实用英语词汇教案
Teaching Contents : Chapter 1
Lexicology and basic concepts of words and vocabular：
授课顺序：
? A. do warming-up discussion
? B. answer some questions and learn some concepts
? C. quickly go through the whole text
? D. get help
? E. conclude main points for today’s learning
? F. group work
?G. assign homework or exercise
Step 1 Pre-learning Activities
Check Students’ Preparation (检查预习情况)
Step 2Warming-up discussion
?Discussion 1 : What is a word?
?Page 3
?Word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. The definition of a word will cover the following points:
?a) a minimal free form of a language
?b) a sound unity
?c) a unit of meaning
?d) a form that can function alone in a sentence
?Discussion 2
?What is vocabulary?
?Page 3
?All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language.
Step 3 Answer some questions and learn some concepts
?Questions to think over:
? 1. Explain briefly the two methods of the study of lexicology.
?Page 2
? 2. Explain briefly transparent words and opaque words.
?Page 4
? 3. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to
loan-words?
?page 4 and page 133
?Questions to think over:
? 4. What are the classifications of words?(如何分类单词)
?Page 3-4
?1) full words and form words
?2) popular word and learned word
?3) abstract word and concrete word
?4) transparent word and opaque words
?5) polysemic word and monosemic word
?6) native word and loan word
?Concepts to learn:
?Lexicology Page 1
?Lexicology, as the science of words, is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation, and usages.
? 2. word
?(We learned just now!)
? 3. vocabulary
?(We also learned just now!)
Step 4 Go through the whole text
? 1.1 The definition of lexicology
? 1.1.1 The domains of English lexicology
?First…Secondly…
?Thirdly…Lastly…
? 1.1.2 Methods of study of lexicology
? 1.2 The definition of word
? 1.3 The definition of vocabulary
? 1.4 Classification of words
Step 5Helping time for solving problems.
Put up your hand and let me know if you still don’t understand the text. I will come to help !!
Step 6 Conclude main points for today’s learning
?Main points for today
? 1. the definition of English lexicology
?Page 1
? 2. the domains of English lexicology
?Page 1
? 3. methods of study of lexicology
?Page 2
? 4. the definition of word
?Page 3
5. the definition of vocabulary
?Page 3
? 6. Classification of words
?Page 3---4
Step 7Group work
?Discussing, writing and speaking :
?Work in groups of threes or fours and think over and write on the topic Why Should a Chinese Student of English Study English Lexicology? When the group is ready, please choose one student to represent the group to make a presentation in front of the class.（先进行小组讨论，然后选一位代表来到台前陈述小组的想法和讨论结果。）
Step 8Homework /Assignment
? 1. Work on all the exercises on page 5
?2．Prepare for Chapter 2.
Teaching Contents : Chapter 2
The development of the English vocabulary
Part A Lecturing on exercises(讲解前一课练习)
Part B Lecturing on the text（授课）
授课顺序：
? A. do warming-up discussion
? B. answer some questions and learn some concepts
? C. quickly go through the whole text
? D. get help
? E. conclude main points for today’s learning
? F. group work
?G. assign homework or exercise
Step 1 Pre-learning Activities
Check Students’ Preparation (检查预习、作业情况)
Step 2Warming-up discussion
?Discussion 1 : How many languages are there in the world? How many languages families can they be grouped into?
?Page 6
?It is assumed that the world has 5,000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly 25 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and brammar. They are Sino-Tibetan Family; Indo-European Family, and other 23 ones. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles. The early history of English belongs to the Indo-European language family.
?Discussion 2
?What are the two kinds of mehtods to classify the world languages?
?Page 6
?One kind is morphological classification, and the other is structural classification.
?（说明：有两种方法可对世界上的所有语言进行分类，一种是形态划分，即根据语言的语法形态，对语言进行划分，通俗地说就是根据词的外形对语言进行划分；另一种是结构划分，即根据句法结构对语言进行划分）Step 3 Answer some questions and learn some concepts
?Questions to think over:
? 1. Why do we say “English is a heavy borrower?”
