5. the most amazing experience of his life他一生中最惊人的经历
6. The Special Olympics World Games give children and adults with intellectual disabilities a chance to show their skills
to the world.
(1) children and adults with intellectual disabilities 有智力缺陷的孩子和大人
(2) give sb a chance to do sth给某人一个做某事的机会
(3) show sb. sth.= show sth. to sb. 给某人展示…show their skills to the world向世界展示他们的技能
7.be similar to与---相似be similar in在…方面相似
8. over = more than 超过
9.give up their spare time for …. 为….. 放弃他们的空闲时间
give up (doing) sth放弃（做）某事give them up 放弃他们
give up意为“放弃”，它和pick up一样，也是由“动词+副词”构成的短语动词，当名词作宾语时，
名词可以放在动词和副词之间或副词的后面；当代词作宾语时，代词只能位于动词和副词之间。如：
You ought to give up smoking. I gave it up last year.你应该戒烟。我去年就戒掉了。
Why don’t you give him up? 你怎么不和他一刀两断呢？
[拓展] give in屈服；让步；交上give out 分发give back归还（送回；反射）give away送掉（泄露，放弃，分配，出卖）
10. It was necessary for the volunteers to receive training before doing the tasks.
receive training before doing the tasks在开始执行任务前接受训练
11. provide support for the athletes 给运动员提供支持
又如：He succeeded in getting the job. She succeeded in (passing) the exam.
二、success的用法
◆失败是成功之母。
误：Failure is the mother of successes.
正：Failure is the mother of success.
析：success 表示抽象意义的“成功”，是不可数的；表示具体意义的“成功的人或事”, 则是可数的。
13. the swimming coach 游泳教练
14. be born with intellectual disabilities 生来有智力障碍
15.It was very brave of him to join the competition.
16.win a gold/silver获得金牌/银牌
17. ...not ..., but ... 不是...而是...
21. feel like part of one big family感觉像大家庭的一份子feel like sth感觉像某事想要做某事feel like doing sth
22 . work closely with sb与某人密切合作
23 You get to help them achieve their dreams,... 你帮助他们实现他们的梦想，……(p. 81 )
(1) achieve作“取得（胜利、成功等）”、“实现（目标、目的等）”解时，习惯跟以下名词搭配：victory，success，fame , aim,goal, etc.如：Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition.
(2) dream用作名词，意为“梦；梦想；愿望”。
She has a dream to be a singer.她有一个成为歌手的梦想。
His dream of visiting Beijing has come true.他去北京的愿望实现了。
(3)
(4)
24. offer to help without getting paid 不计酬劳主动提供帮助
25. That’s why那就是…的原因
26.What are…for? ……的目的是什么？
Grammar
1.给老人让座give seats to the elderly
2. 帮助盲人过马路help blind people (to) cross the road
3.捐钱给慈善机构donate money to charities donate money to sb. 为某人捐款raise money for为…筹款
4. a lost pet一只遗失了的宠物
5. 一对一地开展工作do their work one-to-one one-to-one一对一
6. with the help of…. 在….的帮助下without the help of…没有…的帮助
7. make sure 确信
8. have (no) trouble (in) doing sth 做…有困难have trouble with sth.在某事有困难
have difficulty/problems in doing sth. have difficulty/problems with sth.做某事有困难
make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友
donate blood to people in need献血给需要的人
9. keep in touch with sb. by writing emails通过写邮件相互联系talk on the phone 电话交谈
10. teach them Chinese教他们中文in this way 用这种方法
11. in our daily lives在我们的日常生活中
12. save one’s pocket money节省零花钱
13.work as volunteers at community centre在社区中心做志愿者工作
14. in the south-west/ north-west of China= in South-west/ North-west China在中国西南部/西北部
15. in the southern/ northern part of China 在中国南/北部
16. improve their lives改善他们的生活
17.save our pocket money 节约我们的零花钱
18.learn about different cultures 了解不同的文化
19. help our mind relax 帮助我们的大脑放松not...any more. 不再...
