过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct 2008, Shanghai, ChinaA new fully digital system for RT inspection of metal tube to tube sheet jointsof heat exchangersUwe ZSCHERPEL 1, Oleksandr ALEKSEYCHUK 1, Peter ROST 2, Markus SCHMID 2, Konstantinos SPARTIOTIS 3, Alexander WARRIKHOFF 41 Division “NDT – Radiology”, BAM Berlin, GermanyPhone: +49 30 8104 3677, Fax: +49 30 8104 4657; e-mail: uwez@bam.de,oleksandr.alekseychuk@bam.de2 BASF SE; Ludwigshafen, Germany; e-mail: peter.rost@, markus.schmid@3 AJAT Oy, Espoo, Finland; e-mail: kostas@ajat.fi4 rtw RÖNTGEN-TECHNIK DR. WARRIKHOFF GmbH, Neuenhagen, Germany; email:sales@rtwxray.deAbstractA completely novel device was developed for RT inspection of weldments for tube to tube sheet joints on heat exchangers applied in chemical industry. It replaces the Gammamat B3 unit containing an Ir 192 isotope as radiation source and a punched NDT film (system class C3 acc. to EN 584) as detector to allow the one-sided access for inspection.In a first step a special X-ray tube with a rod anode was developed by rtw Röntgentechnik to replace the Ir 192 isotope source to achieve a better inspection sensitivity at 130 kV for thin walled tubes and tube sheets.A new specialized, direct converting detector based on CdTe was designed by Ajat Oy, Finland. Together with the X-ray source a handsome unit was designed with 4 detector tiles arranged around the rod anode, which passes though the detector plane.The handling of this novel inspection unit as well as the computer based image acquisition reduces the expense for this RT inspection considerably. All problems with film chemistry and isotope transportation are avoided. The computer based evaluation of the digital radiographs and the direct connection to the inspection data base of the complete heat exchanger create significant advantages for inspection planning and documentation. First experiences are reported on application of this new technique in the field.Key words: Radiographic inspection, digital detector arrays, one-sided access, tube to tube sheet joints, heat exchangers, chemical industry1.Conventional Inspection TechniqueSince decades state of the art is radiographic testing based on Gammamat B3 containing an Ir 192 isotope as radiation source and NDT film (typically system class C3 acc. to EN 584-1) as detector (see fig. 1). For this application packed films have to be punched light tight to pass the radio isotope source through the imaging plane caused by the one-sided accessibility of the tube sheet. Special wall thickness compensators are used to account for wall thickness changes in penetrating direction across the inspected weld regions. The sensitivity of this testing method is limited by the properties of the radiation source (energy and source size). Also the world wide shipment of radio isotopes gets more and more complicated.Fig.1: Gammamat B3 isotope source with film holder (left side) at inspection position and set-up for inspection of a small heat exchanger in the field (right side)The design, production and inspection of tube-to-tube sheet welds are regulated in the BASF specification E-S-MC 331. For high risk heat exchangers additional inspections by the owner of the heat exchanger (BASF) are required and realize the surveillance of the manufacturing during heat exchanger built-up. The specification requires random tests depending on the mechanical and thermal load of the heat exchanger (in percentage of welds to be tested and acceptance criteria for detected indications) on behalf of the future owner BASF. Depending on the results of the first random test a second random test after repair or a 100% test charged to the manufacturer may be necessary to reach the required weld quality.Typical source size is 1x0.5mm² Ir-192 isotope and 10x12 cm² punched C3 films are used with 0.02 mm Lead screens. The range of inspected tubes is from 16mm x 1.5mm up to 76mm x 4mm (diameter x wall thickness), pore sizes down to 1mm can be detected with this configuration.Fig.2: film exposure (left above) and corresponding cross sections by destructive testing (right side) showing typical flaws like porosities and notches2.The new rod anode X-ray tube /1/A new X-ray tube was developed by rtw Röntgentechnik Dr. Warrikhoff to achieve a better inspection sensitivity and to solve issues with world wide transport of radio isotopes. In Fig. 3this tube is shown. The main reason for this development was the limited detectability with Ir 192. Caused by the energy of the gamma rays the minimal detectable pore size is about 0.8mm in steel. For new materials like Ti enhanced flaw detection was requested.Fig. 3:Rod anode X-ray tube MCTS 130 - 0.6 (left side) and complete inspection setup with controller, right side: HV generator and X-ray tube with film holder (red) at a heat exchanger ready for single-sided inspectionThe rod has an outer diameter of 6 mm and a length of 40 mm, the focal spot is smaller than 1mm at 130kV and 2.4mA (max. 300 W). This new tube was successfully applied in combination with X-ray film and the enhanced detectability for new materials like Ti was proven, so the next step to replace the film was straight forward to omit the necessary chemical development procedure on-site.3.The digital detector array DIC100TH /2/Ajat developed the detector DIC100TH, which is a first of its kind, breakthrough digital imaging device for tube to