?Page 14 and Page 135
English owes 80% of its vecabulary to other languages. That is to say English has borrowed 80 percent of its vocabulary from other languages. In fact, the English vocabulary contains words from all the major languages of the world. No other language of the world has borrowed so heavily. Therefore, the name “heavy borrower”best describes the characteristic of the the English vocabulary.
? 2. Enumerate the major modes of modern vocabulary development.(说出英语词汇发展的三种主要模式)
?Page 14
?Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, and borrowing.
?For details see page14 and page 136.
?Concepts to learn:
? 1. Isolating language
Page 7
Isolating language is a language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme. Examples are Classical Chinese and Vietnamese. An isolating language tends also to be an analytic language.(孤立语往往也是分析
性语言‘analytic language’，孤立语的特点就是每一个词就是一个独立的词素，没有词尾变化)
? 2. Inflected language
?Page 7
?Inflected language is a language whose nouns show their grammatical fucntion in the sentence by changes in the noun itself, and not by position. (通过词尾变化来实现语法功能的语言叫屈折语，英语可以作为其代表，屈折语也是综合性语言…synthetic language?。)
? 3. synthetic language
?Page 7
?Synthetic language refers to any language in which syntactic relations within sentences are expressed by inflection or by aggulutination(黏着). （综合性语言主要通过词尾的格、时态、语态、性、数、词素等的变化来实现句法功能。其代表有拉丁语、英语。综合性语言也可看成屈折语）
? 4. analytic language
?Page 8
?Analytic language refers to any language that uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection, to express syntactic relations within sentences. （分析性语言主要通过具体的语法词、或小品词来实现句法功能，而不是通过单词本身的词尾变化。其代表有古汉语、越南语。可把分析性语看成孤立语。）
Step 4 Go through the whole text
? 2.1 The world languages
?(Key words : 5000, 25, Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family) Page 6-8
? 2.1 Language classifications
? 2.2.1 Morphological classification
?…….Isolating language
?……Inflected la nguage
?……Agglutinative language
?…..Ploysynthetic language
? 2.2.2 Structural classification
?….Synthetic language
?….Analytic language
? 2.3 The Indo-European language family
?See the tree diagram on page 8 !
? 2.4 The historical overview of English vocabulary
? 2.4.1 Old English (450-1150)
?Page 9-11
?Key words: Celts→the Romans’Latin→Angles, Saxons, and Jutes→Angles’land→England→English→
the Roman missinaries→Norwegian and Danish Vikings→
Scandinavian words→pronunciation→
Vocabulary
? 2.4.2 Middle English (1150-1500)
?Page 11
?Key words: →1066 Normans→Norman French →characteristics (9000 French words, many inflections retained, spelling and pronunciation)? 2.4.3 Modern English(1500-up to now)
?Page 12
?Key words: →the Renaisssance→the Bourgeois Revolution →Industrial Revolution →thousands of new words were created or translated into English →characteristics( word endings were lost, rapid expansion of English vocabulary)
? 2.5 Three main sources of new words of the present-day English vocabulary ?Page 13
? 2.5.1 The rapid development of modern science and technology(software, input, etc.)
? 2.5.2 Social, economic, and political changes (credit card, sexism etc.)
? 2.5.3 The influence of other cultures and languages
? 2.6 Modes of the development of the English vocabulary
?Page 14
? 2.6.1 Creation
? 2.6.2 Semantic change
? 2.6.3 Borrowing
Step 5 Helping time for solving problems.
Put up your hand and let me know if you still don’t understand the text. I will come to help !!