20. teenagers’after-school activities 青少年的课外活动
21. need to take action to protect it . 需要采取措施来保护它
Task:
1. a serious blood disease一种严重的血液病
2. have/ do an operation on sb. 给某人做手术
3. as soon as possible尽早，尽快
4. lose one’s life丧生拯救某人的生命save one’s life
5. Many hands make light work 人多力量大
6. give a helping hand to sb. give sb. a helping hand伸出援助之手帮助某人
7. children without parents没有父母的孩子8. earthquake survivors地震幸存者
9. get well康复10. 生病住院be ill in hospital 在医院in the hospital
语法：
【课堂导学】
It is + adj.+ to do sth .通常用来表示对某事物的看法，意为“做某事是……”这个句型常用表示性质、状况的形容词如easy, difficult, pleasant, important等做表语
Eg;I think that is is very important to keep the classroom clean.
It is + adj+ for sb + to do sth .意为“做某事对某人来说是……”
Eg; it is dangerous for children to swim in the sea.
It is + adj.+ of sb + to do sth .这个句型用来表达某人的品格和能力。
Eg: it is very kind of you to help me.
语法一、名词(一) 知识概要
名词两大类：专有名词与普通名词。专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall，America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper…它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。
种类专有名词London, John, the Communist Party of China
普通名词类名词nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集体名词class, family, army, police, team, people
物质名词water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名词happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：
1. 一般情况加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。如:map—map ，boy—boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为［iz］。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为［iz］。
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作［z］，如：factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy—boys,day—days。
5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato —tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof 的复数形式是roofs。
7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
8.单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer…9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。
名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。
还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s'，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
(二) 正误辨析［误］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.
［析］paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，
牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit 1 Past and present词汇、句型、语法知识点及训练知识精讲 一、必背词汇 past n. 过去adj.过去的 present n. 现在，目前 just adv. 刚才 since conj. 自……以来prep.自……以来 ever adv. 曾经 northern adj. 北方，北部的 married adj. 已婚的，结婚的 wife n.(pl. wives) 妻子 block n.街区 over prep. 在……期间 pollution n. 污染；污染物 factory n. 工厂 waste n. 废料；废品 realize (= realise )vt.& vi.意识到；实现 improve vt.&vi. 改进，改善 situation n. 形势，情况
impossible adj. 不可能的 before adv.以前，过去 lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的anyway adv. 尽管，即使这样husband n. 丈夫 interview n. 采访；会见 yet adv. 还，仍 recently adv.近来，最近environment n. 环境 transport n.交通车辆，运输工具condition n. 环境，条件，状况return vi. 返回 last adv.最近，上一次；最后abroad adv. 到（在）国外primary adj. 小学教育的；初级的communicate vt. &vi. 交流，交际exactly adv.（答语）正是，没错narrow adj. 狭窄的
