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四大语法现象要点整理

四大语法现象要点整理
四大语法现象要点整理

四大语法现象要点整理

一.定语从句

一.)关系代词:指人:who, that, whom; 指物:which, that;表所属关系用whose(可指人也可指物)

学习要点:

1.关系代词在句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略关系代词,作宾语时可以省略。

2.当定语从句出现介词前置现象时,关系代词指人时只用whom,指物时只能用which。e.g.

I need to find a person to whom I can speak./I have found a book from which the information

comes.

3.关系代词指物时只能用that的现象

1.)当先行词既包括人又包括物时:He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.

2.)指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时:These are the very points that interest me./That’s the only watch that I like most.

3.)指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时:The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.

4.)先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much, none及everything, anything, nothing, something等时:There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?

5.)先行词是who或which时,为避免重复:Who that has seen him does not like him? Which book that you bought yesterday do you like best?

4. whose表示所属关系时,指人可用the n. of whom/ of whom the n.; 指物时可用the n. of which/ of which the n. 例如:He lives in the room whose window has been broken./ He lives in the room the window of which/ of which the window has been broken.如果所属关系中出现代词或数词,则用of whom/ of which形式。eg. He has 100 yuan, all of which / of which all has been stolen by the thief. / He has 100 yuan, 50 of which / of which 50 has been stolen by the thief.

二.)关系副词:when, where, why, 其中when=on which; in which; at which; during which等;where= in which, at which, on which等;why=for which

三.)判断用关系代词还是关系副词

1. 表示时间,地点,原因的先行词在定语从句中并不一定作时间、地点、原因状语,所以在决定用关系代词还是关系副词前,必须先确定先行词在定语从句中的句子成分。eg. We visited the school where/ in which the great man used to study.(school作study的地点状语); We like the school that/ which we used to visit.(school作visit的宾语)

2. 一些较抽象的名词,诸如situation(情境), case(案例,情况), occasion(场合),point等作先行词时,也要判断他们在定语从句中所充当的成分。eg. They finally reached the point where they could sit down and talk about it.(这里point作为sit down 的地点状语)

四.)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句是指定语从句对先行词或是前面的句子作补充说明作用,因为关系不是非

常紧密,故用逗号把主句和从句分开。

引导非限制性定语从句除了不可用that之外,其他的关系代词或关系副词都可能用到。其用法和限制性定语从句一样,视其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。

五.)定语从句中一致性的问题

eg. I, who am your friend, will always be on your side.(先行词I,故定语从句中的谓语动词用am)

Ms Liu is one of the female teachers who take care of the cats on Nanyang campus.(这里的先行词是female teachers,固定语从句中的谓语动词用take)

Cf: Ms Liu is the only one of the female teachers who takes care of the cats on Nanyang Campus.(这里的先行词是the only one,固定语从句中的谓语动词用“三单”。)

二.不定式

学习要点:

一.)不定式作主语时经常用it 代替:It +be +(for/ of sb.) +adj./ n. to do,其中介词用for还是of视后面的形容词是修饰sb还是后面的动作to do sth.

Eg. It is good for people to do physical exercise every day./ It is good of you to remind me to do physical exercise every day.

二.)不定式作主语或是表语时,与之相关的名词往往是指代将来的。例如:wish, plan, intention, hope, ambition(欲望),等。eg. To become the first man to live on the Mars has been his ambition./ His ambition is to become…

三.)不定式可以作各种状语,诸如原因、目的、结果状语,其中only to do sth.往往是指一种令人不快的结果。eg. He went to the teacher’s office to ask questions, only to be criticized severely by the teacher.(结果被老师狠狠批评了一顿。)cf: just to do sth. (只是为了做。。。)eg. He went to the teacher’s office just to ask some questions.