Step 6 Conclude main points for today’s learning
? 1. the definition of isolating language
?Page 7
? 2. the definition of inflected language
?Page 7
? 3. the definition of synthetic language
?Page 7
? 4. the definition of analytic language
?Page 8
5. the tree diagram for the Indo-European language family
?Page 8
? 6. The historical overview of English vocabulary
?Page 9---12
?Old English (450-1150)
?Middle English(1150-1500)
?Modern English(1500-up to now)
7. Three main sources of new words of the present-day English vocabulary
----The rapid development of modern science and technology
----Social, economic, and political changes
----The influence of other cultures and languages
8. Modes of the development of the English vocabulary
----Creation
----Semantic change
----Borrowing
Step 7Group work
?Discussing, writing and speaking :
?Work in groups of threes or fours and think over and write on the topic Why should a Student of English Lexicology Study the Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family? When the group is ready, please choose one student to represent the group to make a presentation in front of the class.（先进行小组讨论，然后选一位代表来到台前陈述小组的想法和讨论结果。）
Step 8Homework /Assignment
? 1. Work on all the exercises on page 15-16
?2．Prepare for Chapter 3.
Teaching Contents : Chapter 3
The structure of English words and word-formation in English
Part A Lecturing on exercises(讲解前一课练习)
Part B Lecturing on the text（授课）
授课顺序：
? A. do warming-up discussion
? B. answer some questions and learn some concepts
? C. quickly go through the whole text
? D. get help
? E. conclude main points for today’s learning
? F. group work
?G. assign homework or exercise
Step 1 Pre-learning Activities
Check Students’ Preparation (检查预习、作业情况)
Step 2Warming-up discussion
?Discussion 1 : Can you guess the meaning of some words by their roots?
Give an example.
?Page 17
?Of course! We can guess words’meaning if they have roots. Learn the 100 Latin and Greek roots that among them yield 5000 derivatives. Once you know these terms, you can sight-read(轻易辨认)the literal meaning or words derived from them. For example, if you know the meaning of the word teach, you will know a teacher is a person who instructs others
?Discussion 2
?What is morphology?
?Page 17
?Morphology is a term for the branch of linguistics, which is concerned with the forms of words in different uses and constructions.
?说明：形态学是语言学分支的一个术语，研究的是不同的使用和结构中的词形，通俗地说，就是研究单词的外形结构。例如，某个单词是以ed为结尾的（regarded），而另一个单词是以im为词头（impossible）
Step 3Answer some questions and learn some concepts
?Questions to think over:
? 1. How many word-formations are mentioned in the text? (构词法)
?Page 22 and Page 32
Seven word-formations are mentioned . They are:
1) Affixation: Prefixation & Suffixation
2) Compounding
3) Conversion
4) Blending
5) Clipping
6) Acronymy
7) Back-formation
2. Both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them? Please explain them with examples.
?Page 43
?Initialism is a word formed from initial letters and pronounced as a normal word. BBC, GMT, WHO, ISBN, FBI are all initialisms and SARS, ROM,
UNESCO are acronyms.
?Concepts to learn:
? 1. morphemes （词素）Page 17
? A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. (词素是构成语言的最小的、有意义的单位。)
? 2. morphs （形素）
?The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments, which realize morphemes are termed “morphs”. Thus in the form –un, touch, -able, -s, the segmented portions are morphs, each of which represents a morpheme.
Morphs are said to represent morphemes; morphemes may be represented by one or more than one morph.
?Page 18 (用来具体实现词素的字母组合或片段，称作形素。词素是要通过形素来体现的，同一个词素可由一个或一个以上的词素来体现。例如，词素“un-”表达的是否定的意思，但是有时候un会演变为ir、im、ir等等，但是，他们都表达同一个意思，那就是…否定?。)
? 3. allomorphs
?Page 18 词素变体
?The various morphs, which represent one morpheme, are called allomorphs.
Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a words. Such alternative(不同的) morphs are known as allomorphs.
? 4. free morpheme & bound morpheme
?Page 19
? A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. A free morpheme is viewed as a word, in the traditional sense, for example, sag, rye, woo, are free morphemes.
? A bound morpheme never occurs in isolation, that is , is not regularly uttered alone in normal situations. Therefore, we say that a bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must apppear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
? 5. bound root
?Page 20
? A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root. It is a bound form, so it has to combine with other morphemes to make words.
? 6. affixes
?Page 20 词缀
?Some bound morphemes（affixes）are attached to the end of words to
indicate grammatical relationships, thus they are known as inflectional morphemes.