Unit1—unit5 课文知识点 Unit1 1. offer to do 2. during the holidays 3.suffer from 4. in need 5. voluntary work 6. ask permission 7.raise one’s spirits 8.in order to 否定形式 9.teach sb. to do 10.help sb. do sth 11.express one’s feelings 12.continue to do 13.have/ has difficulty doing 14.need to do 15. disabled children 16.Could you give me a hand? Unit2 1.body language 2.take place=happen 3.sit up 4.make a good impression on 5. walk over to 6.choose… instead of … 7.more than just 8.look down 9.make people feel welcome 10. go to sb. for help 11. decide to do 12.try doing/to do 13. at once 14.remind sb about/of sth remind +that 从句 Unit3 1 over= more than 2. fit=healthy https://www.doczj.com/doc/d819181838.html,e sth. to do 4.be good at+doing 5.up to 6.set off 7.up and down 8.after dark 9.no more=not…any more 10.all the time 11.get sth/sb. ready for sth 12.stop sb. from doing 13.in/at front of 14.paper cutting Unit4 1.pop out 2.decide on =choose 3.play against 4.weather forecast 5.make it= succeed in doing/ be successful 6.life jacket 7.at the underground station 8.appear= 9.be ready to do sth 10.不定式的被动语态： https://www.doczj.com/doc/d819181838.html,ic strip 11.video camera 12.thank goodness 13.next time 14.in the second stage 15.look at oneself in the mirror 16.rough sketch 17.detailed pictures 18.do the character s’ voices 19.sound effect
八年级英语下册知识点归纳牛津英语 8B 1 n. 意为“过去” 过去（过去时）在过去的几年中n. 现在，目前目前n.礼物 未来；将来 ＆ 1、一个小时之前在碗里的一小时前在碗里 2. I' .我刚才把它吃了。() . 意为“刚才” 常与完成时连用。他们刚刚到达。 . 注意：意为“刚才”，相当于“a ”通常与一般过去时连用。 我刚才去了图书馆。I . 3. ! 你过去常与我分享食物！ ● . 意为“过去常常做某事”，表示过去的习惯。本身已是过去时态，没有人 称和数的变化， 暗含现在已不再如此。 1) 他的父母过去住在乡下。 2 . 2) 过去常常早起，不是吗？, 't 't ? ● .习惯于做某事 . ●被用来做…… A .笔是用来写的。 ● . .和….分享… 4. . 你过去对我那么好。 . 对…友好 5. = a 骑自行车去学校 6. a . 等下一辆公共汽车要花费很长时间。 等下一辆车 7. a 乘公交车去学校 8. 对阳光镇很了解… 非常了解… 9. I 自我出生以来出生引导原因状语从句，不可与连用。 10. 搬家 11. 住在城镇的北部 南方→南部的东部→东部的→ → 在……北面（范围之外）在……北部（范围之内） 在……北边（接壤） .我们学校在时代超市北面。 .北京在中国北部。 .山东位于江苏北面。 12. I 1965, I ’ . ?结婚 . 和某人结婚 . .把某人嫁给某人 ?搬到两个街区以外从那以后 13. a 改变许多 14. 在这些年期间(现在完成时) 15. 在镇中心 16. …… 把…变成… ①.热使水变成蒸气。② . 打开关调高调低转身 轮流地依次上交’s ’s . 17. a 一家钢铁厂 水污染空气污染噪音污染 18. 把废料扔进河收好穿上推迟/延期 19. 意识到问题 19. 采取行动改善情况20. 干净得多 21. 在某种程度上以这种方式( )在……的路上 顺便说下没门无论如何
八年级下册知识点 Unit1 一.【精选词汇】 ㈠重点短语 阳光镇的变化→thechangesto……的变化(p8) 〈知识链接〉changen.变化，常用复数changes。 →inthesouthernpartof…在…的南部→south→southern 〈知识链接〉east东部→eastern东部的,west→western,north→northern 在过去→atpresent现在→inthefuture未来；将来，注意这些短语中的介词和冠词。 →turn…into…把…变成… 〈知识链接〉①Heatturnswaterintovapor.热使水变成蒸气。②TurnthissentenceintoEnglish. 打牌、下象棋， 水污染→airpollution空气污染，noisepollution噪音污染(p9) 〈知识链接〉Waterpollutionwasaproblembefore. →usedtodosth过去常做某事，注意否定式、疑问式的形式 〈知识链接〉⑴usedtodosth→否定式usednottodosth或didn’tusetodosth→疑问式Didsbusetodosth?或Usedsbtodosth?⑵Therebe和usedto合用的形式为Thereusedtobe。 根据要求进行句型转换：Sheusedtoteachhistory.①否定式：Sheusedteachhistory.或Shedidn’tteachhistory.②疑问式：sheteachhistory?或Didsheteachhistory? 〈用法拓展〉⑴beusedtodosth＝beusedfordoingsth被用于做某事，习惯于某事，be/become/getusedtodoingsth习惯于做某事，.①Mygrandmausedtoliveinthecitybutnowshehasgotusedtothecountrylife.②Tomisusedtogetti ngupearly. 