第六课15选10练习题
A.resistant
B.predication
C.enclosed
D.architects
E.carpenters
F.withstand
G.durable
H.concentrate
I.detect
J.prevent K.support L.concern M.previously N.destruction
O.forecast
Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going
to happen and how bad it will be. In both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be (36) . The Chinese have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. In Japan, scientists have wired
the Earth and sea to detect movements.And people would also like
to be able to (37) the great damage of property caused
by earthquakes. After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. Therefore, building structures that can (38)the power of earthquakes is a major (39) . Steel seems to be the best material, but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. Many new steel structures are built with a new type of steel joint, an I-joint, which appears to be the most (40)
type of joint. The joints can move without breaking. To prevent property (41) , (42) now design buildings with columns and horizontal beams of equal strength. Vertical (43) columns are inserted deep into solid soil. Many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that (44) only had steel rods inside are now (45) in steel.
第六课15选10练习题
A.light
B.heavy
C.relatively
D.regularly
E.addict
F.attach
G.fragrance H.fragments I.reinforce J.enclose K.bacteria
L.handy M.supplies N.survival O.possibility
Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the (36) of a great earthquake. They should (37)check and
(38) their homes, place heavy objects in low positions,
(39)cupboards and cabinets to walls. In addition to preparing their houses, people need to prepare themselves. They should have (40) of water and food at home, and at work.
It is also important to have something that can clean water and
kill (41) , so water from other sources can be made safe
to drink. Earthquake (42) supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first aid supplies, a spade,
a tent, some rope, and warm clothing. Experts also suggest the following: Keep a fire extinguisher (43) . You should
have one at home, at work, and in your car. The fire extinguisher should be able to put out any kind of fire. Keep a pair of (44) , comfortable shoes in your home, at work, and in your vehicle to protect your feet from (45) of broken glass. Every family needs to have earthquake emergency plans. Everyone should agree on a meeting point outside the epicenter. It is sensible to have all of the family members call to check in with
a friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away.
第七课15选10练习题
A.conducting
B.mainly
C.permanently
D.incredible
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,e
F.benefit
G.time
H.based
I.handling
J.importantly
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,mercial L.clear M.interest N.clean O.address
On business trips, he flies (36) whenever possible
and in the (37) of time, he never checks his baggage.
His hosts also find they save money when he is in town. There
is no (38) in his schedule for tourism of any kind. On
his agenda it’s just work, work, work.Another trait that makes
him so unusual is his (39)“multitasking” ability. At
his desk, he works on two computers, one with multiple frames
that sequence data streaming in from the Internet, and the other (40)the hundreds of e-mail messages and letters he receives. He may even review data while (41) a meeting using a videophone.Gates runs his company mainly through three methods: He bats out a hundred or more e-mail messages a day;
he meets every month or so with his top management panel of experts and advisers; and most (42) , he holds two or three small review meetings a day with a procession of teams working on the company’s various products. He doesn’t (43) anyone by name or hand out too much praise, but he does
go round the table clockwise and listens carefully to everyone who has an idea. When he is unclear about something, he quizzes
and challenges his staff. “Educate me on that,” he might say, looking to make (44) a vague statement. Every decision
he makes is (45)based on his knowledge of its merits.
He doesn’t need to rely on personal politics.
第七课15选10练习题
A.among
B.certainty
C.between
D.control
E.in
F.doubt
G.estimated H.sets I.understate J.charged K.maximum
L.dominated M.straightened N.evaluated O.frightening
He’s the most famous businessman and the richest man in the world—worth an (36) $40 billion in 1997. Without a (37) , Bill Gates belongs (38) the same class as Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and other great minds who
changed the world. The self-described “hacker” has (39)
the personal computing revolution and modernized the whole world in the process. Indeed, his classification into any other rank than this would seriously (40) his impact on the world.Gates’success stems from his personality: an unbelievable and at times (41) blend of high-voltage brilliance, drive and competitiveness. When the chairman and CEO walks through the corridors of Microsoft, it is like a switch being turned on; everything and everyone around him is (42) with 10,000 volts of electricity. Gates (43)
the example and Microsoft employees follow. The schedule he keeps is one hint as to what he expects from his employees. It’s
not unusual for the “dean” of the “Microsoft campus” to put
in 16-hour days.Indeed, if there’s one thing that distinguishes the Gates style, it is his time management skills. Conservation of time, energy, and focus are his hallmarks. He moves (44) playing the role of international spokesman
for the age of technology and planning business strategy back
at headquarters, getting the (45)amount of work possible out of every minute. Always punctual and always in high gear, he typically leaves only the tiniest cracks in the day
for eating, talking to friends or recreation.