?7. derivational affixes
?Page 21
?Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes come before the word and the suffixes after the word, for instance, teach+ er=teacher, boss+y=bossy.
?8. root
?Page 21
? A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
Step 4 Go through the whole text
? 3.1 The structure of English words
? 3.1.1 The morphological structures of words.
?Key words:
?morphology
?morpheme
?morphs
?allomorphs
? 3.1..2 Types of morphemes
?free morphemes
?bound morphemes:
?bound roots
?affixes :
?..inflectional affixes
?..derivational affixes
? 3.1.3 Root, stem and base
? 3.2 Word-formation in English（构词法）
? 3.2.1 Affixation(prefixation and suffixation)
? 3.2.2 Compounding （复合词）
? 3.2.3 Conversion(转类法）
? 3.2.4 Blending （拼缀法）
? 3.2.5 Clipping （截短法）
? 3.2.6 Acronymy (首字母拼音法：包含首字母缩
略和首字母拼音）
? 3.2.7 Back-formation (逆生法：去掉或脱落一个现存的词的词缀以构成
新词的方法叫逆生构词法
Step 5 Helping time for solving problems.
Put up your hand and let me know if you still don’t understand the text. I will come to help !!
Step 6 Conclude main points for today’s learning
?Main points for today
? 1. the definition of morphology
?Page 17
? 2. the definition of morpheme
?Page 17
? 3. the definition of morph
?Page 18
? 4. the definition of allomorph
?Page 18
5. the definition of free morpheme & bound morpheme
?Page 19
? 6. the definition of inflectional affixes and derivational affixes
?Page 20-21
?7. the definition of root Page 21
?8. Eight ways of word-formation in English
?Page 22-33
Step 7Group work
?Discussing, writing and speaking :
?Work in groups of threes or fours and think over and write on the topic How Word-formation Has Benefited Me in English V ocabulary Learning?
When the group is ready, please choose one student to represent the group to make a presentation in front of the class.（先进行小组讨论，然后选一位代表来到台前陈述小组的想法和讨论结果。）
Step 8 (老师将选择部分重点讲解)
Homework /Assignment
? 1. Work on the exercises on page 33-43，just do those numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11,12, 13(重点)，14，15，16，17，18，19，20，21，22。本课练习较多，比较花时间，请大家认真完成，因为很实用
?2．Prepare for Chapter 4.
Teaching Contents : Chapter 4
Word meaning
Part A Lecturing on exercises(讲解前一课练习)
Part B Lecturing on the text（授课）
授课顺序：
? A. do warming-up discussion
? B. answer some questions and learn some concepts
? C. quickly go through the whole text
? D. get help
? E. conclude main points for today’s learning
? F. group work
?G. assign homework or exercise
Step 1 Pre-learning Activities
Check Students’ Preparation (检查预习、作业情况)
Step 2Warming-up discussion
?Discussion 1 : When talking about meaning, broadly speaking, there are two schools of thoughts in present-day linguistics, what are they?
?Page 44
?Broadly speaking, there are two schools of thoughts in present-day linguistics;
the “analytical”or “referential” approach, which seeks to grasp the essence of meaning by resolving it into its main components, and the “operational”
or “contextual”approach, which studies words in action and is less interested in what meaning is than in how it works.
?Discussion 2
?What is motivation? How many motivations are mentioned in the text?
?Page 47 理据
?Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning . A great many words are entirely conventional, and other words are motivated in various ways.
?The four motivations are:
?1) Onomatopoeic motivation
?2) Morphological motivation
?3) Semantic motivation
?4) Etymological motivation
Step 3Answer some questions and learn some concepts
?Questions to think over:
1. How many types of meaning are mentioned in the text?
?Page 50-54
Four types of meaning are mentioned . They are:
1) Grammatical meaning 语法意义
2) Lexical meaning 词汇意义
3) Conceptual meaning 概念意义
4) Associative meaning 关联意义(包含以下4点)
-----Connotative meaning(内涵意义)
------Stylistic meaning(文体意义)
------Affective meaning（感情意义）
-------Collocative（搭配意义）
? 2. What does semantic motivation mean? According to semantic motivation, words’meaning develops by two patterns, what are they?
