当前位置:文档之家› 会计学中英文对照外文翻译文献

会计学中英文对照外文翻译文献

会计学中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计学中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献

Title:

Future of SME finance(Background – the environment for SME finance has changed

Future economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.

SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.

Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.

Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:

?Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;

?worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;

?Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;

?up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;

?Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are

very active in SME finance.

All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.

The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.

Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: ?In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;

?Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;

?Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;

?due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;

?Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;

?the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.

All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.

Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to finance

All analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for

the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.

Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.

From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:

?Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;

?Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;

?improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.

Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:

1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel II

Due to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.

However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.

The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market

authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.

UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:

?The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).

?The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.

?The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.

2. SMEs need transparent rating procedures

Due to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.

In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:?The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.

?The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.

The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and

the new European Parliament support for:

?binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;

?Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.

3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-Lending

Business start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.

Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.

Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).

Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:

?The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;

?The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;

?The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;

?More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;

?The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;

?The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).

?the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level:

termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).

4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financing

Many EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.

Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.

5. Risk Capital – equity financing

External equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.

On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.

Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:

Availability of venture capital

?The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.

?Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.

Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs

?The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in

SMEs should be supported.

?Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.

Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors

?SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.

?In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).

外文资料翻译

题目:未来的中小企业融资

背景:中小企业融资已经改变

未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

经济增长和就业在欧盟和的核心是里斯本战略,其主要目标是使欧洲成为最有竞争力的和有活力的知识型经济在世界上,中小型企业作出重大贡献。然而,中小型企业能力的增长取决于其潜在的高投资在结构调整,创新和资格,所有这些投资需要资金。

在此背景下的一贯反复投诉的中小企业的问题就在于获得融资,这是一个高度相关的约束,关乎欧洲经济复苏。变化的影响,金融部门的行为,信贷机构对工艺品,贸易和中小企业。

最近和当前的事态发展,银行业添加到中小企业所关注的问题,并会进一步危害其获得资金。主要的变化是影响银行业中小企业融资是:全球化和国际化,增加了竞争和盈利方向的部门;

日益恶化的经济形势在一些机构(爆裂的国贸中心泡沫,破产)加强重点放在盈利能力进一步加强;合并和重组创造更大的结构和许多当地的分支机构,它的直接和个性化的接触,小企业,被关闭; 即将实施新的资本充足规则(巴塞尔II )也将发生变化的中小企业的信贷业务部门,并会增加其行政费用;严格的解释国家备忘录规则由欧洲委员会消除了银行的支持下,由公共保障;许多影响银行非常积极地参与中小企业融资。所有这些变化导致更高的灵敏度的风险和利润的金融部门。金融业的影响无障碍中小企业得到资金。

高风险的认识,信贷部门,更加注重利润和正在进行的结构调整中的金融部门变化的框架,中小企业融资和影响力的中小企业获得资金。最重要的改变是:为了使风险意识较高的业务,信贷部门引入新的评价制度和手段信用评分;风险评估的中小企业银行将迫使企业提出更多更好的高质量的信息对他们的业务;银行将设法通过其额外费用为实施和运行的新的资本条例(巴塞尔II),以他们的商业客户;由于增加了竞争的利率,银行部门的需求更多,更高的服务费用(管理账户,支付系统等),这不仅为中小企业的额外费用,而且还限制了它们的流动性;小企业将失去他们的个人关系,决策者在地方分支机构-信贷申请过程将变

得更加正规和匿名的,可能会失去长远;信贷部门将失去越来越多的“公共职能”,以提供获得资金的范围广泛的经济主体,它已在一些国家,为了支持和促进经济增长;利润的贷款成为主要重点是私人信贷机构。

所有这些事态发展将使中小企业获得资金的更加困难和/或将增加的成本的外部资金。创业和中小企业,而要进入新的市场,可能是受到资金短缺的问题。欧洲行为守则银行与中小企业之间有至少允许更多的透明度之间的关系银行与中小企业和UEAPME感到遗憾的是,银行部门未能达成这样的承诺。