第八课15选10练习题
A.appropriately
B.nearly
C.nonfatal
D.current
E.resemble
F.relatively
G.attacked
H.psychologically
I.reverse
J.oppose
K.donor L.transplant M.alter N.abandoned O.similar
What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?Most experts agree that it would be (36) harmful
if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as
an organ (37) . But some parents already produce second children with (38) transplants in mind, and many experts
do not (39) this. Cloning would increase the chances
for a tissue match from 25 percent to (40)100 percent.If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldn't have to worry about cloning twins for transplants. Pigs, for example, have organs (41) in size to humans'. But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species. To get around that, one company is trying to (42)
the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being (43) . If the company's technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by (44) methods.How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA?"Mom" is not right, because the woman who supplied the egg
and gave birth to the infant would more (45) be called Mother. "Dad" isn't right, either. A traditional father supplies only half the DNA in a child. Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Miss Manners", suggests the phrase, "Most honored sir or madam". Why? "One should always respect
one's ancestors," she says, "regardless of what they did to bring one into the world."
第八课15选10练习题
A.detect
B.splitting
https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,mission
D.draft
E.mount
F.examining
G.theoretically
H.produce
I.decrease
J.generated
K.desirable L.fiction M.unremarkable-looking N.registered
O.prohibit
At first it was just plain surprising. Word that scientists succeeded in cloning an adult mammal—an achievement long thought impossible—caught the imagination of everyone. The laboratory process that produced Dolly, an (36) sheep, (37) would work for humans as well. A world with human clones was suddenly within reach. It was science (38) coming to life.In the wake of this announcement, governments hurried to (39)guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. President Clinton ordered a national (40) to study the legal and moral implications of cloning. Leaders in Europe, where most nations already (41) human cloning, began (42) the moral implications of cloning other species.Like the Theory of Relativity, the (43) of
the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly's appearance has (44) a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. And wild questions on the topic
of cloning continue to (45) .Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories: 1) parents who want to clone a child, either
to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2) adults who for a variety of reasons might want
to clone themselves.
第九课15选10练习题
A.accompanying
B.valid
C.financial
D.affected
E.reportedly
F.headlines
G.dispute
H.clauses
I.based
J.misplacing
K.forged
L.lights M.prospective N.address O.verifying
A future husband wanted to be sure that if his marriage didn’t work out, he could keep his treasured ice-cream collection safely stored away in a freezer. A woman insisted on (36)
who would walk the dog. One man wanted the right to get a divorce
if his bride-to-be gained more than 15 pounds once she became his wife.These are some of the crazier (37)of prenuptial agreements. But make no mistake about it, what most of them are about is money—and how (38) assets will be divided up if a couple divorces. And divorce, with its (39) money problems, is common in the United States.Prenuptial agreements—or “prenups”—are designed to (40) these problems as they arise. Prenups are negotiated by lawyers for the (41) spouses, and signed before a minister binds them in marriage. They have been gaining in acceptance in the United States since the early 1980s, when more states began passing laws that (42) the division of financial assets in a divorce. The laws are (43)either on “community property” (split evenly) or on “reasonable distribution” (whatever a judge thinks is “fair”).The prenups of the famous make the (44): Lawyers for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis contested the prenuptial agreement between her and Aristotle Onassis after his death, (45) winning $26 million in an out-of-court settlement.