在某种程度上；在某些方面→inthisway以这种方式 →fromtimetotime＝attimes＝sometimes有时；不时地 〈知识链接〉⑴abit＋形容词原级或比较级＝alittle＋形容词原级或比较级，有点… ⑵abitof＋不可数名词＝alittle＋不可数名词 〈用法拓展〉notalittle＝very非常，notabit＝not…atall一点也不 扔掉…→“动词＋副词”结构， ＝interviewsb采访某人；对某人面试；与某人面谈(p12) 〈知识链接〉①Myparentshavehadaninterviewwithmyteacher.②Theyinterviewed20peopleforthejob.③Therearea numberofinterviewswithsomefamousfootballplayers. 我曾见过的最好的模型(p17) 〈知识链接〉the＋形容词最高级＋名词单数＋sbhave/haseverdone，某人曾做过的最…的…themostwonderfulfilm(that)hehaseverwatched他看过的最精彩的比赛 〈用法拓展〉⑴ever通常用于疑问句中或否定句中。.①Have/Hassbeverdonesth? ②Nobodyeversteppedinthiscavern.没人曾经踏进过这洞穴。 ⑵eversince…自从…起到现在(用于现在完成时)，forever＝forever永远；永久地 →moveinto…搬进…，moveoutof…搬出…(p18) →lendsbsth＝lendsthtosb把某物借给某人，是“借出”。 〈知识链接〉borrowsthfromsb向某人借某物，是“借入”。 一张近期照片，writeaboutthechangestoMoonlightTown(p21)
~ 8B Unit 1 Past and present past n. 意为“过去” in the past 过去（过去时）in the past few years 在过去的几年中present n. 现在，目前at present 目前n.礼物 in the future 未来；将来 Comic strip ＆Welcome to the unit 1、It was in the bowl an hour ago一个小时之前在碗里的an hour ago 一小时前in the bowl在碗里 2. I've just eaten it.我刚才把它吃了。(eat-ate-eaten) just adv. 意为“刚才” 常与完成时连用。他们刚刚到达。They have just arrived. 注意：just now 意为“刚才”，相当于“a moment ago”通常与一般过去时连用。 我刚才去了图书馆。I went to the library just now. 3. You used to share food with me! 你过去常与我分享食物！ ●used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，表示过去的习惯。本身已是过去时态，没有人称和数的变化， 暗含现在已不再如此。 1) 他的父母过去住在乡下。His pare2nts used to live in the countryside. 2) Tom 过去常常早起，不是吗？Tom used to get up early, didn't he?/ usedn't he? ●be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事 My father is used to reading newspapers after dinner. ●be used to do 被用来做…… A pen is used to write with.笔是用来写的。 ●share sth. with sb.和….分享… 4. You used to be so kind to me. 你过去对我那么好。be kind to sb. 对…友好 5. go to school by bike = ride a bike to school 骑自行车去学校 6. It took a long time to wait for the next one.等下一辆公共汽车要花费很长时间。 wait for the next one 等下一辆车 7. go to school by bus= take a bus to school= go to school on the bus 乘公交车去学校 Reading 8. know sunshine town very well对阳光镇很了解know…very well 非常了解… 9. since I was born自我出生以来be born 出生since 引导原因状语从句，不可与so连用。 10. move house 搬家 11. live in the northern part of town住在城镇的北部 south南方→southern南部的east东部→eastern东部的west →western north →northern to the north of 在……北面（范围之外） in the north of 在……北部（范围之内） on the north of 在……北边（接壤） Our school is to the north of the times supermarket .我们学校在时代超市北面。 Beijing is in the north of China.北京在中国北部。 Shandong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东位于江苏北面。 12. When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then. ➢get married 结婚get married to sb.= marry sb.= be married to sb. 和某人结婚 marry sb. to sb.把某人嫁给某人 ➢move two blocks away 搬到两个街区以外since then 从那以后 13. change a lot改变许多 14. over the years 在这些年期间(现在完成时) 15. in the town centre= in the centre of the town在镇中心 16. turn…into… 把…变成… ①Heat turns water into vapor .热使水变成蒸气。②Turn this sentence into English. turn on打开turn off关turn up调高turn down调低turn around转身 by turns轮流地in turn依次turn in 上交It’s one’s turn to do sth. 17. a steel factory 一家钢铁厂 water pollution水污染air pollution空气污染noise pollution噪音污染 18. put the waste into the river把废料扔进河put away 收好put on 穿上put off 推迟/延期 19. realize the problem意识到问题 19. take action to improve the situation采取行动改善情况20. much cleaner 干净得多 21. in some ways 在某种程度上in this way以这种方式on the way (to )在……的路上 by the way 顺便说下no way 没门in any way 无论如何
