名词解释
Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.
1．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.
2．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
3．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
4．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
5．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason. 6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
7．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
8．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 9．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.
10．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
11．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 12．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
13．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.
14．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
15．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 16．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem
17．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.
Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature. 18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.
文学史
中古时期
1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements
2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》
3.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)
文艺复兴时期
1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.
2.Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)
3.Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
4.Edmund Spenser: Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)
5.William Shakespeare:
Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)
17世纪英国文学
1.John Donne: the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》
2.John Milton: Paradise Lost《失乐园》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained 《复乐园》（how Christ overcame Santa) ——stories were taken from Bible
3.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)
18世纪英国文学
Novel：
1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry)
2.Daniel Defoe: representative of English realistic novel; Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)
3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》(fictional, satirical- human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)
4.Henry Fielding: the Father of English novel; The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling
《汤姆琼斯》，satiric
Poetry：
5.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
6.Alexander Pope: perfected in heroic couplet; An Essay on Criticism《论批评》
7.William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》-London, The Tiger
8.Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
Drama:
9.Richard Brinsley Sheridan:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
浪漫主义时期1798-1832
1.William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart
2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: the first critic of the Romantic school; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》
3.George Gordon Byron: vigorous, strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty); Don Juan《唐璜》(a broad critical picture of European life); When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》
4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)
5.John Keats: sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
6.Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination
7.Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic; Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》
8.Charles Lamb: Poor Relations《穷亲戚》; Dream-children《童年梦幻》; A Reverie《幻想曲》
维多利亚时期
1.summit：realistic novel
2.Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》；Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》
3.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)
4.George Eliot: novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede《亚当比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》
5.Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》
6.Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》
7.The Bronte Sisters:
Charlotte: Jane Eyre《简爱》：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。Emily: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂，外出致富，回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。
Anne: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯格雷》
20世纪英国文学
1.Thomas Hardy: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;
Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
2.John Galsworthy: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》
3.George Bernard Shaw: structurally and thematically, vividly; Mrs Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess); The Apple Cart《苹果车》
4.Oscar Wilde: aestheticism; The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷的画像》
5.D.H. Lawrence: first introduce themes of psychology into his works; Sons and Lovers《儿子和情人》；The White Peacock《白孔雀》
6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of- consciousness; feminist; To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》
7.James Joyce: Ulysses《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic); Dubliners 《都柏林人》
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
Renaissance: Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The greatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare. Passive Romanticism: English romanticism began when Lyrical Ballad was published in 1798 and ended in 1832. It in effect is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The romanticists who saw both the corruption of the feudal societies and the inhumanity of capitalism and felt that the society denied people their essential human needs. They were discontented with, and opposed to the development of capitalism. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalism development turned to t he feudal past, i.e., the “merry old English”, as their ideal, or, “frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature to nature for protection.” These were the elder and sometimes called passive or e scapist romantics, represented by Wordsworth and Coleridge. Sonnet: Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanza. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into two classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines: the first 8 lines form the octet, which rhymes,the remaining 6 lines) and the Shakespearian (or English form) form. The former divides its 14 lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one octet--- abbaabba and the other sestet--cdecde; while the latter consists of three quatrains (abab cdcd efef) and a final couplet（gg）. The three quatrains develop the poem’s subject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram. Shakespeare and Milton are very good at sonnet. Ballad: ballad is a type of poem. In each stanza the odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic trimeters, and the thyme scheme is abcd. “A Red, Red Rose” was written in Ballad metre by Robert Burns. Active Romanticism: English romanticism English began in 1798 when Lyrical Ballad was published and ended in 1832. It in effect is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The romanticists who saw both the corruption of the feudal societies and the inhumanity of capitalism and felt that the society denied people their essential human needs. They were discontented with, and opposed to the development of capitalism. Some romantic writers expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger and sometimes called active romantics represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats. English Critical Realism: English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. English critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from the a democratic viewpoint. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy
1. Ballad(民谣) A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue. 2. Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse. 3. Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧) The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience. 5. Lyric(抒情诗) As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings. 6. Epic(史诗) It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost. 7. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.
Literary terms of British Literature 1. Sonnet: It’s a form of poetry in iambic pentameter. 2. Humanism: It’s an important thought in Renaissance of the 16th century. Its may concern was in man and the fought for emancipation of man.Typically, renaissance humanism assumed the dignity and central position of human beings in the universe, emphasized the importance in education of studying classical imaginative and philosophical literature, although with emphasis on its moral and practical rather than its aesthetic values; and insisted on the primacy, in ordering human life, of reason( considering the distinctively human faculty) as opposed to the instinctual appetites and animal passions. Many humanists also stressed the need for a rounded development of an i ndividual‘s diverse powers, physical, mental, artistic, and moral, as opposed to a merely technical or specialized kind of training. 3. The Enlightenment: The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reasons or rationality, equality and science. 4. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The English Renaissance refers to the period between 16th and mid-17th century. It first started in Italy. The Renaissance means rebirth of revival of classical arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the core of Renaissance. The humanists hold their chief interest in man and bravely fight for the freedom of individuals. Among the literary giants in this period are Shakespeare, Spenser, Bacon, Donne and Milton. 5.Romanticism: It is a movement that flourished in literature during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It sees the individual as the very center of all life and all experiences. It also places the individual at the center of art. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Nature is the dominant
Alexandrine：a verse of 12 syllables in 6 iambics with a caesura after the 3rd iambic Allegory: a figurative narrative or description, conveying a veiled moral meaning, an extended metaphor. Alliteration: the repetition of initial consonant sounds in each verse line, usually two alliterating words in the first half-line and one in the second half-line or vise versa. Anapaest(anapest): a metrical foot consisting of 2 short syllables followed by 1 long syllable, or 2 unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable. Ballad: a short narrative poem in rhythmic verse ,often sung by minstrels to the accompaniment of music of the exploits of warriors, the adventures of lovers, mysteries of fairyland, and various humorous incidents. Blank verse: unrhymed verse lines of iambic pentameter. Caesura:a break,a pause about the middle of a metrical line,generally matching a pause in the sense.
1、Epic :An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Nonetheless, epics have been written down at last since Homer. Epics have nine characteristics: opens in media res; vast setting covering many nations, the world or the universe; begins with an invocation to a muse; starts with a statement of the theme; the use of epithets; includes long lists; features long and formal speeches; shows divine intervention on human affairs; “star” heroes that embody the values of the civilization. Beowulf, the only organic whole poem of the old English period, is an epic of well over 3000 lines. 2、Blank verse:Blank verse was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translations of Books 2 and 4 o f Virgil’s The Aeneid. It consists of lines of iambic pentameter (five-stress iambic verse) which are unrhymed—hence the term “blank”. Of all English metrical forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification. It became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama; a free form of blank verse is still the medium in twentieth-century verse plays. 3、Modernism: A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, V orticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated writers. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama. 4、Byronic hero:A stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions. 5、Gothic novel: An alternative term is Gothic romance. It is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. Following the appearance of Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), the Gothic novel flourished in Britain from the 1790s to the 1820s, dominated by Ann Radcliffe, whose The Mysteries of Udolpho had many imitators. 6、Utilitarianism:this was a hedonistic kind of philosophy, embracing Utility, or “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”as the sanction of morality, and spreading the belief that everyone was the best judge of his own interest. Jeremy
名词解释 Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style. 1．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity. 2．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 3．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. 5．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason. 6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature. 7．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 8．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 9．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail. 10．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts. 11．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 12．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. 13．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb. 14．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. 15．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 16．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem 17．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature. 18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.