第九课15选10练习题
A.estate
B.court
C.remarrying
D.evenly
E.especially
F.successive
G.dispute
H.clauses
I.inherited
J.misplacing
K.exposure
L.line
M.candidate
N.retired
O.shield
But prenuptial agreements are also for lesser known, although wealthy, folks. “It's b ecause divorce has such great economic consequences, and (36)marriages have become so common,” said a family law lawyer.A typical (37) for a prenuptial agreement is a man who has accumulated considerable wealth, has already been stung once, and wants to reduce his (38)to future problems. “They want to make their own arrangements, rather than let a (39) decide,” said the president of the New York chapter of the American Academy of Marriage Lawyers.Protecting children from a previous marriage is a strong reason for prenuptial contracts. “Someone may have an (40) of $1 billion and he may not want a second spouse to get a payment of half a billion. He may want more for his children,” said a lawyer. The effort to (41) assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among (42) people in their 60s and 70s who are (43)after a spouse has died.Another situation that calls for premarital agreements occurs when a potential spouse has, or is in (44) for, great inherited wealth or a family business, (45) if
the future partner has little or nothing at all.
材料科学与基础习题集和答案 第七章回复再结晶，还有相图的内容。 第一章 1.作图表示立方晶体的()()()421,210,123晶面及[][][]346,112,021晶向。 2.在六方晶体中，绘出以下常见晶向[][][][][]0121,0211,0110,0112,0001 等。 3.写出立方晶体中晶面族{100}，{110}，{111}，{112}等所包括的等价晶面。 4.镁的原子堆积密度和所有hcp 金属一样，为0.74。试求镁单位晶胞的体积。已知Mg 的密度3 Mg/m 74.1=m g ρ，相对原子质量为24.31，原子半径r=0.161nm 。 5.当CN=6时+Na 离子半径为0.097nm ，试问： 1) 当CN=4时，其半径为多少？2) 当CN=8时，其半径为多少？ 6. 试问：在铜（fcc,a=0.361nm ）的<100>方向及铁(bcc,a=0.286nm)的<100>方向,原子的线密度为多少？ 7.镍为面心立方结构，其原子半径为nm 1246.0=Ni r 。试确定在镍的 （100），（110）及（111）平面上12mm 中各有多少个原子。 8. 石英()2SiO 的密度为2.653Mg/m 。试问： 1) 13 m 中有多少个硅原子（与氧原子）？ 2) 当硅与氧的半径分别为0.038nm 与0.114nm 时，其堆积密度为多少（假设原子是球形的）？ 9.在800℃时1010个原子中有一个原子具有足够能量可在固体内移 动，而在900℃时910个原子中则只有一个原子，试求其激活能（J/ 原子）。 10.若将一块铁加热至850℃，然后快速冷却到20℃。试计算处理前后空位数应增加多少倍（设铁中形成一摩尔空位所需要的能量为104600J ）。
电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语（英译汉） 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语（写出全称） 1.LSI：large scale integration 2.PMOS ：p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT：cycle threshold 4.MRI：magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM：read-only memory 6.DRAM ：dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO ：temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,B：Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT：discrete cosine transform