tube-sheet weld inspection.The detector comprises four 25 mm x 25 mm CdTe-CMOS high resolution elements (100µm pixel size) operating at 50fps and arranged to allow a rod anode tube to pass through the mid-section of the device. The X-Rays are produced at the tip of the rod anode and emit in a direction towards the CdTe-CMOS detector (see fig. 4).The rod-anode tube is fed through the CdTe-CMOS active detector and the two are bound together in a robust mechanical arrangement which can be inserted in the heat exchanger for the tube to tube-sheet weld to be inspected (fig. 5).This image sensor provides for real time and on line tube to tube sheet weld inspection with excellent sensitivity, reliability and speed. The unit addresses requests to replace the traditional film based systems that today are used typically in this field with a real time digital inspection system.The basic spatial resolution and detector calibration limits the maximum contrast sensitivity of the detector. The basic spatial resolution is 100 µm for this direct converting detector and defined by the pixel size. To achieve the best detection sensitivity possible a special calibration procedure was developed. Caused by the strong dependence of X-ray intensity on the radial distance form the rod centre the rod anode X-ray tube cannot be used for pixel calibration of the detector. Also the temperature dependence of the detector calibration is not neglectable. As result of the developed calibration procedure (using a standard X-ray tube at 90kV, 1m distance and a 5 mm steel plate at the detector to generate a suitable flat field for detector calibration) calibrationsets are stored in dependence of the detector temperature in the range between 10°C and 32°C and selected automatically according to the real detector temperature in the field. In this manner the optimal detector calibration is maintained in the field.Fig. 4:The digital detector array DIC 100TH, left side: detector electronics showing the arrangement of the 4 detector tiles around the rod anode X-ray tube, right side: detector-X-ray unit ready for single-sided inspectionFig. 5: The fully digital inspection system with its two main parts (left side) and installed at a heat exchanger ready for inspection4.Software, complete inspection system and first resultsIn fig. 6 a snapshot of the developed user interface of the software is shown. A Laptop equipped with a Cameralink interface for detector connection and an RS-422 interface for control of the X-ray generator is used for image storage, evaluation and report generation. The complete system (X-ray tube and detector) is software controlled and complete configuration set-ups can be stored and re-activated for easiest handling. A list with inspection results is transferred directly to the data base “virtual tube” for documentation of the inspection. Digital filters can be applied for enhancement of flaw detection on the display.Fig. 6:snapshot of the developed software for system control, left side: image display and interactive selection of inspection result, middle: control program for X-ray tube set-up, integration time and description of inspection position, right side: visualization of inspection result summery for the whole heat exchanger (based on the data base virtual tube)A comparison of the achieved detection limits for the novel inspection systems is shown in fig. 7 based on a test mock-up with 25mm diameter pipes and 2mm steel wall thickness.Fig. 7: Comparison of inspection results on a steel test mock-up 25x2mm, left side: conventional system with Ir 192 and film, detection limit 0.8mm drill hole, middle: rod anode and film, detection limit 0.5mm drill hole, right side: rod anode and DIC100TH detector, detection limit better than 0.3mm drill hole.In fig. 8 an example of a real inspection result for a 25mm steel pipe with 2mm wall thickness is given. The visibility of the flaw indications can be improved by digital image processing of the images acquired from the detector.Fig. 8: comparison of inspection results of a real weldment on a heat exchanger 25mm/2mm at 80kV, 0.5mA and 30s exposure, left side: rod-anode and X-ray film, right side: DIC100TH detector and highpass filtering of digital imageField trials are on-going to gain experience with this novel inspection system and to prove the advantages and the extended application range in comparison with the classical set-up.5.ConclusionsAn improved inspection system for RT inspection of metal tube to tube sheet joints of heat exchangers was developed based on a unit combining a rod anode X-ray tube and a new digital detector array arranged in tiles around this rod anode. In this way the single-sided access for weld inspection was realized. The following advantages of this novel fully digital unit were proven: •no radioactive container transport and usage of film chemistry on-site at the heat exchanger production site•improved flaw detection•shorter inspection times•immediate inspection result•software supported evaluation of images•data base supported documentation of inspection results•reduced requirements for radiation protection, considerable smaller controlled area with75 kV X-ray voltage compared with Ir-192 requirements as used beforeThe experiences gained with the presented prototype system will result in optimised follow-up inspection systems.6.References/1/ www.rtwxray.de/2/ www.ajat.fi。