四.)不定式作补语时(宾语补足语),在下列动词后面不定式去to: 一感(feel), 二听(hear, listen to),三让(make, let, have),五看( see, watch, notice, look at, observe)。Eg. The witness told the policeman that he saw the robbers enter the bank. 但是变成被动时,恢复to, eg. The robbers were seen to enter the bank by the witness. 但是let, have改成被动时,要用其它词代替,一般用be allowed to do形式。

五.)不定式作定语时主动结构表被动意思

1. 在There be 句型中

eg. There was no place to live in when we got there.(相当于for us to live in)

2. have something to do

eg. Do you have anything to tell? (= you tell something)

cf: “Do you have any clothes to be washed”, the maid asked. (这里的wash 是由maid执行,故用被动)

3.在序数词和形容词最高级之后

The most important thing to do is to find the people who can help us.

六.)注意不定式的时态和语态

He is said to have played for NBA while he studied in university.(说明曾经是,现在已经过去了)It happened to be raining hard when we got off the bus. (不定式进行时,强调动作当时正在发生)

More than 10,000 people are reported to have been killed in the earthquake that happened in Japan.

七.)不定式to省略现象

1. 表示“除了。。。不做/ 做”的句式

1.)sb. don’t do anything but/ except do sth.

2.) Sb. do anything but / except do sth.

(以上属于有do无to现象, 但是sb. have no choice but to do sth. 属于无do 有to现象) 3.)can’t/ couldn’t do but/ except do sth.(情态动词的原因)

2. 表示建议的句式

1.)Why not do sth.?

2.) you’d better (not ) do sth.

3. 表示喜好的句式

1.) would rather do sth. than do sth.

2.) prefer to do sth. (rather) than do sth.

八.)某些名词是由形容词或动词派生而来的,而这些词原先都是跟不定式的,变名词后跟不定式作定语。

ability, wish, ambition, plan, intention, invitation, willingness, anxiety,attempt, chance, decision, failure, refusal, etc.

三.动名词

学习要点

一.)某些动词后只用动名词作宾语的现象(参考小金P. 8)

表示喜欢:appreciate, enjoy, fancy, feel like

表示延迟:delay, put off, postpone

表示逃避:escape, avoid

表示放弃:give up, quit

表示原谅:forgive, excuse, pardon

表示承认:admit, confess

表示忍受:tolerate, stand(而endure, bear可用不定式或动名词作宾语)

介词to后面:look forward to, be/ get used to, object to/ be opposed to(反对),on the way to/ be close to(接近,马上),pay attention to, see to(确保),come to(接下来),devote sth. to/ contribute to(贡献), get down to(着手去做)

其他常用的有:finish, mind, practise, include, understand, miss, risk

二.)只用动名词的句式

1. It is no use/ no good/ fun/ a waste of time doing sth.

2. sb. have a good time/ bad time/ hard time/ difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth./ spend time doing sth.

3. There is no point (in) doing sth.

三.)动名词的复合结构(即动名词前有一个执行该动作的名词,一般称逻辑主语)

1. 复合结构做主语时,逻辑主语用所有格形式

Eg. Tom’s/ His not having been injured made his parents relieved.

2. 复合结构作宾语时,逻辑主语既可用普通格形式,也可用所有格形式

The parents were anxious about Tom’s /Tom being injured.

(注:以上现象只适用于当逻辑主语是有生命的名词时)

四.)动名词主动形式表示被动意义

1. be (well) worth doing sth. cf: be worthy of being done/ be worthy to be done

2. deserve doing 应该受到(表扬,批评,学习。。。)=deserve to be done

Eg. These criminals deserve punishing.(这些罪犯应该受到惩罚)

3. sth. need/ want/ require doing sth. =sth. need/ want/ require to be done

(注:这一现象用于主句的主语是动名词动作的承受者时。Eg. The flowers are going to die. They need watering. 指花需要被浇水。Cf: The flowers are going to die. You need to water them quickly. 你去浇水)

