正说反译与反说正译
英语和汉语有相同之处，那就是在表达同一事物或同一概念时，往往可以从正面叙述，也可以从反面叙述。比如我们可以说“很困难”（quite difficult），也可以改成“很不容易”（far from easy）；说做某事“竭尽全力”（do one’s best），也可以说“不遗余力”（spare no effect）；可以说某个学生成绩“还好”（good），也可以说“不错”（not bad）。但由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的“正说反译与反说正译”法。如英语中的“wet Paint！”，汉语中常说成“油漆未干”，英语中说“I won’t keep you waiting long ”汉语中却说“我一会而就回来。”
1、正说反译：
Miss the bus没有赶上车
Live up to the expectations of my parent不辜负父母的期望
Be absent from the meeting没有出席会议
A final decision不可更改的决定
Frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱
Freeze别动
Mortally ill不治之症
The window refuses to open窗户打不开
The explanation is pretty thin这个解释站不住脚
Beauty is but skin deep.美丽但不肤浅。
Opportunity knocks but once.机会只来一次。
Keep upright切勿倒置。
Agreeable sweetness甜而不腻。
I doubt it我不相信。
Mind your steep当心脚下。
2、反说正译：
The specification lacks detail.说明书不够详细。
Catch me doing that.我才没干那事呢。
No one can have too much knowledge and practice.知识和实践越多越好。
Look with your eyes.请勿动手。
Keep off the grass.请勿践踏青草。
Crew only游客止步。
Seats shall be reserved for warm body only 请勿用物品占位。
That is all I want to hear.够了，别说了。
You can not teach old dogs new tricks.老年人接受不了新事物。
篇章练习：
Love your life
However mean your life is, meet it and live it, do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not as bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The faultfinder will find fault even in the paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have many pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the window of almshouse as brightly as from the rich man’s abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quite mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace. The town’s poor seem to me often live th e most independent lives of any. Maybe they are simply great
enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means. Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old, return to them. Things do not change, we change. Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.
热点环保话题补充：
2008年6月1号开始实施的禁塑令，让我们又一次走进了环保这一话题。环境保护是口译考试中的一个重要部分。结合这次的禁塑令，在这里对这一话题做一汇总。
禁塑令的相关内容及表述：
June 1st, 2008: The first day of the ban on free plastic bags. China, which consumes at least 1,300 tons of oil daily to produce bags for supermarkets alone, is following in the footsteps of countries such as Ireland, Rwanda and Bangladesh. Italy is due to introduce a ban by 2010.China has become the latest country to declare war on plastic bags in a drive to save energy and protect the environment.
新规定开始昨天实施。New regulations came into force yesterday.
每日污染：Daily waste
环保袋：Environmentally friendly bags/carriers
回收/循环使用Recycle
可再生资源Renewable energies
一次性能源/不可再生能源Non-renewable energy
白色污染White pollution
有害废物Hazardous waste
源节约型社会Resource-conserving society
能源友好型社会Environmental-friendly society
0703高级口译汉译英
中国政府高度重视保护环境，认为保护环境关系到国家现代化建设的全局和长远发展，是造福当代、惠及子孙的事业。中国政府将环境保护确立为一项基本国策，在推进经济发展的同时，采取一系列措施加强保护环境。特别是近年来，中国政府坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破，着力解决危害人民群众健康的突出环境问题；坚持创新体制机制，领先科学进步，强化环境法治，发挥社会各方面的积极性。经过努力，环境污染和生态破坏加剧的趋势减缓，部分流域污染治理初见成效，部分城市和地区环境质量有所改善，全社会保护环境意识进一步增强。
Key:The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection. It believes that environmental protection has a bearing on the overall situation of China’s modernization drive and its long-term development and that it is an undertaking which will not only benefit the Chinese people of today but also bring benefit to their children and grand children. The Chinese government has established environmental protection as a basic national policy. While promoting economic growth, it has adopted a series of measures to protect the environment. Especially in recent years, adhering to the principle of prevention first, comprehensive control, entire push-on and key-point breakthrough, Chinese government has made great efforts to solve those outstanding environmental problems that threaten people’s health. It has persisted in institutional innovation, relied on technological advances, strengthened the role of law in environmental
protection and brought into full play the initiative of various sectors of the society. Thanks to these efforts, the trend toward aggravated environmental pollution and ecological destruction has slowed down, pollution control in some river basins has achieved some initial success, the environmental quality of some cities and regions has improved to some extent, and the people’s awareness of the importance of environmental protection has increased further.