Unit 14化学工程的单元操作1.介绍化学加工可以包含各种各样的不同的过程顺序，它的原理是独立于我们的操作的材料和操作的系统，把复杂的工艺过程分解成单个的物理过程（即单元操作）和多种化学反应过程的实践，导致了化学工程的通用性。

单元操作的观念在化学工程是基于不同的过程步骤可以减少简单操作或反应，而这些反应在不考虑操作条件下有同样的基本反应。

这个原则，在美国化学工业的发展过程中变得明显，在1915年早些首次变得明显。

任何一个化学过程，无论所操作规模大小，可以被分解成单元作用的同等的一些系列，像粉碎，混合，加热，烘干，吸取，浓缩，析出，沉淀，结晶，过滤，溶解，电解等等。

基本单元操作的数量不是很大而且只有很少几个包含特定的操作，化学工程的复杂性源于各种条件如温度，压力等的多样性。

由于条件的变化，单元作用就必须在不同的过程中完成。

同时化学工程的复杂性还受到由反应物的物理及化学性质所决定的结构材料和设备设计的影响。

单元操作的开始清单列举了十二个功能，不是所有的都包含单元操作。

再增加的都会命名，在那些年处于适中的比率但是最近在一个加速的比率。

流体流动，热传递，蒸馏，加湿，气体吸收，沉积，分类，搅拌，和离心过滤已经被公认。

最近几年，新技术逐渐被理解，比较适用于过去但很少使用分离技术这导致了分离，处理，操作或者是介入制造的数量上的持续增长，这些可用于没有重大改变的各种进程。

这是根据一个术语”单元操作”，现在为我们提供了、一系列的技术合作。

2.单元操作的分类流体流动这涉及的原则，确定流动或运输任何流体从一个点到另一个点。

传热这个单元操作处理的原则是，积累和转让的热量和能量从一个地方到另一个地方。

蒸发这是一个特殊的情况下传热，其中涉及蒸发的挥发性溶剂，如水从一个非易失性溶质如盐或其它材料在解决方案烘干在这个操作中挥发液体，通常是水，从固体材料中挥发出去。

蒸馏这是一个过程即液态混合物的分离通过沸腾，因为它们的蒸汽压不同。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：热扩散涂料换热器材料文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：过程装备与控制工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）翻译外文题目：DIFFUSION COATINGS FOR HEATEXCHANGER MATERIALS中文题目：热扩散涂料换热器材料DIFFUSION COATINGS FOR HEAT EXCHANGER MATERIALS热扩散涂料换热器材料V.Rohr和M.Schutze有一个需要发展清洁电力系统,以降低排放污染物。