牛津译林英语八年级下册全册知识点汇总 8B Unit1 1.I've just eaten it.我刷才把它吃了。 just作副词“刚刚，刚才”，通常与现在完成时连用。 Mr Wang has just left our classroom. 王老师刚刚离开我们的教室。 I've just heard the news. 我刚听到这个消息。 ①just副词“正好，恰好”，常与名词、名词性短语或句子连用，起加强语气的作用。 This jacket is just my size. 这件夫克衫正合我的尺码。 ②just now“刚才，刚刚”=a moment ago，常用于句末。 I met one of my friends in the street just now. 我刚才在衡上遇到了我的一个朋友。 ③just then“就在那时”。 Just then,someone knocked at the front door. 就在那时，有人在前门敲门。 2.You've changed,Eddie.埃迪，你变了。 ①change不及物动词“变化”，过去分词changed The city has changed a lot since 2000. 这个城市自从2000年以来变化很大。 In England，the weather changes very often. 在英格兰，天气时常变化。
②change及物动词“交换；改变；换乘”。 Can I change seats with you? 我可以和你换一下座位吗？ At last,he changed his mind. 最后，他改变了主意。 I stopped in Moscow only to change planes. 我为了转机才在莫斯科停留的。 ③change可数名词“改变，变化，转变”； 不可数名词“零钱”。 Great changes have taken place in this city since 1984. 自从1984年以来，这个城市已发生了很大的变化。 I have no small change with me. 我没带零钱。 3.You used to share food with me! 你过去常常与我分享食物！ used to“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意， to是动词不定式符号，后接动词原形。 My sister used to be very shy. 我姐姐过去很害羞。 I used to read English in the evening,but now I usually read it in the morning. 我过去常常在晚上读英语，但我现在通常在早上读。 be used to do 被用来做..... be used to doing 习惯做某事 ①used to否定结构： 一是在used后面加not，即used not to do sth.； 二是在used 前面加didn't，并将used改为动词原形use，即didn't use to do sth.。在口语中常用后一种形式。 My sister didn't use to have short hair. =My sister used not to have short hair. 我姐姐以前不留短发。
8B Unit 1 短语和重点句型 1. repair over/ more than ten bicycles 2. teach us a lot about the history of China 3. the changes in Beijing 4. during/in/over the past century 5. learn more about Beijing’s past and present 6. hear about/of… hear from sb.= receive/ get one’s letter =receive/get a letter from sb. 7. living conditions 8. return sth. to sb. 9. make communication much easier 10. go/travel/study abroad 11. at primary school 12. keep in touch with each other 13. communicate with sb. 14. take place 15. Many changes have taken place in my hometown. 16. travel to and from the town by bus, taxi or train 17. green hills all around 18. a river runs through the centre of town 19. get used to the changes of life get/be used to sth./ doing sth. 20. many of Mr Chen’s friends 21. on one’s own = by oneself = alone 22. throw rubbish rubbish everywhere 23. enjoy a comfortable life 24. in some large open spaces 25. move into new flats 26. in their free time 27. travel around the town 28. on both sides of the street = on each side of the street 29. have their own cars= have cars of their own 修理超过10辆自行车 教我们很多有关中国的历史 北京的变化 在过去一个多世纪里 对北京的过去和现在了解更多 听说 收到某人来信 居住条件 把某物归还给某人 使交流更方便，使得联系更容易 去国外 在小学 互相保持联系 和某人保持联系 发生（有目的有计划的）（happen偶然发生) 我的家发生了许多变化。乘汽车，出租车或火车进出小镇旅游青山环绕 一条小河穿过镇中心 习惯了生活的变化 习惯某事/ 习惯做某事 陈先生的许多朋友 独自 扔垃圾 到处是垃圾 品味舒适的生活 在一些大的开阔的地方 搬进新公寓 在他们业余时间 在镇里转转 在街道两边 拥有他们自己的汽车 8B Unit 2 短语和重点句型 Comic strip & Welcome to the unit词组：