建立一个包括政策的方法,以提高准入手工业,贸易和中小企业融资所有分析表明,信贷和贷款将保持主要的资金来源为中小企业部门在欧洲。获得资金一直是主要的关注中小企业,但最近的事态发展,金融部门局势恶化甚至更多。资金短缺已经是一个相关因素,阻碍欧洲经济复苏。许多中小企业没有能够资助他们的投资需求。

因此,UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新加强努力的框架内,以改善中小企业融资条件。欧洲的工艺品,贸易和中小企业的要求,包括政策方针,其中不仅包括条件中小企业获得贷款,而且还将加强其能力的内部融资和获得外部风险资本。

从UEAPME的角度来看,这种无所不包的做法应当基于三项指导原则:风险分担之间的私人投资者,金融机构,中小企业和公共部门;增加了透明度,中小企业对外部投资者和贷款人;改善监管环境,中小企业融资。

基于这些原则,并在这一背景下不断变化的环境,中小企业金融,UEAPME 提出政策措施,在以下几个方面:

1.新的资本要求指令:中小企业友好执行巴塞尔II由于密集的游说活动,UEAPME ,加上其他商业协会欧洲,已经取得了一些有利于改善中小企业的新巴塞尔协议的监管资本(巴塞尔II )。最后协议由巴塞尔委员会包含一个更现实的态度的真正危险状况的中小企业贷款的金融市场并允许必要的变通余地,这方面,不同区域的传统和体制结构。

然而,新的规管制度,将影响之间的关系银行与中小企业,它在很大程度上将取决于它的道路将实施到欧洲的法律,无论是巴塞尔II成为中小企业的负担,如果将减少获得资金了。

新资本协议的形式巴塞尔委员会给出了金融市场的主管部门和函欧洲机构,有很强的灵活性。在大约70个地区,他们间的协定,以适应其具体需要执行时纳入欧盟法律。其中有些人将产生重要的影响成本和获取资金的中小型企业。

因此,从UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新实施新的资本要求指令将耗资巨大,金融部门(至多30亿欧元3至2006年)和它的客户将不得不付

出代价。因此,执行-特别是对规模较小的银行,往往是非常活跃的中小企业融资-已经进行了小的行政负担可能(提交报告的义务,统计数据等)。

欧洲管理者必须尽可能认识到传统的文书抵押(担保等)。欧洲委员会和后来的各会员国应采取的建议,欧洲议会4方面的粒度,进入零售组合,成熟,局部使用,适应的阈值等,这将减轻市民的负担中小企业融资。

2.中小型企业需要透明的评价程序

由于较高的风险意识,金融部门和需要的巴塞尔II,许多中小型企业将面临第一次与内部评级的程序或信用评分系统的银行。该银行将需要更多和更好的质量信息,并从他们的客户将评估他们以一种新的方式。双方即将事态发展已引起越来越多的中小型企业之间的不确定性。

为了减少这种不确定性,并允许中小企业理解的原则,新的风险评估,UEAPME 要求,透明的评价程序-评价程序可能不会成为一个“黑箱”中小企业:世界银行应当通报有关标准影响评价的中小企业。世界银行应当通知有关中小企业的评估,以便使中小企业改善。

谈判的欧洲行为准则银行与中小企业之间的5日,这将包括一个自我承诺,透明的评价程序,银行,失败了。因此,UEAPME期望新一届欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的支持:具有约束力的规则框架中的新资本充足指令,以确保透明度的评价程序和信用评分系统,为中小型企业; 拟订国家行为守则,以改善关系,银行与中小企业,并支持中小企业适应新的金融环境。

3.中小企业需要延长信用担保制度

特别侧重于小额贷款创业,转让和创新的企业快速成长的中小企业也取决于在过去往往对公众的支持,以获得资金。越来越多的银行风险意识和严格的解释国家援助规则将进一步增加,需要公众的支持。现在已经有信贷保证计划在许多国家的限制,他们的能力和太多的投资项目不能得以实现的中小型企业。

经验表明,公共资金,用于支持信用担保体系,是一个非常有效的工具和具有更高的乘数效应比其他文书。1欧元形式的欧洲投资基金可以刺激投资的30欧元的中小型企业(为风险资本基金的关系,仅仅是1:2 )。