这意味着一个增加换热器的最高温度管,这是现在的600摄氏度在眼下现代电厂。

为传统使用铁素体钢,但这种增长是有限的由钢的力学性能和耐腐蚀电阻在煤炭、浪费和生物量解雇的环境。

奥氏体钢和镍合金是潜在的基础候选人在较高的温度增加性能(700摄氏度.尽管如此,耐蚀性这些材料可以进一步提高应用涂料。

包胶结是最简单也是最省钱的涂层工艺之一。

然而,需要加热,目前正在执行步骤最低温度为750 - 800摄氏度。

显微组织可能的材料会显著的改变在这些温度下的涂装工艺,特别是对铁素体-马氏体钢。

由于组织显示机械性能,这些也可能受到涂装工艺的影响。

因此,有一个需要发展相对低温的包装过程。

摘要本文为P91对应铁素体钢和HCM12A,奥氏体钢合金800H和347型钢与17 Cr / 13镍、镍基合金IN617是温度低于以上提到的范围。

为了方便的渗透保护性的元素在涂装工艺、不同表面处理之前的申请过程的影响,探讨提高扩散路径的数量在金属地下区。

表面处理的影响等研磨或玻璃珠爆破对效率过程中详细讨论。

Rohr先生(rohr@dechema.de)和Schutze教授在这个DECHEMAKarl-Winnacker-Institut电动汽车,Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25岁,D - 60486 Frankfurt amMain,德国。

######Manufacturing Engineering Processes1.Classification of Manufacturing ProcessesThe following table shows the classification of manufacturing engineering processes used in shaping materials. Note that only typical examples are mentioned in the table.2.Examples of Manufacturing ProcessesForging .Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), mechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes is used .The most common type of forging is drop forging .The metal is heated to a suitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity .The upper die is then lower so that the metal is forced to fill the cavity. Excess material is squeezed out between the die faces at the periphery as flash, which is removed in a later trimming process. When the term gorging is used, it usually means hot gorging. The material loss in forging processes is usually quite small. Normally, forged components require some subsequent machining, since thetolerances and surfaces obtainable are not usually satisfactory a finished product. Forging machines include drop hammers and forging presses with mechanical or hydraulic drives. Es involve simple .The machines involve simple translatory motions.Rolling Rolling can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of material, mechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. Rolling is extensively used in the manufacturing of plates, sheets, structural beams, and so on. An ingot is produced in casting, and then, in several stages of rolling it is reduced in thickness, usually while hot. Since the width of the work material is kept constant, its length is increased according to the reduction. After the last hot-rolling stage, a final stage is carried out cold to improve surface quality and tolerances and to increase strength. In rolling, the profiles of the rolls designed to produce the desired geometry.Powder Compaction Powder compaction can be characterized as; mass conserving, granular state of material, mechanical primary basic process-flow and plastic deformation. In this context, only compaction of metal powder is mentioned, but generally compaction of molding sand, ceramic materials, and so on, also belong in this category.In the compaction of metal powders, the die cavity is filled with a measured volume of powder and compacted at pressures typically around 500N/mm2. During this pressing phase, the particles are packed together and plastically deformed. Typical densities after compaction are 80% of the density of the solid material. Because of the plastic deformation, the particles are”welded” together, giving sufficient strength to withstand handling. After compaction, the components are heat-treated—sintered—normally at 70%~80% of the melting temperature of the material. The atmosphere for sintering must be controlled to prevent oxidation. The duration of the sintering process varies between 30 min and 2h. The strength of the components after sintering can, depend on the material and the process parameters closely approach the strength of corresponding solid material.The die cavity, in the closed position, corresponds to the desired geometry. Compaction machinery includes both mechanical and hydraulic presses. The production rates vary between 6 and 100 components per minute.加工工艺过程1.加工工艺过程的分类2.锻造工艺过程分类锻造锻造过程的特性可表述如下，质量守恒，工作材料为固态，力学基本过程为塑性变形过程。