小升初英语复习资料汇总大全 具体知识点： 第一部分;基础知识 1.字母：26个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.语音：元音的发音五个元音字母：AEIOU 12个单元音：长元音：/ɑ:/，/ :/，/ :/，/i:/，/u:/ 短元音：/ / /e/ /i/ / / /∧/ /u/ / / 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 第二部分：语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 （一）名词单复数 1．一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3．以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以―f或fe‖结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea （二）名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加‘如: his friends‘bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加‘s children‘s shoes l 并列名词中，如果把‘s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l 要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加‘s
材料专业英文词汇（全） 来源：李硕的日志 化学元素（elements） 化学元素，简称元素，是化学元素周期表中的基本组成，现有113种元素，其中原子序数从93到113号的元素是人造元素。 物质(matter) 物质是客观实在，且能被人们通过某种方式感知和了解的东西,是元素的载体。 材料(materials) 材料是能为人类经济地、用于制造有用物品的物质。 化学纤维(man-made fiber, chemical fiber) 化学纤维是用天然的或合成的高聚物为原料，主要经过化学方法加工制成的纤维。可分为再生纤维、合成纤维、醋酯纤维、无机纤维等。 芯片（COMS chip） 芯片是含有一系列电子元件及其连线的小块硅片，主要用于计算机和其他电子设备。 光导纤维（optical waveguide fibre） 光以波导方式在其中传输的光学介质材料，简称光纤。 激光(laser) （light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation简写为：laser） 激光是利用辐射计发光放大原理而产生的一种单色（单频率）、定向性好、干涉性强、能量密度高的光束。 超导(Superconduct) 物质在某个温度下电阻为零的现象为超导，我们称具有超导性质的材料为超导体。 仿生材料(biomimetic matorials) 仿生材料是模仿生物结构或功能，人为设计和制造的一类材料。 材料科学(materials science) 材料科学是一门科学，它从事于材料本质的发现、分析方面的研究，它的目的在于提供材料结构的统一描绘，或给出模型，并解释这种结构与材料的性能之间的关系。 材料工程(materials engineering) 材料工程属技术的范畴，目的在于采用经济的、而又能为社会所接受的生产工艺、加工工艺控制材料的结构、性能和形状以达到使用要求。 材料科学与工程(materials science and engineering) 材料科学与工程是研究有关材料的成份、结构和制造工艺与其性能和使用性能间相互关系的知识及这些知识的应用，是一门应用基础科学。材料的成份、结构，制造工艺，性能及使用性能被认为是材料科学与工程的四个基本要素。
bar graph n.条形图 equalization n.均衡化;均等 image contrast n.图像对比度 addition n.加 subtraction n.减 lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降 time-lapsed (时间上)相继的 matrix n.矩阵 motion n.运动, 动作v.运动 dimension n.维数 convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线 blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊, sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的 locate v.定位, 位于 spectra n.范围, 光谱 spectrum n.光谱, 频谱 phase spectrum相位频谱 magnitude spectrum幅度频谱 facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印 lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像 DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换 run-length encoding行程编码 Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码 Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别 Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素 Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图 Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器 electronic component 电子器件 data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断 power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账 embedded system 嵌入式系统 radio frequency 射频 schematic原理图 capture记录,输入 building block模块,构件 EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化 HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言 Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）