牛津译林版八年级英语下册单元重点词组、句型、语法汇总 Unit 1 Past and present 重点词组： used to do sth.过去常常做某事 move house 搬家 in the northern part of town 在小镇北部get/be married 结婚 two blocks away 两个街区以外turn...into...把·····变成··..·..· put the waste into the river 向河里排放废物take action to do sth. 采取行动做某事improve the situation 改善这种情况 in some ways 在某种程度上 as often as before 像以前那样经常 play cards and Chinese chess 打牌和下象棋feel a bit lonely 感觉有点孤独 from time to time 不时，有时，偶尔 take place 发生all one's life一生 in the past 过去 over the past century 在过去的一个世纪里living conditions 生活条件 travel to and from...往返...... return from...从......返回 go abroad 出国 at primary school 上小学时 keep/stay in touch 保持联系 communicate by email 通过电子邮件交流make sth. much easier 使某事容易／便捷得多get used to (doing)sth. 习惯于（做）某事 on one's own 独自；独立 enjoy a comfortable life 享受舒适的生活open space 开阔的空地 重点句型： 1.-Eddie, have you seen my food?埃迪，你看见我的食物了吗？ -Yes. I've just eaten it.看见了。我刚刚吃掉了。 2.You used to share food with me!你过去都和我分享食物的！ 3.It took a long time to wait for the next one. 等下一辆（公交车）要很长一段时间。 4. Do you know Sunshine Town very well, Mr.Chen?陈先生，您很了解阳光镇吗？ 5.I've lived here since I was born.自出生起，我就住在这儿了。 6. Have you ever moved house?你曾经搬过家吗？ 7. When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we've lived in this area since then. 当我1965年结婚时，我和妻子搬到两个街区以外，此后一直住在这儿。 8. Has the town changed a lot over the years?这些年小镇变化大吗？ 9. It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before. 对我们来说，像以前一样经常见面已经变得不可能了。 10. Anyway, it's good to see the amazing changes in the town. 不管怎样，能看到小镇这些令人赞叹的变化，还是不错的。 11. She's just returned from the USA.她刚从美国回来。 12.When did you last see each other?你们上次见面是什么时候？ 13. We haven't seen each other since then.此后我们一直没见面。 14.The streets are wide and clean, with many green trees on both sides. 街道宽敞干净，两边栽种着许多绿树。
沪教牛津版八下英语语法知识点归纳 1. Present tense：现在时 - 现在时表示目前正在进行的动作或状态： e.g. I am doing my homework.（我正在做作业。） - 现在时还可以用来表示经常性的动作或习惯： e.g. She always gets up early.（她经常早起。） 2. Past tense：过去时 - 过去时表示已经发生的动作或状态： e.g. I went to the park yesterday.（我昨天去了公园。） - 过去时还可以用来表示过去的习惯或常态： e.g. He used to swim every morning.（他过去每天早上游泳。） 3. Future tense：将来时 - 将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态： e.g. We will visit Paris next summer.（我们将会在明夏去巴黎。） 4. Modal verbs：情态动词 - 情态动词用来表示说话者的态度、习惯、能力等： e.g. You should study harder.（你应该更加努力学习。） - 常见的情态动词有can、could、may、might、must、shall、should、will、would等。 5. Passive voice：被动语态 - 被动语态表示动作的接受者在句中作为主语： e.g. The cake was made by my sister.（这个蛋糕是由我妹妹制作的。）
6. Reported speech：间接引语 - 间接引语用来转述别人所说的话： e.g. She said that she was going to the cinema.（她说她要去电影院。） 7. Adjectives and adverbs：形容词和副词 - 形容词用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征： e.g. He is a tall man.（他是一个高个子的男人。） - 副词用来描述动词、形容词和其他副词的程度、方式等：e.g. She sings beautifully.（她唱得很美。） 8. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs：比较级和最高级 - 比较级用来表示两种事物或情况之间的比较： e.g. The blue shirt is cheaper than the red one.（这件蓝色的衬衫比这件红色的便宜。） - 最高级用来表示三种或三种以上的事物或情况之间的比较，表示最高程度： e.g. This is the most interesting book I've ever read.（这是我读过的最有趣的书。） 9. Prepositions：介词 - 介词用来表示两个事物之间的关系、方向、时间等： e.g. I put the book on the table.（我把书放在桌子上。） 10. Conjunctions：连词 - 连词用来将单词、短语或句子连接在一起：