过程装备与控制工程英语1.过程装备(Process equipment)The process equipment in the factory is responsible for manufacturing products efficiently.2.控制工程(Control engineering)Control engineering plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability and reliability of industrial processes.3.设备(Equipment)The factory invested in state-of-the-art equipment to improve production efficiency.4.流程(Process)The production process includes multiple stages, each with its own specific requirements.5.控制(Control)The control system allows operators to monitor and adjust various parameters for optimal performance.6.自动化(Automation)Automation has greatly improved efficiency in manufacturing processes.7.传感器(Sensor)Sensors are used to collect real-time data and provide feedback for control purposes.8.测量(Measurement)Accurate measurement of process variables is crucial for maintaining quality standards.9.监控(Monitoring)Continuous monitoring of process parameters is essential for early detection of issues.10.仪表(Instrumentation)Instrumentation plays a vital role in collecting and displaying data from various sensors in a process.11.采样(Sampling)Regular sampling of raw materials ensures their quality meets the required standards.12.环境监测(Environmental monitoring)Efficient control engineering systems enable real-time environmental monitoring.13.压力(Pressure)The pressure in the system is carefully controlled to ensure stable operation.14.温度(Temperature)Temperature control is crucial for maintaining the desired chemical reaction rate.15.流量(Flow rate)Monitoring and controlling the flow rate of liquid or gas is important for process efficiency.16.液位(Liquid level)Accurate measurement of liquid level ensures proper functioning of the process.17.控制阀(Control valve)Control valves regulate the flow rate or pressure offluid in a process.18. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)PLCs are widely used in control engineering to automate and monitor industrial processes.19.数据采集(Data acquisition)Data acquisition systems collect and record data from various sensors for analysis.20.仪器仪表校准(Instrument calibration)Regular instrument calibration ensures accurate measurement and control.21.故障诊断(Fault diagnosis)Advanced control engineering systems can detect and diagnose faults in real-time.22.实时控制(Real-time control)Real-time control engineering allows for immediate adjustments to process conditions.23.可靠性(Reliability)Reliability is a key factor in choosing process equipment and control systems.24.自适应控制(Adaptive control)Adaptive control algorithms constantly adjust process parameters to optimize performance.25.能源管理(Energy management)Efficient control engineering strategies can help optimize energy consumption in industrial processes.。

General Equilibrium Conditions of A System力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设1f 和2f 为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有12f f =-。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如1,2F F 和3F ,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A 我们有：∑=++=0121f F F F A 而对质点B 有：∑032=+=F f F B作用在系统上的力的总和为：123120A B F F F F F F f f =+=++++=∑∑∑现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P 的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：12()()P A B M r F r F =⨯+⨯∑∑∑ 由于力1f 和2f 有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为1121223()0P M r F F f f r F =⨯++++⨯=∑ 但12f f =-；所以力和力矩的条件简化为1210F F F F +=+=∑ 和111223()()()0P M r F r F r F =⨯+⨯+⨯=∑换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

Reading Material 5Static and Dynamic Balance of Rotating BodiesThe unbalance of a single disk can detected by allowing the disk to rotate on its axle between two parallel knife-edges, as shown in Fig.1.22. The disk will rotate and come to rest with the heavy side on the bottom. This type of unbalance is called static unbalance, since it can be detected by static means.In general, the mass of a rotor is distributed along the shaft such as in a motor armature or an automobile-engine crankshaft. A test similar to the one above many indicate that such parts are in static balance, but the system may show a considerable unbalance when rotated.As an illustration, consider a shaft with two disks, as shown in Fig. l. 23. If the two unbalance weights are equal and 180 deg. apart, the system will be statically balanced about the axis of the shaft. However, when the system is rotated, each unbalanced disk would set up a rotating centrifugal force tending to rock the shaft on its bearings. Since this type of unbalance results only from rotation we refer to it as dynamic unbalance.Fig. 1. 24 shows a general case where the system is both statically and dynamically unbalanced. It will now be shown thatthe unbalanced forces P and Q can always be eliminated by the addition of two correction weights in any two parallel planes of rotation.Consider first the unbalance force P, which can be replaced by two parallel forces and . In a similar manner Q can be replaced by two parallel forces and . The two forces in each plane can then be combined into a single resultant force that can be balanced by a single correction weight as shown. The two correction weights C1 and C2 introduced in the two parallel planes completely balanced P and Q, and the system is statically and dynamically balanced. It should be further emphasized that a dynamically balanced system is also statically balanced. The converse, however, is not always true; a statically balanced system may be dynamically unbalanced.Example A rotor 4 in. long has an unbalance of 3 oz.in. in a plane 1 in. from the left end, and 2 oz. in. in the middle plane. Its angular position is 90 deg. in the clockwise direction from the first unbalance when viewed from the left end. Determine the corrections in the two end planes, giving magnitude and angular positions.Solution. The 3-oz. in. unbalance is equivalent to oz. in. at the left end and oz. in. at the right end, as shown in Fig. 1. 25. The 2 oz. in. at the middle is obviously equal to l oz. in. at the ends.Combining the two unbalances at each end, the corrections are: Left end:OZ.in.to be removedclockwise from plane of first unbalanceRight end:OZ.in.to be removedclockwise from plane of first unbalance第一个不平衡点的逆时针方向阅读材料 5旋转体的静态和动态平衡单一圆盘的失衡可以通过使平行于轴的两根刃行支撑的转动来检测到，如图1.22所示。