英语四级复习资料大全 还在苦苦寻找英语四级复习资料的同学们，发一波福利给大家，本文己经整理出近年来畅销的英语四级复习资料大全，方便大家选择，祝大家四级顺利通过。1:巨微英语推荐指数：10 优势分析： 第一，解析的彻底性或者透彻性。 以巨微英语的《四/六级真题?逐句精解》一书为例进行说明。该书针对绝大多数考生英语基础（词汇和语法）薄弱的现状，对历年四六级真题一句一句进行彻底、无死角的精解，重点突岀对词汇和语法的讲解，意在最大限度的帮助考生吃透真题，一次性解决词汇和语法这两大基础性问题。这种逐句精解模式，就冃前市场而言，是史无前例的首创之举，并无二例。 第二，高度的创新性或者突破性。 以巨微英语的《四/六级真题?逐句精解》为例。该书第一次全面萃取百家之长，对迄今为止各类辅导用书及培训机构所倡导的冇效答题技巧进行了全而、系统的梳理，通过“取其精华，去其糟粕”，为基础薄弱者提供独有、实用和有效的方法论体系，是四六级英语答题技巧的第一个集大成者。除此之外，该书在四六级的四大题型上均进行了突破性创新：在写作方面，首创了“模板范文+创新范文”模式；在听力方面：首创了“听前预测+听中解读”模式；在阅读方面, 首创“答案定位+选项表析”模式；在翻译方而，首创了“常规译法+升级译法” 模式；等等。 正是曲于解析的彻底性和高度的创新性，得以使巨微英语当仁不让地成为四六级真题图书当屮最受好评的知名品牌。此外，该书述配有《词汇超级速记特训班》《写作模板特训班》《阅读技巧特训班》等视频，由一线名师详细解析解题技巧。 2：华研英语 推荐指数：7 优势分析：第一，注重方法。注重方法，曾经是华研英语图书的重要特点之一。但是，□从巨微英语的“逐句精解”一书问世后，华研英语的这一相对优势就丧失了。尽管如此，华研外语在答题技巧方面的开创性贡献是不可抹杀的。客观地讲，在四六级英语答题技巧的总结和提升方面，华研外语的系列图书是拓荒者, 而巨微英语的《四/六级真题?逐句精解》一书才是真正的集大成者。巨微英语后来居上，在答题技巧方而具有集百家Z长、进行创造性转化、形成自己独冇思想的特点。
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性
材料科学基础考研经 典题目
16.简述金属固态扩散的条件。 答：⑴扩散要有驱动力——热力学条件，化学势梯度、温度、应力、电场等。 ⑵扩散原子与基体有固溶性——前提条件；⑶足够高温度——动力学条件；⑷足够长的时间——宏观迁移的动力学条件 17. 何为成分过冷？它对固溶体合金凝固时的生长形貌有何影响？ 答：成分过冷：在合金的凝固过程中，虽然实际温度分布一定，但由于液相中溶质分布发生了变化，改变了液相的凝固点，此时过冷由成分变化与实际温度分布这两个因素共同决定，这种过冷称为成分过冷。成分过冷区的形成在液固界面前沿产生了类似负温度梯度的区域，使液固界面变得不稳定。当成分过冷区较窄时，液固界面的不稳定程度较小，界面上偶然突出部分只能稍微超前生长，使固溶体的生长形态为不规则胞状、伸长胞状或规则胞状；当成分过冷区较宽时，液固界面的不稳定程度较大，界面上偶然突出部分较快超前生长，使固溶体的生长形态为胞状树枝或树枝状。所以成分过冷是造成固溶体合金在非平衡凝固时按胞状或树枝状生长的主要原因。 18.为什么间隙固溶体只能是有限固溶体，而置换固溶体可能是无限固溶体？ 答：这是因为当溶质原子溶入溶剂后，会使溶剂产生点阵畸变，引起点阵畸变能增加，体系能量升高。间隙固溶体中，溶质原子位于点阵的间隙中，产生的点阵畸变大，体系能量升高得多；随着溶质溶入量的增加，体系能量升高到一定程度后，溶剂点阵就会变得不稳定，于是溶质原子便不能再继续溶解，所以间隙固溶体只能是有限固溶体。而置换固溶体中，溶质原子位于溶剂点阵的阵点上，产生的点阵畸变较小；溶质和溶剂原子尺寸差别越小，点阵畸变越小，固溶度就越大；如果溶质与溶剂原子尺寸接近，同时晶体结构相同，电子浓度和电负性都有利的情况下，就有可能形成无限固溶体。 19.在液固相界面前沿液体处于正温度梯度条件下，纯金属凝固时界面形貌如何？同样 条件下，单相固溶体合金凝固的形貌又如何？分析原因
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.doczj.com/doc/d7394699.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.
第一部分;基础知识 字母：26个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.语音：元音的发音五个元音字母：AEIOU 12个单元音：长元音：/ɑ:/，/ :/，/ :/，/i:/，/u:/ 短元音：/ / /e/ /i/ / / /∧/ /u/ / / 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 第二部分：语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 （一）名词单复数 1．一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以―f或fe‖结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea （二）名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加‘如: his friends‘bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加‘s children‘s shoes
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版(曹同玉) 课后单词
专业英语 accordion 手风琴 activation 活化（作用） addition polymer 加成聚合物，加聚物 aggravate 加重，恶化 agitation 搅拌 agrochemical 农药，化肥 Alfin catalyst 醇（碱金属）烯催化剂align 排列成行 aliphatic 脂肪（族）的 alkali metal 碱金属 allyl 烯丙基 aluminum alkyl 烷基铝 amidation 酰胺化（作用） amino 氨基，氨基的amorphous 无定型的，非晶体的anionic 阴（负）离子的antioxidant 抗氧剂 antistatic agent 抗静电剂 aromatic 芳香（族）的arrangement （空间）排布，排列atactic 无规立构的 attraction 引力，吸引 backbone 主链，骨干 behavior 性能，行为 biological 生物（学）的 biomedical 生物医学的 bond dissociation energy 键断裂能boundary 界限，范围 brittle 脆的，易碎的 butadiene 丁二烯 butyllithium 