?Page 48-49
?Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. The two patterns that words’meaning develops are: the pattern of inwards and outwards，and the pattern of wider pattern.
?Concepts to learn:
? 1. reference（所指关系）
?Page 45
?Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about.
In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent(所指物), i. e. an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc, does the sign become meaningful. Reference is the essential element of semantics. （所指关系是语义的基本要素）
? 2. Concept
?Page 46 概念
?Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, and language.
? 3. Sense
?Page 46-47
?Generally speaking, the meaning of “ meaning” , is what is termed “sense”.
Unlike reference, “sense”denotes the relationships inside the language.
Every word that has meaning has sense, but not every word has reference.
Sense is the meaning of a word in a language. (注：Sense强调语言内的语义，有的语言学家干脆把sense=concept=reference)
? 4. Connotative meaning
?Page 51 (内涵意义)
?Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual
meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. These connotations/associations are not given in the dictionary, but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers.(内涵意义不是字典里的意义，而是不同的人和语境之下的关联意义)
? 5. affective meaning
?Page 53 感情意义
?Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
? 6. Collocative meaning 搭配意义Page 54
?Collocative meaning consists of the associations (关联) a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. （由某词前后的词汇给该词所带来的那部分意义）
?7. Conceptual meaning
?Page 51 概念意义
?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication and it is constant and relatively stable.
?8. Associative meaning
?Page 51 关联意义
?Associative meaning is a summary term, consisting of collocative meaning, affective meaning, stylistic meaning, and connotative meaning, for they all have the same open-ended, indeterminate character, and lend themselves to analysis in terms of scales or ranges, rather than in discrete either-this-or-that-terms. (关联意义是开放性的，并非“非此即彼”。受诸多因素的影响，即便是同一个单词，在不同的环境下，其意义或许是很不同的。)
Step 4 Go through the whole text
? 4.1 Meaning
? 4.1.1 Analytical (referential )definitions of meaning
?Key words:
?Basic triangle(强调词汇内部的静态涵义),注意语义三角的关系。
? 4.1.2 Operational /contextual definitions of meaning（研究词汇实际运用中的意义）
?Key words:
?The meaning of a word is its use in the language.
? 4.2 Meanings of meaning
? 4.2.1 Reference Page 45
? 4.2.2 Concept Page 46
? 4.2.3 Sense Page 46
? 4.3 Types of motivation Page 47-50
?*** Onomatopoeic motivation
?*** Morphological motivation
?*** Semantic motivation( two patterns)
?*** Etymological motivation
? 4.4 Types of meaning
? 4.4.1 Grammatical meaning Page 50
? 4.4.2 Lexical meaning Page 51
? 4.4.3 Conceptual meaning Page 51
? 4.4.4 Associative meaning Page 51-54
?including : Connotative meaning
?Stylistic meaning
?Affective meaning
?Collocative meaning
Step 5Helping time for solving problems.
Put up your hand and let me know if you still don’t understand the text. I will come to help !
Step 6 Conclude main points for today’s learning
?Main points for today
? 1. the definition of reference
?Page 45
? 2. the definition of concept
?Page 46
? 3. the definition of motivation
?Page 47
? 4. the definition of associaative meaning
?Page 51
? 5. The “basic triangle”on page 44
? 6. What is semantic motivation? What are the two patterns that words’meaning develops according to semantic motivation?
?Page 48-49
?7. The four types of motivation
?Page 47-50
?8. The four types of meaning
?Page 50-54
Step 7Group work
?Discussing, writing and speaking :
?Work in groups of threes or fours and think over and write on the topic Affective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generaation, from society to society. When the group is ready, please choose one student to represent the group to make a presentation in front of the class.（先进行小组讨论，然后选一位代表来到台前陈述小组的想法和讨论结果。）
Step 8 (老师将选择部分重点讲解)Homework /Assignment
? 1. Work on the exercises on page 54-56，just do those numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
?2．Prepare for Chapter 5.