Unit 13 Principles of Heat TransferPractically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance.实际上，所有的由化学工程师进行的操作都要涉及热量的产生和吸收。

因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。

1. Nature of Heat FlowWhen two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three, conduction, convection, and radiation.当两种不同温度的物体开始接触后，热流就会从高温物体传给低温物体。

净热流总是随着温度降低的方向。

传热的机理通常分三种：热传导，热对流，热辐射。

装控131 杨哲1304310125CORROSION AND ANTICORROSION TECHNOLOGYIN OFFSHORE PLATFORMS(Shanghai Shipbuilding Technology Research Institute, CSSC 200032, China) Abstract: This paper summarizes the corrosion environment and rules of the different zones in offshore platforms, also briefly introduces the requirements and systems of the anticorrosion coating .According to the long-term anticorrosion requirements in offshore platforms, the paper introduces several long-term anticorrosion technology, including thermal spraying, adding zinc protection and anticorrosion technology with platform legs wrapped etc,which will provide some references to the research of the long-term anticorrosion technology in offshore platforms.Key words:offshore platform;anticorrosion; thermal spraying; adding zinc technology; anticorrosion wrapOffshore platform is a kind of large offshore engineering structure. The steel structure in the long-term salt fog, moisture and water environment, the erosion of seawater and sea creatures, and produce severe electrochemical corrosion. Corrosion seriously affects the mechanical properties of the structure of the offshore platform, which affects the safety of the marine platform. And because the offshore platform off the coast, not as a regular maintenance like a ship docking, so builders and users of offshore platforms very seriously corrosion of marine platform. How long-term preservation of offshore platform structure, as well as research and development of offshore platform structure of the new materials, new technologies and new processes are of long-term preservation is very important.1. Corrosion Rules 1 offshore platform1.1 Corrosion regional boundaries of the marine environmentOffshore platforms extremely harsh environment, sun exposure, salt spray, shock waves, complex water system, environmental temperature and humidity changes and marine life make offshore platforms erosion corrosion rate faster. Offshore platforms in different marine environments, corrosion behavior and corrosion characteristics will be relatively large differences. Therefore, to offshore platform structure in a marine environment corrosion corroded areas were analyzed and defined, in order to put forward effective protection measures. According to the marine environment, corrosion characteristics and different average corrosion rate, offshore platform in the marine environment in marine atmosphere can be divided into three major regions splash zone and immersion zone. In order to better analyze the corrosion of steel offshore platforms, many researchers turn splash zone into the splash zone and tidal zone, immersion zone into seawater immersion zone and seabed soil area that is divided into five areas of corrosion.1.2Marine steel corrosionOcean-atmosphere:Ocean sea-salt particles cause atmospheric zone accelerate corrosion, dry surface and wet film alternates salt form of physical, chemical and electrochemical action affecting metal corrosion.Splash Zone:The most serious corrosion in the marine environment, the site is above average tide splash zone. As often as the wet surface, surface oxygen supply issufficient, no sea biofouling. Long and short drying surface wetting the surface of the alternation and spray erosion, mainly caused by physical and electrochemical corrosion damage and maximum damage.Tidal zone: steel corrosion tidal area is the lowest, even less than the corrosion rate of seawater immersion and seabed soil. The average low tide level the following corrosion nearby area emergence of a peak, it is because steel piles in the marine environment, with tidal fluctuations, the total amount of oxygen in the steel surface above the waterline humid than dip below the waterline at sea the steel surface to be much more fully, and to each other to form a loop, thereby becoming an oxygen concentration difference between the macro corrosion cell. Corrosion cell-enriched zone is the cathode, namely tidal area; relatively anoxic zone anode, namely the regional average low tide level below the waterline. The overall effect is that at every point throughout the tidal zone are subject to varying degrees of cathodic protection. While the average low tide level less often as the anode and the emergence of corrosion peak.Seawater immersion zone:the corrosive seawater immersion zone, the shallow water may corrode more quickly than the ocean air, the oxygen content of the deep-sea areas is often much lower than the surface, the water temperature close to 0 oc, corrosion lighter.Seabed soil zone: the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria and bacterial sources and characteristics of seafloor sediments