相关扩充：
环境保护是每个公民的责任与义务。中国规定并修改了有关水、空气及固体垃圾污染的法律，为取得持续发展打下了基础。对环境问题的关注已经成为一种不可逆转的历史潮流。
我们赞成《京都议定书》。虽然我们是一个发展中国家，但是我们还是根据关于温室气体排放的国际公约，制定了中国应对气候变化的国家方案。我们提出：从2006年至2010年，单位GDP的能源消耗降低20%。虽然《京都议定书》对于发展中国家并没有规定必须执行的指标，但是中国政府还是本着对世界负责的态度，认真地履行自己应尽的国际义务。
8. 正说反译和反说正译 正说反译 正说反译和反说正译的实质是从逻辑上改换说法。由于语言所反映的心理因素和不同语言的情调往往要求译者改换说法。英汉互译中，为了达到功能对等，增强语言交际效果，常常采用这两种技巧 We will live up to what our parents expect of us. 我们不能辜负父母的期望。 If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果本人递交证件，则本人不得擅自拆封，否则证件将被视为无效。 如果自己提交档案，学校的密封信封必须加盖公章、完好无损，否则无效。Private! 闲人免进！ Keep upright! 切勿倒置！ Wet paint! 油漆未干！ Urban clearway! 市区通道，不准停车！ Inflammables—keep away from fire. 易燃物品，切勿近火！ I prefer the red one to the black one. 我要红的，不要黑的。 The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wildfire. 林肯总统遭到暗杀的消息不胫而走。 The plan cracked up through a bad landing. 飞机因着陆不当而撞毁。 Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep. 他不脱衣服，往床上一躺就睡着了。 I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我没有及时回复信函。 Sleeping too long is a lame excuse for being late. 睡眠过久不利于健康。
翻译技巧总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
英语翻译正说反反说正译
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第八章英翻译技巧（五）正说反译反说正译 正说反译、反说正译的应用 不论是正说反译还是反说正译，究其原因归纳起来主要是：保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯，保证译文通畅易懂。 所谓反面表达，是指英语词句中含有“not”，“never”，“no”，“un-”，“im-”，“ir-”，“in-”，“less-”等否定成分，汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份，不含这些成份的为正面表达。 （一）正说反译的应用 1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义，常见的有：Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge（怨恨，不情愿做）, disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack. I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音，我没听清楚你说的话。 To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。 Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。 2.介词或介词短语含否定之意，常见的词有： Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。 Learn how to be instead of do.要学习如何做人，而不是做事。 The question is above the five-yea-old boy.那个五岁的小孩不懂这个问题。 Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。 But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier.要是没有遇上暴风雨，我们会早到了。 All international disputes must be settled through negotiations instead of any armed conflicts. 一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。 3、一些固定结构也是形式肯定，意思否定，例如absent (from), free from, safe from, different (from), far from, few, little，alien to，anything but, know better than（明白而不至于）, too…to… , rather than，awkward(不熟练、不灵活、使用起来不方便)，bad(令人不愉快的，不受欢迎的、不舒服的)，blind to (看不到、不注意)，dead(无生命的、无感觉的、不毛的)，difficult(不容易的)，foreign to(不适于，与……无关)，short of(不足，不够)，poor(不好的，不幸的)，ignorant of(不懂) He knows better than to do such a thing.他不至于干这样的事。 His work is far from satisfactory.他的工作远远不能令人满意。 The problem is anything but easy.这个问题可决不容易。He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋 4.含有if, before, unless，would rather 的从句或虚拟语气的句子，如: Jump down from the roof of the building. If you dare.我猜你也不敢从房顶上跳下来。 She will die of hunger before she steals.他宁愿饿死也小愿去偷。 I would rather die before I would betray my country.我宁可死，也不背叛我的祖国。 The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。 5、许多英语习语从正面表达，习惯上却从反面加以翻译，如: He was utterly in the dark about what had happened in the department yesterday. 他对昨天系里发生的事全然不知。 Leave me alone！别管我！Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。 Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.宁为鸡头，不做凤尾。 （二）反说正译的应用 １.双重否定 You cannot make omelettes without breaking eggs.有失才有得/不破不立 We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要水远抱乐观态度。 Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.有志者事竟成。
译国译民 专心翻译 做到极致 常用翻译技巧：正译法和反译法 正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： （1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译） （3） 他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译） （4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) （6） Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
1、正说反译： Miss the bus 没有赶上车 Live up to the expectations of my parent 不辜负父母的期望 Be absent from the meeting 没有出席会议 A final decision 不可更改的决定 Frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱 Freeze 别动 Mortally ill 不治之症 The window refuses to open 窗户打不开 Children were excluded from getting in the building 儿童不许进入这个房间 The explanation is pretty thin 这个解释站不住脚 I have fallen behind with my correspondence 我有一些信件还没有回复
Fully clothes, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep 衣服也不脱，他往床上横着一倒，不一会儿就睡着了 Don’t lose time in posting this letter 不要忘了寄这封信 No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced 凭票退押金 例1： 原文：她忍住了没有笑出声。 译文：She refrained from laughing. 例2： 原文：花园根本无人整理。 译文：The garden was in a state of total neglect. 例3： 原文：我不能忍受你的脾气。 译文：Your temper is more than I can bear. 例4： 原文：他宁死不屈。 译文：He would die before yielding. 例5： 原文：生活远非净是乐事。 译文：Life is far from being a bed of roses. 例6： 原文：风景美得无以言表。 译文：The scenery is too beautiful for words. That’s a thing that might happen to anyone. 这种事谁也免不了。 Opportunity knocks but once. 机会只来一次。