Unit1 Past and present 1、I’ve lived here since I was born. since 可以作介词，连词意为“自从”和“既然” 【用法1】与现在完成时或过去完成时连用，since可以接短语，如since 1994（自从1994年），since leaving school（自从离开学校），since也可以接句子，since I was born（自从我出生以来） 【用法2】since表示“既然”，引导原因状语从句 【例句】We’ve lived here since 1993.自从1993以来我们就住在这里了。 Since we are here, we should visit our teacher.既然我们在这，我们就应该去看看我们的老师。 【经典练习】She’s been off work _____ Tuesday. 星期二以来，她一直没上班 【解析】since 2、When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away. marry 作动词，意思是“娶、嫁”，married作形容词，意思是“已婚的” 【用法1】marry sb. 娶某人，嫁给某人 【用法2】be/get married to sb.和某人结婚 【用法3】marry A to B 把A嫁给B 【例句】He married the girl last year. 他去年娶了那个女孩。
He was married to the girl last year. Her father will marry her to the man tomorrow. 她父亲明天就要把她嫁给那位男性。【经典练习】---When did you______ your husband? --- Two years ago. 【解析】marry 3、Now the government has turned part of the town center into a new park. turn 可以作动词，意为“转变”，作名词，意为“（依次轮到的）机会” 【用法1】It’s one’s turn to do sth.该轮到某人做某事了 【用法2】turn out 原来是，结果是；turn into变成；turn on 打开；turn off 关闭；turn up 出现；把声音调高；turn down 拒绝；把声音调低 【例句】It’s your turn to do the cleaning.该轮到你打扫卫生了。 【经典练习】--Hi, Simon. You look so excited, what happened? ---We won the football match, and the result_______ to be better than expected. A. turned out B. found out C. worked out D. came out 【解析】A turn out 结果是 4、Later the government realized the problem. realize 作动词，意为“实现，意识到” 【用法1】realize one’s dream 实现梦想=achieve one’s dream=one’s dreams come true 【用法2】realize the danger意识到危险 【例句】To realize his dream, he always works hard.为了实现他的梦想，他一直很努力工作。【经典练习】She must _______ the importance of study.
沪教牛津版初二下册英语知识点总结全册 含习题和答案 本文档为初二下册英语知识点总结，旨在帮助学生巩固所学的 知识。以下是全册的知识点总结和题及答案。 单元一：School Life - 主要知识点：学校设施、学校日常活动 - 题： 1. What facilities does your school have?（答案根据实际情况） 2. Describe a typical school day.（答案根据个人经历） 单元二：Family Time - 主要知识点：家庭成员、家庭活动 - 题： 1. How many people are there in your family?（答案根据实际情况） 2. Describe a family activity that you enjoy.（答案根据个人经历） 单元三：Hobbies and Interests
- 主要知识点：爱好和兴趣、表达喜欢与不喜欢 - 题： 1. What is your favorite hobby? Why?（个人回答） 2. List three things you like and three things you don't like.（个人回答） 单元四：Healthy Living - 主要知识点：健康生活方式、饮食和运动 - 题： 1. What do you do to stay healthy?（个人回答） 2. Describe a healthy meal.（个人回答） 单元五：Travel and Adventure - 主要知识点：旅行和冒险、地理和文化知识 - 题： 1. Describe a place you would like to visit and why.（个人回答） 2. What is a famous landmark in your country?（个人回答） 单元六：Technology and Innovation - 主要知识点：科技和创新、数字产品和服务
牛津译林版八年级英语下册知识点详解汇总 牛津译林版八年级英语下册知识点详解汇总 一、文章类型本文将对牛津译林版八年级英语下册进行知识点详解汇总。文章类型为说明文，旨在帮助读者更好地掌握该教材中的重点和难点。 二、知识点梳理 1、词汇：本教材涉及的关键词汇包括但不限于以下几种类型：动词、名词、形容词、副词、短语等。其中，重点词汇包括高频出现的动词、名词和形容词，如：study、help、interest、walk、talk等。 2、语法：本教材涵盖了多种语法知识，包括时态、语态、主谓一致、情态动词等。学生需要掌握这些语法规则，以便在阅读、写作和口语中正确运用。 3、阅读理解：本教材提供了多种类型的阅读材料，如短文、对话和广告等。学生需要提高阅读速度和理解能力，能够准确把握文章主旨和细节信息。 4、写作技巧：本教材强调了写作能力的重要性，学生需要掌握各种类型的写作技巧，如记叙文、说明文、议论文等。通过不断的练习，提高自己的写作水平。