因此,UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的支持:延长资金用于国家信贷担保计划的框架内,新的多年度方案的企业;发展新的手段对中小企业的投资组合的证券化;承认现有的和运转良好的信贷担保计划,作为抵押;更灵活的欧洲文书,因为国家的不同情况的中小企业融资;发展的信贷保证计划,在新的会员国;发展一个SBIC类似计划的会员国以关闭公平差距( 0.2 - 2.5神达欧元,根据专家会议有望在4月27日在卢森堡)。发展了一个财务支持计划,以鼓励中小企业的internalization (目前还没有计划,可在欧盟一级:终止JOP ,

淡出乙脑)。

4.中小企业需要的公司所得税制度,加强其能力的自筹资金

许多欧盟成员国的公司和收入的税收制度与消极因素,建立资本在公司内部的再投资的利润。这一点尤其适用于公司,这些公司必须支付所得税。已经在过去的税收制度的原因之一,较高的依赖欧洲的中小型企业对银行贷款的。今后,评价的结果也将取决于资金的公司,高度依赖贷款将影响到获得贷款。这是一个恶性循环,必须打破。

尽管公司和所得税属于会员国的权限,UEAPME要求新一届欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的公开支持税收改革,这将加强能力工艺品,贸易和中小企业的自筹资金。因此,特别侧重于非公司企业的需要。

5.风险资本-股权融资

外部股权融资没有一个真正的传统,在中小型企业部门。一方面,小企业和家庭企业在传统上一般并不十分开放实现外部股权融资,而不是用来通知透明其业务。

另一方面,许多投资者的风险资本和类似形式的股权融资方面非常不愿意投资在其资金规模较小的公司,这是更昂贵的投资数额较大的大型企业。此外,它更难以确定这种投资规模较小的公司。

尽管股权融资将永远不会成为主要资金来源为中小型企业,这是一个重要手段高度创新创业和快速成长的公司,因此,它得到进一步的发展。 UEAPME认为,三大支柱的这样一种做法在政策支持需要:

(1)获得风险资本

(2)会员国应审查其税收制度,以鼓励私人资本投资的各种形式的风险资本。(3)保证文书的股权融资应得到进一步发展。

(4)改善有利于风险资本投资到中小企业

(5)发展二级市场,风险资本投资的中小企业应该得到支持。

(6)会计准则对中小企业应加以修订,以缓和透明之间的信息交流的投资者和拥有者,管理者。

业主兼经理必须更加意识到有必要对投资者的透明度,中小型企业的业主必须明白,在未来获得外部融资(风险资本或贷款),将取决于更多的透明和公开的信息交流有关的情况和观点,他们的公司。

为了满足新的需要的透明度,中小企业将必须使用新的信息工具(业务计划,财务报告等)和新的管理手段(风险管理,财务管理等)。

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为: (一)专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. (二)论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选:下册[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. 凡引专著的页码,加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 (三)报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27,(3) (四)期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3). (五)学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学心理系,1998. (六)报告 示例 [1] 白秀水,刘敢,任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安:陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998. (七)、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释,置于本页地脚,前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识: M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识: DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