mixed. Less influence by the sea, and the temperature is low, a small degree of corrosion, but there is some corrosion at the junction of ocean currents action.2 offshore platform steel structure anti-corrosion coating technologyLong-term offshore platforms in harsh corrosive environments, maintenance difficulties during use, so only use anti-corrosion technology provision of high-performance heavy-duty coatings. Several offshore platform using heavy-duty coatings, each with the following characteristics:(1) zinc-rich primer: Requires a high proportion of zinc-containing paint, Kuang requirements and substrate adhesion. One role is to take zinc-rich primer cathodic protection, In addition, when the coating damage or when there is not continuous, zinc Yao can play the role of sacrificial anode to protect the substrate. A zinc-rich primer T ong inorganic zinc-rich primer, epoxy zinc-rich primer and the like.(2) intermediate paint: intermediate paint requires comprehensive anti-corrosion ability, among cattle is characterized by anti-rust paint or impervious material containing material efficient, female l granular or scaly zinc powder, glass flake, stainless steel flake, satisfied Mu class Chin shielded and powder-based coatings and cathodic protection type were kind of new corrosion-type paints and so on.(3) Finish: finish the role is to provide a protective layer of primer and intermediate coat, slowed down and limited water vapor, oxygen, and chemical activity of ion penetration. Also requires impact resistance, anti-aging and anti-insoluble and so on. Finish commonly used chlorinated rubber, vinyl, polyurethane or acrylic resin coatings.In addition, heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating to get a good effect, but also need to pay attention to a number of factors, including the surface treatment of the substrate, high-quality paint, reasonable coating system, outside construction conditions,construction coating quality control. Currently heavy-duty coatings mainly used for offshore platforms atmospheric zone.3.Several long-term preservation technology offshore platform structureFor each area of corrosion offshore platforms, in addition to the current anti-corrosion coating and cathodic protection or impressed current cathodic protection system support, but also. on the offshore platform have long-term preservation of the use of other technologies, including long-term platform for thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology, Zinga protection technology, the platform leg tied corrosion package technology.3.1 offshore platforms thermal spraying anti-corrosion technologyThermal spraying technology in offshore platform steel member has a long history. Thermal spraying of zinc, aluminum and its alloys coating on foreign offshore platform steel member has successfully applied examples, examples show: thermal spray coating of zinc-aluminum and its alloys corrosion has become a mature technology, after appropriate heat sealed spray zinc-aluminum coating at room temperature and high temperature on steel in the splash zone exhibited excellent corrosion resistance.Aluminum thermal spray coatings in marine engineering is the biggest application platform in 1984 to build the H otton tension leg platform. The platform design life of 50 years. 8 years after its use in the splash zone corrosion is found, and brown leakage effects. Thickness measurement showed that the thickness of the coating does not reduce platform installation, it illustrates the effect of anti-corrosion marine platform lame spraying zinc aluminum metal coating layer is obvious, even if the surface of the organic coating off will ensure expansion of the substrate against corrosion. At the same time after tests showed that 2001} hot Tut m thick zinc-aluminum coating for steel in the splash zone protection can ensure life for more than 30 years.For high-strength steel parts used for offshore platforms, spraying aluminum and aluminum alloy coating not only provides an aluminum shield, and once the coating is damaged, it can appear as a sacrificial anode protection drain coating area. The coating may be applied in a closed paint, aluminum and aluminum alloy coating to seal the pores, thereby improving coating performance and extend the life of its total. Our thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology started late, currently used in offshore platform preservative it is still in the experimental stage, pending further development and application.3.2 Zinga offshore platform protection technologyZinga protection is a quality and convenient method for steel corrosion protection, zinc add protection to the substrate material has cathodic protection and shielding dual role. Zinga protection technology has excellent corrosion resistance that Zinga zinc galvanized coating dry film amounted to 9600, the product purity over 99.995% zinc. Zinga protection also has a unique blend of heavy, new and existing coating Zinga Zinga coating can be fully integrated, easy maintenance painted up.Zinga protection