丁基锂 calendering 压延成型 calendering 压延 carboxyl 羧基 carrier 载体 catalyst 催化剂，触媒categorization 分类（法） category 种类，类型 cation 正[阳]离子 cationic 阳（正）离子的centrifuge 离心 chain reaction 连锁反应 chain termination 链终止 char 炭 characterize 表征成为…的特征 chilled water 冷冻水 chlorine 氯（气） coating 涂覆 cocatalyst 助催化剂 coil 线团 coiling 线团状的 colligative 依数性 colloid 胶体 commence 开始，着手 common salt 食盐 complex 络合物 compliance 柔量 condensation polymer 缩合聚合物，缩聚物 conductive material 导电材料conformation 构象 consistency 稠度，粘稠度contaminant 污物 contour 外形，轮廓 controlled release 控制释放controversy 争论，争议 conversion 转化率 conversion 转化 copolymer 共聚物copolymerization 共聚（合）corrosion inhibitor 缓释剂countercurrent 逆流 crosslinking 交联 crystal 基体，结晶 crystalline 晶体，晶态，结晶的，晶态的 crystalline 结晶的 crystallinity 结晶性，结晶度crystallite 微晶 decomposition 分解 defect 缺陷 deformability 变形性，变形能力deformation 形变 deformation 变形 degree of polymerization 聚合度dehydrogenate 使脱氢 density 密度 depolymerization 解聚deposit 堆积物，沉积depropagation 降解 dewater 脱水 diacid 二（元）酸 diamine 二（元）胺 dibasic 二元的 dieforming 口模成型 diffraction 衍射 diffuse 扩散 dimension 尺寸 dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性dimer 二聚物（体） diol 二（元）醇diolefin 二烯烃 disintegrate 分解，分散，分离 dislocation 错位，位错 dispersant 分散剂 dissociate 离解 dissolution 溶解 dissolve 使…溶解 distort 使…变形，扭曲 double bond 双键 dough （生）面团，揉好的面 drug 药品，药物 elastic modulus 弹性模量 elastomer 弹性体 eliminate 消除，打开，除去 elongation 伸长率，延伸率 entanglement 缠结，纠缠 entropy 熵 equilibrium 平衡 esterification 酯化（作用） evacuate 撤出 extrusion 注射成型 extrusion 挤出 fiber 纤维 flame retardant 阻燃剂 flexible 柔软的 flocculating agent 絮凝剂 folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链片晶 理论 formulation 配方 fractionation 分级 fragment 碎屑，碎片 fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理 论 functional group 官能团 functional polymer 功能聚合物 functionalized polymer 功能聚合物 gel 凝胶 glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度 glassy 玻璃（态）的 glassy 玻璃态的 glassy state 玻璃态 globule 小球，液滴，颗粒 growing chain 生长链，活性链 gyration 旋转，回旋 hardness 硬度 heat transfer 热传递 heterogeneous 不均匀的，非均匀的 hydocy acid 羧基酸 hydrogen 氢（气） hydrogen bonding 氢键 hydrostatic 流体静力学 hydroxyl 烃基 hypothetical 假定的，理想的，有前提的 ideal 理想的，概念的 imagine 想象，推测 imbed 嵌入，埋入，包埋 imperfect 不完全的 improve 增进，改善 impurity 杂质 indispensable 不了或缺的 infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱法 ingredient 成分 initiation （链）引发 initiator 引发剂 inorganic polymer 无机聚合物 interaction 相互作用 interchain 链间的 interlink 把…相互连接起来连接 intermittent 间歇式的 intermolecular (作用于)分子间的 intrinsic 固有的 ion 离子 ion exchange resin 离子交换树 脂 ionic 离子的 ionic polymerization 离子型聚合 irradiation 照射，辐射 irregularity 不规则性，不均匀的 isobutylene 异丁烯 isocyanate 异氰酸酯 isopropylate 异丙醇金属，异丙氧化金属 isotactic 等规立构的 isotropic 各项同性的 kinetic chain length 动力学链长 kinetics 动力学 latent 潜在的 light scattering 光散射 line 衬里，贴面 liquid crystal 液晶 macromelecule 大分子，高分子 matrix 基体，母体，基质，矩阵 mean-aquare end-to-end distance 均方末端距 mechanical property 力学性能， 机械性能 mechanism 机理 medium 介质中等的，中间的 