5、听力口语：本教材提供了丰富的听力材料和口语练习，旨在提高 学生的听力和口语表达能力。学生需要掌握听力技巧和口语表达技巧，能够准确理解并表达自己的观点。 三、拓展延伸 1、文化背景：本教材在某些单元中介绍了英国或其他国家的文化背景，帮助学生更好地理解英语语言和文化。 2、语言技能：为了提高学生的语言运用能力，本教材在某些单元中 设置了特定的情境，帮助学生将所学知识运用到实际生活中。 3、自我评估：本教材提供了自我评估表格，帮助学生检查自己的学 习进度和掌握程度，以便及时调整学习策略。 四、语言表达本文将使用简洁明了的语言，避免使用过多的生僻词 汇和复杂的句子结构，以便读者能够轻松理解。同时，将尽可能使用规范的语言表达方式，如使用正确的语法和标点符号等。 五、审校检查在完成本文后，将进行仔细的审校检查，以确保文章 没有语法错误、拼写错误和逻辑漏洞等。也将检查文章内容是否与题目要求相符，是否有遗漏或偏差。 总之，本文将对牛津译林版八年级英语下册进行全面详解，旨在帮助读者更好地掌握该教材中的重点和难点知识。通过阅读本文，读者将能够更好地理解教材内容，提高自己的英语语言运用能力和学习效率。
八年级英语下册牛津译林版知识点要点梳 理 Unit 1: School life - Vocabulary related to school subjects, school activities, and classroom objects. - Expressions for talking about daily routines and schedules. - Present simple tense to talk about habits and routines. - Asking and answering questions using "Do you...?" - Giving opinions using phrases like "I think..." and "In my opinion..." Unit 2: Health - Vocabulary related to health and healthy lifestyle. - Expressions for talking about illnesses and symptoms. - Giving advice using imperatives. - Modal verb "should" for giving advice and expressing obligations. - Understanding health-related texts, such as advertisements and instructions.
Unit 3: Hobbies and interests - Vocabulary related to hobbies and leisure activities. - Expressions for talking about likes and dislikes. - Present continuous tense to talk about current activities. - Asking and answering questions about hobbies and interests. - Making suggestions using phrases like "Why don't we...?" and "How about...?" Unit 4: Festivals and celebrations - Vocabulary related to festivals and celebrations. - Expressions for talking about past events. - Past simple tense to talk about past activities. - Asking and answering questions about festivals and celebrations. Unit 5: Technology - Vocabulary related to technology and digital devices. - Expressions for talking about technology and its impact on daily life. - Present perfect tense to talk about experiences and achievements. - Asking and answering questions about technology and its uses.
一、词汇 1.词汇：包括基础词汇和扩展词汇，基础词汇主要是一些常用的词汇，如数字、颜色、天气等，扩展词汇则是一些高级词汇，如表达感情、描述 人物外貌等。学生需要掌握一定的词汇量，并能够正确运用。 2.词义辨析：掌握一些近义词、反义词的区别，并能够根据上下文选 择正确的词义。 3. 词组和固定搭配：学生需要掌握一些常用的词组和固定搭配，如“take care of”，“go for a walk”，并能够正确运用。 二、语法 1.时态：掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、 过去进行时、过去将来时等基本时态的构成和用法，能正确运用时态来表 达过去、现在和将来的动作。 2. 动词的时态和语态变化：掌握动词的时态和语态变化规则，如do 的过去式是did，go的过去式是went，主动语态和被动语态的构成等。 3. 名词：学生需要掌握可数名词和不可数名词的区别，并会正确使 用a/an和some/any。 4.代词：学生需要掌握人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词的 用法，并能正确使用。 5.形容词和副词：学生需要掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构 成和用法，并能正确使用。 6.介词：学生需要掌握常用介词的用法，并能正确将介词与动词、名词、形容词等结合使用。
7. 连词：学生需要掌握并能正确运用并列连词、从属连词等，如and、but、because等。 8.特殊疑问句：学生需要掌握特殊疑问词的用法，并能正确构建特殊疑问句。 三、阅读 1.阅读理解：学生需要通过阅读来获取信息，理解文本的主要内容和细节，并能正确回答问题。 2.阅读技巧：学生需要学会一些阅读技巧，如通过上下文猜测词义、根据关键词找出答案等。 四、写作 1.句子结构：学生需要掌握正确的句子结构，并能使用主谓宾、主语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。 2.写作要点：学生需要学会写作要点，如开头结尾的写法、段落的组织等，并能正确使用连接词进行衔接。 五、口语 1.日常用语：学生需要掌握一些日常用语，如问候、道别、表达感谢等，以及正确的表达方式和语音语调。 2.对话技巧：学生需要学会一些对话技巧，如礼貌用语、请求帮助、回答问题等。