城市轨道交通专业英语翻译题

一单元;1、A maglev is a type of train that is suspended in the air above a single track ,and propelled using the repulsive and attractive forces of magnetism 是一种类型的磁悬浮列车悬浮在空中上面一条清晰的足迹,和推进的反感和有吸引力的部队使用的磁性 2、Japan and Germany are active in maglev research ,producing several different approaches and designs . 日本和德国都活跃在磁悬浮研究、生产几种不同的方法和设计。 3、The effect of a powerful magnetic field on the human body is largely unknown 一个强大的影响磁场对人体是未知 4 ,Some space agencies are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft 一些空间研究机构磁悬浮系统使用发射的宇宙飞船里踱步 5,Inductrack(感应轨) was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power Inductrack最初是作为一个磁轴承飞轮电机和一个存储能力 二单元;1,A classification yard is railroad yard found at some freight train stations , used to separate railroad cars on to one of several tracks 一个分类码是发现在一些货运铁路院子火车站,用来分离的一个铁路汽车在几条轨道 2,There are three types of classification yards : flat-shunted yards ,hump yards and gravity yards 有三种类型的分类码:flat-shunted码,驼峰码和重力码 3,F reight trains which consist of isolated cars must be made into trains and divided according to their destinations 货运列车由孤立的车辆必须制成火车和划分根据他们的目的地 4,The tracks lead into a flat shunting neck at one or both ends of the yard where the cars are pushed to sort then into the right track 铁轨引到一个平面并联脖颈一个或两端的院子里的汽车被推到分类然后进入正确的轨道5,they are operated either pneumatically or hydraulically 他们要么气动或液压操作 三单元1,The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems. 最困难的区别之间画是轻轨和电车或电车系统。 2,Light rail is generally powered by electricity ,usually by means of overhead wires ,but sometimes by a live rail ,also called third rail . 轻轨一般是靠电力,通常采用架空导线,但有时是由生活轨道,也被称为第三轨道。 3, Automatic operation is more common in smaller people mover systems than in light rail systems . 自动操作是较常见的系统在较小的人比原动机轻轨系统。 4, Many modern light rail projects re-use parts of old rail networks ,such as abandoned industrial rail lines 许多现代轻轨项目重复旧的铁路网络部分,比如废弃工业铁路线 5, Light rail trolleys are heavier per pound of cargo carried than heavy rail cars or monorail cars 轻轨电车每磅重的货物进行重轨车比或单轨车

《会计学基础》双语教案

《会计学基础》教案 时间:周一第二大节(上午9:40---10:25;10:30---11:15) 单周周四第一大节(上午7:50---8:35;8:40---9:25) 地点:康庄506 学时:48 班级:会05-1.2.3.4 学分:3 答疑时间:周一上午:11:15---12:00 考试方式:英文。闭卷 考试时间:第21周周四第三大节 成绩评定:平时成绩20%,考试成绩80%。 Part 1 Basic Concepts and the Balance Sheet 所需课时:3课时 课程目标: 1.让学生对“会计”一词有初步的认知,明确会计在现代经济社会中的作用。 2.了解财务报表的作用,明确资产负债表的基本构成要素; 3.对会计基本要素:资产。负债和所有者权益有初步认识;并正确理解和运用三者之间的关系。4.了解三个会计基本原则的含义及对意义。 ---复式记账原则 ---货币计量原则。 ---会计主体原则。 课程设计: 第一课程段:师生交流(30分钟) 1.通过点名及自我介绍与学生沟通,相互认识。并询问同学选择学系会计专业的理由以及对会计的认识程度,通过这种交流了解学生对会计专业课程的学习兴趣及可能存在的问题。 Q::What ‘s your name? Where are you come from? What’s you hobby? Are you interesting in Accounting? Why you chose accounting be your major? 2.在交流的基础上,列举国内外企业的实例,以及会计于其他学科之间的联系,阐述学好会计的重要性。 Q:Would you please tell me what accounting is? 3.介绍目前国内、国外与会计专业有关的职业及考试类别,增强学生学好该课程的信心,提高学生今后学习的主动性、自觉性。 Q:Being a student graduated in accounting, what kinds of job he can do? Or how many choices he has? Such as which company? 4.向学生介绍所选教材的特点及使用方法,让学生掌握正确的学习方法,便于学生课后自学,提高学习效果。 Text book : Introduction How to use this book

中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 (参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。) 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文:不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告:一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母"Z"标识,但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2.专著类

地铁车站深基坑毕业设计(含外文翻译)