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考试题型说明
大题数: 7 计分: 100 时间: 120分钟
(1) 单项选择题10分（每小题1分）(2) 教程内容填空题10分（每空1分）
(3) 匹配题20分（每小题1分，分为词根与其意义匹配以及词汇与词义匹配两个小部分）
(4) 判断题15分（True or False, 每小题1分，共15小题）
(5) 术语解释题15分（每小题3分，共5小题）(6) 简答题15分（每小题5分，共3小题）(7) 论述题15分（1小题，15分）考试以及学习能力层次要求的分数比例：
记忆：20% 理解：30% 简单运用：30% 综合运用：20%
Lecture 2 English Vocabulary：A Historical Perspective 计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，让学生对英语词 汇的形成和发展有初步的了解。 教学重点： 1) The Indo-European Language Family; 2) A Historical Overview of the English V ocabulary. 教学难点： 1) The language family English belongs to; 2) Growth of present-day English vocabulary. 1. The Eight Language Families in the World It is assumed that the world has approximately 5,615 languages. And on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar, they can be grouped into roughly the following language families: Sino-Tibetan (汉藏语系), Indo-European (印欧语系),Semito-Hamitic (闪含语系), Bantu (班图语系), Uralic (乌拉尔语系), Altaic (阿尔泰语系),Malaya-Polynesian (马来—波利尼西亚语系)and Indian (印第安语系). 2. Indo-European language family And Indo-European language family falls into eight principal groups: Indo-Iranian group (印度-伊朗语族); Slavic (斯拉夫语族- Russian and Polish ); Armenian (亚美尼亚语族); Hellenic (古希腊语族); Italic (意大利语族); Celtic (凯尔特语族); Albanian (阿尔巴尼亚语族); Germanic (日尔曼语族). 3. Germanic Language Group Germanic, which consists of three branches: North Germanic, East Germanic, and West Germanic. The North Germanic branch is the linguistic ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages, viz (即). Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The East Germanic developed into Gothic (哥特语，现已不复存在). The West Germanic branch developed into Modern German, Dutch, Frisian（弗里斯兰语，荷兰西北部）and English.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
Lecture 4 讲授题目：Morphological Structure of English Words 所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第2章 计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的 形态结构、词的构成要素—词素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。 ?教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes. 教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root. Lecture 4 Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements which are to be used to create new words. Morphological Structure of English Words 1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位) It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items: Morphological Structure of English Words ? yes yes ? unhappiness un-happi-ness ? horses horse-s ? talking talk-ing Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could
《词汇学》课程教学大纲 适用专业：对外汉语、汉语言文学专业 学时：36 先修课程：古代汉语现代汉语 一、本课程的地位和作用 汉语词汇学，与文字学、音韵学、训诂学、语法学都是汉语言专业的一门专业课，是有关汉语的重要内容之一。通过汉语词汇学这门课程的学习，使学生初步了解并掌握古代汉语词汇方面的初步知识及古代汉语词汇的一般特点，了解古今汉语词汇方面的内在联系，为今后从事汉语教学和进一步研究汉语词汇打下扎实的基础。 二、本课程的教学目标 本课程的开设，主要是为培养学生了解古今汉语词汇的语音特点、意义和一般用法，从汉语词汇知识中吸取营养，充实自己，在现实生活的语言交流和交际之中正确运用汉语的词汇。同时，也为进一步研究汉语词汇打基础。 三、课程内容和基本要求 汉语词汇学的主要内容和基础知识，主要是研究汉语词汇的类别、词的语音特征、词的语音形式、演变及其规律，词汇的构成和构
成方式、词义及词义特点、词义的演变、古今词义的异同、词的同义反义现象、同类词、同源词、同音词，词汇研究的方式、手段、词汇学史等方面的内容，要求对这些知识有个一般的了解和基本的掌握，最好能够运用这些知识去研究汉语中所出现的具体的语言现象。 第一章序论 一、词汇学的对象和分科 1、任何语言都有自己的语音系统、词汇和语法构造，语言的这三个组成部分在语言学上都有相应的学科来进行研究。词汇学就是其中以词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。所谓词汇就是语言里的词和词的等价物(如固定词组)的总和。词汇中包括实词和虚词，词汇学的研究重点是实词。因为有的虚词词汇意义已经弱化，有的甚至完全失去了词汇意义，只剩下语法意义，所以它们主要是语法学研究的对象。 2、在中国语言学史上，词汇的研究比语音和语法的研究都开始得早，这就是所谓训诂”。最古的一部训诂书《尔雅》写成于西汉时代。到了清朝乾嘉时代。训诂学更有了高度的发展，段玉裁(1735--1815)、王念孙(1744--1832)，王引之(1766--1834)等人把这门学问推进到了一个崭新的历史阶段。此外，我国的词典编纂工作开创之早与规模之大也是举世闻名的。 3、欧洲语言学发展的情况与此不同，开始得最早的是语法的研究。语音和词汇的研究在长时期内只是语法学的附庸。到了十九世纪，语音学和词汇学才逐渐成为独立的语言学学科。但是跟语音学和语法学比较起来，词汇学直到今天还是比较落后的。