常用的翻译技巧 1. 重复法(repetition) 2. 增译法(amplification) 3. 减译法(omission) 4. 词类转移法(conversion) 5. 词序调整法(inversion) 6. 分译法(division) 7. 正说反译, 反说正译法(negation) 8. 语态变换法(the change of the voices) 1. 重复法 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。Le t’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。He had it all written out neatly. 他把它写得清清楚楚。 1. 这种人闹什么东西呢闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。What are they after They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 2. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。A large family has its difficulties. 3. 天苍苍, 野茫茫, 风吹草低见牛羊。The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam. 4. 寻寻觅觅, 冷冷清请, 凄凄惨惨戚戚; 乍暖还寒时侯, 最难将息。(译文1）Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! （译文2）I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer. （许渊冲译） 2. 增译法 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。 I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 1. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 2. 子曰: “学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” 3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 4. 交出翻译之前, 必须读几遍, 看看有没有要修改的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 5. 只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。The magistrate are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps. (One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.)
第七部分正说反译，反说正译 英译汉 1．It is wiser than to believe what you call money talks。 我不至于蠢到相信你说的金钱万能呢。 2．He could do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life. 叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不让他再过从前的日子。 3．All graduates from Foreign Language Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. 外院的学生并非都被分配去做翻译工作。 4．Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new master. 非洲踢出西方帝国主义，不是为了请进新的主人。 5．Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 双方都认为开会不失体面地接受这样的和平方案。 6．One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood. 新到一个陌生的邻里，越小心越好。 7．Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. 再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷。 8．The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste. 月球上北京一个毫无生机的世界，是多山的不毛之地。 9．All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat. 燃料中的所有化学能并不都转化为热能。 10．All these various losses, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy. 所有这些损失，尽管很大，却都没有违反能量守恒定律。 11．All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the temperature of the earth 1/4 degree F. 除了太阳以外，所有其他能源都不能把地球的温度升高华氏1/4度。 12．The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. 崇拜汽车的这种现代现象在很大程度上要从与所有权相伴的独立和自由的意识上来解释。 13．And this failure to recognize and analyze the interrelationship of linguistic and non-linguistic problems produces two major signs of ineffectiveness. 你没能够意识到和分析出语言和非语言之间的内部联系，才产生了这两种效率低下的现象。 14．Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bat to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. 动物发出的声音并不都气语言作用，我们只需要以蝙蝠的固定声位的发现为例，通过这个不同寻常的事例，我们就能知道声音起着非常实际的作用。 15．Because of the possibility of human error and total reliance on communications between pilots and controller the system will be “fail-dangerous” rather than “fail-safe.”。 由于人难免犯错，以及完全依赖飞行员与控制器之间的联系，这一套方法与其说会自
【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法，属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说，英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词，以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说，不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时，正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊，例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”（正说），也可以翻译成“没有毛病”（反说）。因此，到底译文要采用正说还是反说，就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中，英译汉正转反（正说反译法）和汉译英反转正（反说正译法）是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有：shortness / shortage（不够；不足）、lack（缺乏；没有）、absence （不在）、failure（未能；不成功）、defiance（不顾；无视）、denial（否认；否定）、exclusion （排除）、freedom（不；免除）、refusal（不愿；不允许）、loss（失去）等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信，我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括：refuse（不愿；不肯；无法）、lack（缺乏；没有）、defy（不服从；不遵守；不让）、forbid（不许）、stop（不准；别）、ignore（不理；不肯考虑；无视；不顾）、hate（不愿意）、miss（没听清楚；没赶上）等。