摘要 毕业设计主要包括三个部分,第一部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计;第二部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计;第三部分是专题部分,盾构施工预加固技术研究。 在第一部分基坑围护结构设计中,根据场中路站基坑所处的工程地质、水文地质条件和周边环境情况,通过施工方案的比选,确定采用地下连续墙作为基坑的围护方案,支撑方案选为对撑,从地面至坑底依次设四道钢管支撑,并进行围护结构及支撑的内力计算、相应的强度和地连墙的配筋验算以及基坑的抗渗、抗隆起和抗倾覆等验算。 第二部分的施工组织设计,根据基坑围护方案、施工方法和隧道周边的环境情况,对施工前准备工作,施工场地布置,围护结构施工、基坑开挖与支撑安装等进行设计,并编制了工程进度计划,编写了相应的质量、安全、环境保护等措施。 第三部分专题内容是盾构施工中的预加固技术研究。针对工程施工中的地质条件和施工工况,总结了盾构施工中的土体预加固的技术措施和相关的参考资料,提出在盾构施工中土体预加固的技术措施。 关键词:基坑;地下连续墙;施工组织;支撑体系;盾构预加固技术 目录 第一部分上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计 1 工程概况 (1) 1.1工程地质及水文地质资料 (1) 1.2工程周围环境 (2) 2 设计依据和设计标准 (4) 2.1 工程设计依据 (4) 2.2 基坑工程等级及设计控制标准 (4)

3 基坑围护方案设计 (5) 3.1基坑围护方案 (5) 3.2基坑围护结构方案比选 (6) 4 基坑支撑方案设计 (8) 4.1支撑结构类型 (8) 4.2支撑体系的布置形式 (8) 4.3支撑体系的方案比较和合理选定 (10) 4.4基坑施工应变措施 (10) 5 计算书 (12) 5.1 荷载计算 (12) 5.2 围护结构地基承载力验算 (14) 5.3 基坑底部土体的抗隆起稳定性验算 (14) 5.4抗渗验算 (15) 5.5抗倾覆验算 (16) 5.6整体圆弧滑动稳定性验算 (17) 5.7围护结构及支撑内力计算 (17) 5.8 支撑强度验算 (21) 5.9 地下连续墙配筋验算 (23) 6 基坑主要技术经济指标 (25) 6.1 开挖土方量 (25) 6.2 混凝土浇筑量 (25) 6.3 钢筋用量 (25) 6.4 人工费用 (25) 第二部分上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计 1 基坑施工准备 (25) 1.1 基坑施工的技术准备 (25) 1.2 基坑施工的现场准备 (25) 1.3 基坑施工的其他准备 (27) 2 施工方案 (29) 2.1 概况 (29) 2.2 施工方法的确定 (29) 2.3 施工流程 (32) 2.4 质量控制 (35) 2.5 施工主要技术措施 (36) 2.6关键部位技术措施 (38) 3施工总平面布置 (40)

经典会计英文文献目录100篇

经典文献(The 100 articles with the highest citation index-until 1996) 以下所有文献按照:Lawrence D. Brown, 1996, “Influential Accounting Articles, Individuals, Ph. D Granting Institutions and Faculties; A Citational Analysis”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, V ol.21, NO.7/8, P726-728提供的资料 1.Ball, R. and Brown, P., 1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”, journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, pp. 159-178 2.Watts R.L., Zimmerman J., 1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Dete rmination of Accounting Standards”, The Accounting Review, pp. 112-134 3.Healy P.M, 1985, “The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, April, 85-107 4.Hopwood A. G., “Towards an Organizational Pe rspective for the Study of Accounting and Information Systems”, Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14 5.Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P., 1989, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp. 143-181 6.Easton P.D, Zmijewski M.E, 1989, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141 7.Bea ver, W. H., 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, journal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92 8.Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117 9.Patell J.M, 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276 10.Brown L.D., Griffin P.A., Hagerman R.L., Zmijewski M.E, 1987, “An Evaluation of Alternative Proxies for the Market’s Assessment of Unexpected Earnings”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61-87 11.Ou J.A., Penman S.H., 1989, “Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction o f Stock Returns”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Nov., 295-329 12.William H. Beaver, Roger Clarke, William F. Wright, 1979, “The Association between Unsystematic Security Returns and the Magnitude of Earnings Forecast Errors,” Journal of Accounting Research, 17, 316-340. 13.Burchell S., Clubb C., Hopwood, A., Hughes J., Nahapiet J., 1980, “The Roles of Accounting in Organizations and Society”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, No.1, pp. 5-28