minimise 最小化 minimum 最小值，最小的 mo(u)lding 模型 mobility 流动性 mobilize 运动，流动 model 模型 modify 改性 molecular weight 分子量 molecular weight distribution 分子量分布 molten 熔化的 monofunctional 单官能度的 monomer 单体 morphology 形态（学） moulding 模塑成型 neutral 中性的 nonelastic 非弹性的 nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振 nuclear track detector 核径迹探测 器 number average molecular weight 数均分子量 occluded 夹杂（带）的 olefinic 烯烃的 optimum 最佳的，最佳值[点，状态] orient 定向，取向 orientation 定向 oxonium 氧鎓羊 packing 堆砌 parameter 参数 parison 型柸 pattern 花纹，图样式样 peculiarity 特性 pendant group 侧基 performance 性能，特征 permeability 渗透性 pharmaceutical 药品，药物，药物的，医药 的 phenyl sodium 苯基钠 phenyllithium 苯基锂 phosgene 光气，碳酰氯 photosensitizer 光敏剂 plastics 塑料 platelet 片晶 polyamide 聚酰胺 polybutene 聚丁烯 polycondensation 缩（合）聚 （合） polydisperse 多分散的 polydispersity 多分散性 polyesterification 聚酯化（作 用） polyethylene 聚乙烯 polyfunctional 多官能度的 polymer 聚合物【体】，高聚物 polymeric 聚合（物）的 polypropylene 聚苯烯 polystyrene 聚苯乙烯 polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇 polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯 porosity 多孔性，孔隙率 positive 正的，阳（性）的 powdery 粉状的 processing 加工，成型 purity 纯度 pyrolysis 热解 radical 自由基 radical polymerization 自由基聚合 radius 半径 random coil 无规线团 random decomposition 无规降解 reactent 反应物，试剂 reactive 反应性的，活性的 reactivity 反应性，活性 reactivity ratio 竞聚率 real 真是的 release 解除，松开 repeating unit 重复单元 retract 收缩 rubber 橡胶 rubbery 橡胶态的 rupture 断裂 saturation 饱和 scalp 筛子，筛分 seal 密封 secondary shaping operation 二次成型 sedimentation 沉降（法） segment 链段 segment 链段 semicrystalline 半晶 settle 沉淀，澄清 shaping 成型 side reaction 副作用 simultaneously 同时，同步 single bond 单键 slastic parameter 弹性指数 slurry 淤浆 solar energy 太阳能 solubility 溶解度 solvent 溶剂 spacer group 隔离基团 sprinkle 喷洒 squeeze 挤压 srereoregularity 立构规整性【度】 stability 稳定性 stabilizer 稳定剂 statistical 统计的 step-growth polymerization 逐步聚合 stereoregular 有规立构的，立构规整性的 stoichiometric 当量的，化学计算量的 strength 强度 stretch 拉直，拉长 stripping tower 脱单塔 subdivide 细分区分 substitution 取代，代替 surfactant 表面活性剂 swell 溶胀 swollen 溶胀的 synthesis 合成 synthesize 合成 synthetic 合成的 tacky （表面）发粘的 ,粘连性 tanker 油轮，槽车 tensile strength 抗张强度 terminate （链）终止 tertiary 三元的，叔（特）的 tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃 texture 结构，组织 thermoforming 热成型 thermondynamically 热力学地 thermoplastic 热塑性的 thermoset 热固性的 three-dimensionally ordered 三维有序的 titanium tetrachloride 四氯化钛 titanium trichloride 三氯化铁 torsion 转矩 transfer （链）转移，（热）传递 triethyloxonium-borofluoride 三乙基硼氟 酸羊 trimer 三聚物（体） triphenylenthyl potassium 三苯甲基钾 ultracentrifugation 超速离心 （分离） ultrasonic 超声波 uncross-linked 非交联的 uniaxial 单轴的 unsaturated 不饱和的 unzippering 开链 urethane 氨基甲酸酯 variation 变化，改变 vinyl 乙烯基（的） vinyl chloride 氯乙烯 vinyl ether 乙烯基醚 viscoelastic 黏弹性的 viscoelastic state 黏弹态 viscofluid state 黏流态 viscosity 黏度 viscosity average molecular weight 黏均分子量 viscous 粘稠的 vulcanization 硫化 weight average molecular weight 重均分子量 X-ray x射线 x光 yield 产率 Young's modulus 杨氏模量