English Lexicology Chapter 1 1.5 Classification of words 词的分类 依据不同的划分标准，可将英语词汇划分为不同的类别。 首先，根据使用频率（use frequency），可将英语词汇划分为： 1.5.1 Basic word stock & nonbasic word stock Basic word stock is the most important part and the foundation of English vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language (语言的共核). 基本词汇是全民族活动共同的和基本的核心词汇，是语言中使用得最多、生活中最必需、意义最明确、生命力最强的词汇。 基本词汇所占比例不大，但在日常交际中使用频率却很高。 基本词汇的六大特征Six characteristics （1）All national character. The most important feature. denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. （2）stability （3）productivity （4）polysemy （5）collocability 全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性、可搭配性 但是，数词、代词、助动词、介词、连词等并不具备全部五种特征。 Though numerals and pronouns enjoy nation-wide use, they are semantically monosemous, with low productivity and collocability. 不属于基本词汇的7种词（words do not belong to the common core of the language）（p14）: 1.terminology术语 2.jargon行话 3.slang俚语 4.argot黑话
总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays， Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor 2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions. Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number.
Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
2014-9 Teaching objectives & difficulties in learning and teaching 结合课程教学大纲（分为了解、理解、掌握三个要求） Chapter 1 A general survey of English vocabulary 1.To understand and define “word” (many definitions); 2.To know the historical development of English vocabulary and its rapid growth today; 3.To summarize fundamental features of the basic stock of English vocabulary. Chapter 2 Morphological structure of English words 1.To understand the ways that words are formed; 2.To grasp the information about morpheme, allomorphs, and classification of morpheme. (Review knowledge of phoneme , e.g. assimilation辅音同化, 名词复数尾部读音规则等) Chapter 3 Word formation (I) 1.To grasp 3 major processes of word formation (compounding, derivation/affixation,conversion); 2.To explain, compare ROOT, STEM, BASE and can use them to analyse words; 3.To learn with examples (share learning strategies). Chapter 4 Word formation (II) 1.To grasp 8 minor processes of word formation (acronymy, clipping, blending, back-formation, words from proper names, neoclassical formation, miscellaneous); 2.To conduct learning strategies by studying these process of word-formation (https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce10064615.html,e acronymy, clipping, blending, back-formation in note-taking and dictation); 3.To raise cultural awareness and to grasp comprehensive knowledge through examples of these 8 processes respectively (e.g words from proper names; esp. words from literature). Chapter 5 Word meaning and semantic features 1.To discuss word meaning (conventionality and motivation); 2.To discuss 2 main types of word meaning (grammatical and lexical), esp. lexical meaning (denotative meaning & associate meanings) 3.To raise cultural awareness through associate meanings (connotative, social,stylistic,affective meaning) with typical examples; 4.To discuss componential analysis and semantic features; to understand the practical usage of doing componential analysis.