会计专业中英文双语融合教学法下的课程安排

会计专业中英文双语融合教学法下的课程安排 中英文双语融合教学,客观上要求本着实事求是、一切从实际出发的态度,构建渐进的中英文双语融合教学目标体系,并在其基础上合理地进行课程设置。只有课程设置合理了,才能激发学生的学习积极性,才能取得良好的中英文双语融合教学效果。本文对《基础会计学》等课程应否进行中英文双语融合教学进行了详尽的阐述。 标签:中英文双语融合教学基础会计学中级财务会计 0 引言 为了顺利地开展中英文双语融合教学工作,必须要明确中英文双语融合教学目标、并结合学科特点科学地进行课程设置,这样才能取得较好的教学效果。 教学目标是教学体系建构的出发点,也是课程设置的依据和标准。会计专业中英文双语融合教学目标的制定,应结合中英文双语融合教学的定义,反映经济全球化和教育国际化两个发展趋势,培养具有国际社会文化知识、懂外语、熟悉国际会计和商业惯例的高级会计管理人才。通过中英文双语融合教学提高学生的外语水平,培养他们适应对外交流的能力,直接了解国外先进的会计理论和方法、掌握国际会计实务和惯例。 具体来讲,专业课中英文双语融合教学的目标应该是一个有差别的、层次分明的目标体系,在实践中要有一定的渐进性。可以分为以下三个层次:第一层次,能大致听懂双语专业课程,能用常用英文词汇和句型进行简短的课堂发言,能借助字典看懂指定的专业英文教材,能正确使用英文完成作业;第二层次,能基本听懂专业双语课程,能用英文阐述自己的观点,能快速浏览教材并按要求查询重点,能用英语撰写简短专题文章;第三层次,能听懂双语课程,能用英文流利地表述观点、进行讨论,能熟练查阅国外专业期刊,能用英文撰写专题报告或论文。 根据上述中英文双语融合教学目标要求,结合会计学的学科特点及中英文双语融合教学实践反馈,笔者对下列会计专业主干课程应否采用中英文双语融合教学进行探讨。 1 《基础会计学》课程 中英文双语融合教学的课程在选择上应先易后难,逐步扩展范围,按教学目标层次逐步递进。会计专业基础课《基础会计学》是比较适合作为中英文双语融合教学课程的,其原因主要在于:从内容上看,这门课程比较容易,用英语授课学生容易理解,符合中英文双语融合教学课程先易后难这一规律。基础会计学具有较强的通用性,在对这门课进行双语授课的过程中不需要考虑各国会计准则的差异性,比较容易找到适用的英文原版教材。但由于这是会计学的专业入门课,而学生英语水平相对较差,所以在实施中英文双语融合教学的过程中,一定要结

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲,它更加严谨和科学,并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同,靠左边,位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字,表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中,边框粗细采用0.5磅;表格内文字采用Times New Roman,10磅。 举例: Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同,位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字,表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例: Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注:Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式,如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式,如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例:Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中,姓前名后,姓与名之间以逗号分隔;如有两个作者,以and连接;如有三个或三个以上作者,前面的作者以逗号分隔,最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔,最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式:

中英文参考文献格式

中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。)来源:李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL]——联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) [CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点: ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母. 如:Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109.

会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

内部控制透视:理论与概念 摘要:内部控制是会计程序或控制系统,旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。它包括计划、方法和程序使用,以满足任务,目标和目的,并在这样做,支持基于业绩的管理。内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的,但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务,不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。 关键词:内部控制,管理控制,控制环境,控制活动,监督 1、介绍 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1,另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线,维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制,我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊,内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论,内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构,工作和权力流动,人员和具体的管理信息系统,旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段,其中一个组织的资源被定向,监控和测量。它发挥着无形的(重要的作用,预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源,包括生理(如,机械和财产)和乙二醇,声誉或知识产权,如商标)。在组织水平,内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告,及时反馈业务上的成就,并遵守法律,法规。在具体的交易水平,内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标(例如,如何确保本组织的款项,在申请服务提供有效的。)内部控制程序reduce程变异,导