compared with conventional organic coatings, cathodic protection has a strong effect and may be used as a good bottom, its resistance to corrosion than conventional zinc-rich primer 5-6 times, corrosion protection up to 25 years to 30 years.The extent of corrosion of offshore platforms immersion zone serious than theatmospheric region, but lighter than the splash zone. Full immersion zone generally use cathodic protection or protective coatings and cathodic protection joint, but seldom alone paint protection, since there is currently antirust, anti-fouling paint life is difficult to achieve permanent protection of offshore platforms. Zinga protection technology in the dual role of long-lasting protective coating and cathodic protection, corrosion protection with a long service life which make up the general corrosion protection coatings in the life of deficiencies.Domestic and offshore platforms by the project proved plus zinc corrosion protection properties of the coating technology is excellent. 2000 Zinga protection technology is applied at the local service domestic and offshore drilling platforms, Shekou, Shenzhen Pinghu oilfield offshore drilling platforms, repair of Zinga coating used has not found a good rust and corrosion performance.3.3 Offshore Platform Legs tied corrosion Package TechnologyCurrently, marine splash zone corrosion of the worst parts of the corrosion problem has been unprecedented attention, and ongoing in-depth discussion among. Now recognized as the most mature technology is corrosion Kit tied method. In the United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries, a growing number of offshore platforms to splash zone corrosion leg using a preservative Kit tied technology.Corrosion sets is a long-acting anti-corrosion technology, used in the splash zone of marine environmental conditions can make corrosion life of more than 30 years. Corrosion sets from high-strength multilayer fabric covered with special polyester outer layer, inner cladding corrosion Thixotrope 3 parts. This three-layer structure closely aggregated together to form a monolithic whole structure. This unique structure can be set by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the body and alter the fabric structure to adjust the physical properties of corrosion sets in order to adapt to different corrosion requirements. Its multi-layer fabric itself elastic sleeve to make corrosion-designed package tightly tied ocean tension leg platform, and watertight or airtight sealing requirements, in order to achieve long-term preservation.Offshore platform jacket leg corrosion can effectively solve the adverse effects of the sea organism attachment. Anticorrosive coating the outer sleeve and the inner product of antifouling component corrosion thixotropes and other unique design, can effectively prevent the adhesion and growth of marine organisms, so that the corrosion sets preservative life is greatly extended, and ultimately effective in achieving long-term corrosion protection The purpose of. Its elasticity effect itself high strength fabric sleeve in corrosion and piling surface tension of a tight collar, which will not only cover tightly pack anticorrosive pile legs tied, and will not be due to temperature changes caused by steel Pipe leg physical changes brought about by thermal expansion and contraction of any effect. Currently, anti-corrosion sets of leg technique has been applied in more than one marine projects around the world.4 ConclusionOffshore platform steel corrosion, according to the characteristics of the differentregions of maritime corrosion, corrosion rate choose the appropriate corrosion protection measures. Anti-corrosion coatings emerging new varieties, should be fully aware of their own performance matching paint and coating between strict coating process. Thermal spray coatings and zinc plus protection technology is supporting each other coating and cathodic protection, so as to achieve long-term preservation of the marine platform. Offshore platforms leg in the splash zone area and the water level changes frequently withstand collisions tapping and production operations and foreign matter waves is the corrosion of the worst parts leg, requiring special corrosion protection. Package tied corrosion technology has unique high strength jacket design, the marine platform leg may get good corrosion protection effect of changes in the splash zone and district level. To avoid the possible loss of corrosion, extend the life of offshore platforms, offshore platforms anti-corrosion technology development is of great significance参考文献l1l Britton J. Early Coating Failures on Offshore Platforms) AI，Corrosion/20041 CI .Houston: NACE, 2004.l2l侯保荣.海洋环境腐蚀规律及控制技术I JI.科学与管理，2004, (5 ): 7-8.l3l侯保荣.海洋腐蚀环境理论及其应用I MI.北京:北京科学出版社，1999.l4l K lfnvik, B H Leinum，E B Heirer, et al. Material Risk-ageing Offshore Installations} R} Petroleum Safety AuthorityNorway (PSA)Report No 2006一3496 Veritasveien Det Norske Veritas 2006.l5l Fracis L Laque. 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