Textbook: 夏洋、邵林著,《英语词汇学课程》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 2017. Chap2. 主要内容：1.古英语、中世纪英语、现代英语三个发展时期的社会文化背景、语言发展特点和时间起止。2. 英语属于印欧语系，是日耳曼语的一支。 难点：the nature of English --- extremely rich and heterogeneous, a heavy borrower, full of synonyms, a global language. I Notions Language family The 5000 or so languages around the world are grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of their similarities in their basic word stock and grammars. English is a member of the Indo-European language family. English is a member of the Germanic group of languages. 二、辅助阅读：理解与深化 Read Texts in unit 2 & 3 三、自检 Check your understanding by finish the exercises given in the UNIT.
思考题： 1. Illustrate the language features in each historical period of English and analyze the related historical and social backgrounds that result in the features. 2. What is the contribution of Shakespeare to the English language? 3. Use facts and events to illustrate the nature of English. 四、预习 Unit 3 & 4
English Lexicology 英语词汇学 Fall 2012 Irene Florente
How do we communicate? Making sounds Gestures Writing Words Anything else?
Write down 10 English words you like on a piece of paper Do you know where these words came from (what languages)? Can they be spelled differently? What part of speech are they? (Noun, verb, adverb, etc) Do these words have more than one meaning or have different meanings when used in idioms?
Where do words come from? How are they created? How do they change as history changes? How do they change as people speaking other languages invade or immigrate to their countries? What are the different types of words? Is language alive? (these questions are just for discussion and reflection)
英语词汇学讲义 第一章英语词汇学简介(A Brief Introduction to English Lexicology) 教学目的： ●了解英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 ●掌握及分类 ●了解英语词汇学的研究范围和研究方法 ●了解学习英语词汇学的目的及意义 教学重点： ●英语词汇学的定义 ●英语词汇学的研究范围 教学难点： ●英语词汇学研究滞后的原因 ●英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 教学方法：理论讲解为主，课堂讨论为辅 教学步骤： 课程导入：(10 分钟) Discussion: What do you think lexicology mainly studies? 教学讲练内容：(80分钟) 1.1英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 1828 Noah Webster “lexicology”第一次出现 20c初没有受到足够的重视 1980s以前前苏联和中国有所研究 1980s中期以后西方语言学家开始重视英语词汇学研究，专著陆续问世，并开始把词汇研究与其它学科的研究联系到一起 词汇学研究没有受到重视的原因： 醉汉找钱的故事(David Crystal 为Jean Tournier 的英语词汇学概论写的序言中提及)，说明西方语言学家避重就轻，因为在语言的三个要素中，语音体系和语法体系比较简单，易于归纳，便于研究，容易出成果；而词汇体系比较庞杂，不易归纳和研究，也不容易出成果。实际课堂教学中，很少有教师会系统地讲授词汇学的理论(因为词汇学理论本身就是滞后的)，而学生在外语学习中最大的难点之一就在于如何学习和掌握词汇。从实际需要的角度出发，词汇学研究引起西方语言学家重视也是迟早的事情。此外，电脑应用的发展和普及以及语料库的形成为分析词汇的特征和总结词汇的规律性的原则创造了有利条件，在词汇体系的研究方面出现新的突破是指日可待的事情。 现在词汇学被看作是语言分析的一个层面。语言分析的五分法(词汇学lexicology、音位学phonemics、形态学morphology、句法学syntax和语义学semantics)与传统的三分法(音位学、句法学和语义学)相比，最大的不同在于重视了词汇的作用，充分肯定了词汇学的地位。当然，我们在使用语言的时候，总是不由自主地同时涉及所有的层面，所以，语言分析的五个层面虽然可以分别进行，但是不能忽视它们的相互联系和相互作用。 1.2词汇学的定义及分类 Routledge Dictionary of Language and linguistics by Hadumod bussmann 承认了词汇学在语言学中的地位，但是把侧重点放在词汇的语义学上面。 The Oxford Companion to the English Language by Tom McArthur
第一章 1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence 2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. 3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person. 3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized. 4.the printing machine fixed the written form. 5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mental