Table of accounting titles

Table of accounts 会计科目表 I. Assets 资产 1. Cash on Hand 现金 2. Cash in Bank 银行存款 3. Short-term Investment 短期投资 4. Accounts Receivable 应收账款 5. Provision for Bad Debt 坏帐准备 6. Notes Receivable 应收票据 7.Advances to Suppliers 预付账款 8. Other Receivables 其他应收款 9. Materials Purchased 材料采购 10. Raw Materials 材料 11. Finished Goods 产成品 12. Prepaid Expenses 待摊费用 13. Long-term Investment 长期投资 14. Construction in Progress 在建工程 14. Fixed Assets 固定资产 15. Accumulated Depreciation 累计折旧 16. Intangible Assets 无形资产 17. Deferred Assets 递延资产 18. Assets Depending Disposal 待处理财产损溢 II. Liabilities 负债 1. Short-term Loans 短期借款 2. Accounts Payable 应付帐款 3. Notes Payable 应付票据 4. Advances from Customers 预收账款 5. Other Payables 其他应付款 6. Accrued Payroll 应付工资

中英文对照文章8

剃须心得:有钱不必花在刀刃上 A Penny Shaved Is A Penny Earned For years, I've felt like a sap whenever I bought razors. 很多年来,每当我买剃须刀时都觉得自己像个傻瓜。 It killed me to spend $2.50 to $3 a blade for my Gillette Mach 3. Yet the few times when I used cheap disposable razors, it was like shaving with a file. 为我的吉列锋速3(Gillette Mach 3)买一个刀片要花2.50美元到3美元,这让我心疼不已。但有几次我用便宜的一次性剃须刀时,感觉就像在用锉刀刮胡子。 Finally, a couple of weeks ago, I bought a serviceable store-brand razor that costs about half the price of the premier brands. Jon Protas for The Wall Street Journal 吉列锋速3是好剃须刀,但刀片的价钱真不便宜最终,几星期前,我买了一把商店自有品牌的剃须刀,这把剃须刀也还好用,而且价格只有名牌剃须刀的一半左右。 It shouldn't have come to this. I've used Gillette razors for decades, and I like them. The rub is the cost. In my book, a fair price for refills would be about a buck. 事情不应该变成这样。我已经用了几十年吉列剃须刀了,而且我喜欢用它。问题出在价格上。在我看来,刀片的合理价格应该约为1美元。 I'm a believer in markets, but it doesn't seem like the razor-blade market gives me what I want. Instead of competing on price, Gillette and Schick largely seem to be engaged in a silly arms race to improve a product that already works perfectly well. Two blades, three blades, four blades -- when will it stop? 我是一个信奉市场的人,但剃须刀刀片市场看来并没有给出我想要的结果。吉列(Gillette)和舒适(Schick)并没有在价格上进行竞争,而更像是投入了一场愚蠢的军备竞赛,以改进一种本来已经很完善的产品。双刀片、三刀片、四刀片──什么时候才是个头? Not anytime soon, apparently. Schick will soon launch its own five-blade razor, and says that prices for it should be 10% to 20% above the Quattro, its four-blade razor that was introduced in 2003. 显然,这种趋势短期内不会停止。舒适公司很快将推出它的五刀片剃须刀,并称该产品的价格将比其2003年推出的四刀片剃须刀“创4纪”(Quattro)高10%至20%。 Gillette, a unit of Procter & Gamble, got there first. Its Fusion Power MVP -- an early version of which went on sale in 2006 -- has five spring-mounted blades and battery-powered micropulses to reduce friction 'so you barely feel the blades.' The

英文引用及参考文献格式要求

英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点: ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母.如:MalcolmRichardCowley应为:Cowley,M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为:Norris,F.&I.Gordon.; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature,EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.