Translation concerning negation Aims: to understand the features of Chinese and English as regards negation, the application of negation in the process of translation Key points: the application of negation in the process of translation Difficulties: affirmative 肯定in Chinese but negative in English, negative in Chinese but affirmative in English Teaching procedures: Negation being an important conception in one’s expression of thoughts, expressions of negations is to be found in any tongue. This is naturally true of Chinese and English. However, the ways of indicating negation are quite different in the two languages. This frequently causes a lot of trouble to translators, who if not careful enough, would often make mistakes. 1. Features of the two languages as regards negation ●1. Both languages have negatives or expressions formed with negatives. In modern Chinese, the much-used negative words are: 不,没,别. These words express three different meanings: 不signifies表示denial of a statement;没denial of a being or occurrence(,非and 否can be put under this category);别dissuasion or prohibition(甭,勿,and 莫can be put under this category) ●The oft-used negatives in English are “not”, and “no”, in addition to “nothing”, ”nobody” “none”, “without”, “ neither…nor”, “never”, etc. ●Chinese negatives are generally capable of producing derivatives, particularly the word 不, 无and 非. Their derivatives are equivalent to English words formed by adding affixes, e.g. 不法unlawful, 不便inconvenient, 无边boundless,非正规军irregulars ●In English, apart from using negatives to express negation, words with a negative sense can be formed by adding affixes to roo t words. The affixes thus used are mainly “less”
正说反译、反说正译作业 周三1-2 / 6-7 得分： 姓名：学号： 姓名：学号： 姓名：学号： 姓名：学号： Put the underlined sentences into Chinese / English，using the technique of negation. And please also explain what translation skills you are using. ① Yu Qian, a 28-year-old attorney, says she does not mind that her mother regularly attends matchmaking events, but refuses to marry a man simply because of parental pressure. “I could get married today if I wanted to,” Ms. Yu says. Instead, however, she has chosen to pursue a master?s degree in international business law at the University of Amsterdam, something she insists would not be possible if she were already married. “In China, marriage is not just a matter between two people,” she says, “it?s more about two families. If I were married, my decision to go abroad would have been a decision made by two families, and it would get too complicated.” So complicated, she says, that she pr obably wouldn?t have gone. ② While Yu has chosen to pursue her dream in defiance of her mother's wishes, she acknowledges it isn?t easy. Professor Xiao Suowei, a sociology professor at Beijing Normal University who studies Chinese marital and familial relationships argues that ③ because Chinese children are raised in philosophically Confucian households where respect for one?s parents is paramount, even grown children are vulnerable to criticism. “These women care about their parents – theirs are the opinio ns that really matter to them,” Xiao stresses. “It doesn?t matter what other people say, but when their parents tell them, …You should get married, otherwise you never will. If you don?t get married at 28, you are an undesirable woman,? can you imagine how that makes them feel? It?s really terrible.” Still, in a society where young women are often criticized for being overly materialistic when it comes to marriage, Xiao believes that many shengnv are sincerely looking for the right person. ④ That they are holding onto their marriage ideals even as they get older says a lot about their determination.
常用十大翻译技巧之五：正译法和反译法 5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： （1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）（3）他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译） （4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) （6） Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译） 1 ——文章来源网络，仅供参考
考试复习 一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分） 书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。 二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题3分，共30分） 翻译常见的八种技巧： 1．重复repetition 在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。 We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。 2．增译addition/amplification 什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。 送君千里，终有一别。 ，yet the parting must come at last．3．减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如： A book is useful． 书(是)有用(的)。 4．词类转移法conversion 在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限制生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情形也是千变万化的。重要的是，要知道在翻译中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯，可以改变词类。下面所举的例子可以说明词类转移的一些常用情况。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort． 这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的，但分析一下汉英文中的词类，却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中，差不多都发生了变化：“学好”是动词，意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词；“随便”是副词，意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy，等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同，不作任何改变，那么这就不成一句英文句子了。 5．词序调整法inversion