会计科目中英文对照

1资产a s s e t s? 11~12流动资产c u r r e n t a s s e t s? 111现金及约当现金c a s h a n d c a s h e q u i v a l e n t s? 1111库存现金c a s h o n h a n d? 1112零用金/周转金p e t t y c a s h/r e v o l v i n g f u n d s? 1113银行存款c a s h i n b a n k s?0g 1116在途现金c a s h i n t r a n s i t? 1117约当现金c a s h e q u i v a l e n t s? 1118其它现金及约当现金o t h e r c a s h a n d c a s h e q u i v a l e n t s? 112短期投资s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t? 1121短期投资-股票s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s-s t o c k? 1122 短期投资-短期票券short-term investments -short-term notes and bills? 1123短期投资-政府债券s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s-g o v e r n m e n t b o n d s? 1124短期投资-受益凭证s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s-b e n e f i c i a r y c e r t i f i c a t e s? 1125短期投资-公司债s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s-c o r p o r a t e b o n d s? 1128短期投资-其它s h o r t-t e r m i n v e s t m e n t s-o t h e r? 1129 备抵短期投资跌价损失allowance for reduction of short-term investment to market? 113应收票据n o t e s r e c e i v a b l e? 1131应收票据n o t e s r e c e i v a b l e? 1132应收票据贴现d i s c o u n t e d n o t e s r e c e i v a b l e? 1137应收票据-关系人n o t e s r e c e i v a b l e-r e l a t e d p a r t i e s? 1138其它应收票据o t h e r n o t e s r e c e i v a b l e? 1139 备抵呆帐-应收票据allowance for uncollec-tible accounts-notes receivable? 114应收帐款a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e? 1141应收帐款a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e? 1142应收分期帐款i n s t a l l m e n t a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e? 1147应收帐款-关系人a c c o u n t s r e c e i v a b l e-r e l a t e d p a r t i e s?

英文会计学论文2500字_英文会计学毕业论文范文模板

英文会计学论文2500字_英文会计学毕业论文范文模板 英文会计学论文2500字(一):中外合作办学项目中英文会计学基础课程教学法创新与实 践论文 摘要:中外合作办学各个项目中,商学院的合作重点且热门,在商学院的课 程中,开设遵循一般会计准则(GAAP)的全英文会计授课非常普遍,如何在全英 文授课模式下应对常见的语言和思维问题,会计学科中常见的学习问题成为教学 法创新的一个重点。本文结合实际实践阐述全英文授课模式下的中国本科生会计 学基础课程教学法创新与实践。 关键词:会计学基础课;会计本科教学;中外合作办学 留学热潮以来,商科一直是留学生和家长心目中的热门选择,商业全球化大 趋势下,很多学生和家长会选择“1+3”“2+2”或“3+1”这种考虑长远的项目,以此开始自己的专业学习,而此类和各国高校合作的项目里,以美国大学的商学 院为例,会计学科的学习是几乎所有商学专业的学生的基础必修课。因此,全英 文授课模式下的会计学基础课程也变得尤为重要,然而,相对于其他的商学专业,会计学科尤其是会计学基础(AccountingPrinciples),财务会计学(Financial Accounting),乃至会计学专业的专业课中级会计(IntermediaryAccounting),

对于学生来说是较为枯燥且考察细节的,怎样提高学生的兴趣和学习动力,高效率地学习会计类基础课程,成为中美商学院合作项目中的重要创新研究对象。 一、一般会计准则(USGAAP)下的中国本科生全英文会计学基础课程的培养目标与中国特色 (一)会计知识的储备和应用 基础专业知识的学习对于任何专业都是极为重要的,对于会计学来说也不例外。会计是商业的奠基石,是信息传递的重要媒介之一。学生学习基础会计学,掌握财务信息,绘制财务报表,能更清晰地看到整个商业的运作,不管是不是从事财务工作,都能更好的创作更多的职业价值。 (二)中国公认会计准则(PRCGAAP),一般会计准则(USGAAP)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的学习齐头并进 中美合作办学中的全英文会计基础课程选用的一般是遵循一般会计准则(US GAAP)的会计教材,在此类教材中,也会对相关内容做出一些一般会计准则(U SGAAP)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的比较教学,而通过对中国公认会计准则(PRCGAAP)的补充教学,可以让学生不管是毕业之后选择不同的国家继续攻读研究生教育,还是选择外企,考取不同的会计类证书,对不同的地区或证书遵循的不同的会计准则,都可以有一个较好的了解。 (三)商业英语能力的培养

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档