五.)动名词和不定式在意义上的区别

1. remember/ forget to do/ doing

2. stop to do/ stop doing

3. regret to do (tell, say, inform, etc.)遗憾地要说。。。

regret doing/ having done 对做过的事表示遗憾

4.mean to do 打算去做/ mean doing 意味着。。。

5.go on doing 继续做/ go on to do 接下来做另一件事

6.try doing sth.尝试着去做/ try to do sth.尽力去做

7.imagine sb. doing sth.想象某人做某事;imagine there being sth. 想象有。。。cf: imagine sb.

to be 把某人想象成

8.consider doing sth. 考虑去做某事cf: consider sb. to be/ as 把某人当成。。。

9.can’t help do sth. 不能帮助去做/ can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁

六.)在动词advice/ allow/ permit/ forbid(禁止)/require后有sb., 则加to do,没有sb, 则用doing. 注意在被动句中还是用to do 形式。Eg. The students are not allowed to wear their own clothes when in school. Cf: suggest doing/ suggest sb. doing sth.

四.倒装句(全倒,即谓语动词置于主语之前)

一.)副词引导的倒装句

There, Here, in, out, away, off, backwards, downward, upwards, inside, outside, west, south, up, down, back

Eg. There stands a strong man under the tree.

Under the tree stands a strong man.

二.)介词引导的倒装句

from, at the top of, in the middle of, among , in, out of, inside, outside, in front of, before, at the back of, behind, on, above, below, under, beneath, etc.

In the middle of the group sat our class teacher.

注:当主句中的主语是代词时,即使把介词短语或副词放于句首,后面还是用主谓语序,即不倒装。

张镐哲的好男人心里太多苦太委屈就痛快哭一场说他对你好对你疼眼神中却迷惘

这是怕朋友会担心难过才微笑着说谎或用情太深早分不清真相当你把一切全做到他希望的模样他又真的实现几次承诺过那些话说的没有错为相爱的人受些苦又何妨他爱不爱你

想一想再回答好男人不会让心爱的女人受一点点伤绝不会像阵风东飘西荡在温柔里流浪

好男人不会让等待的情人心越来越慌孤单单看不见幸福会来的方向

心里太多苦太委屈就痛快哭一场说他对你好对你疼眼神中却迷惘

这是怕朋友会担心难过才微笑着说谎或用情太深早分不清真相当你把一切全做到他希望的模样他又真的实现几次承诺过那些话说的没有错为相爱的人受些苦又何妨他爱不爱你想一想再回答好男人不会让心爱的女人受一点点伤绝不会像阵风东飘西荡在温柔里流浪

好男人不会让等待的情人心越来越慌孤单单看不见幸福会来的方向

好男人不会让心爱的女人受一点点伤绝不会像阵风东飘西荡在温柔里流浪

好男人不会让等待的情人心越来越慌孤单单看不见幸福会来的方向

在浪漫之都你看到了蒙娜丽莎的微笑你说这对你很好

这次旅行让你度过了感情的低潮

你觉得曾经爱的太苦

感谢我听你倾诉温柔的痛苦

在我的梦里因为可以和你相爱而骄傲

然而你都不知道

我期待在你爱的世界里变得重要

你要把爱人慢慢寻找

对你付出的一切

只换来我对自己苦苦的嘲笑

蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱争论错与对

为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水

却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁

蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回

她的微笑那么神秘那么美

或许她也走过感情的千山万水

才发现爱你的人

不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪

在我的梦里因为可以和你相爱而骄傲

然而你都不知道

我期待在你爱的世界里变得重要

你要把爱人慢慢寻找

对你付出的一切

只换来我对自己苦苦的嘲笑

蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱争论错与对为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回她的微笑那么神秘那么美

或许她也走过感情的千山万水才发现爱你的人

不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱争论错与对为什么你总留给我失恋的泪水却把你的感情付给别人去摧毁蒙娜丽莎她是谁

她是否也曾为爱寻觅好几回她的微笑那么神秘那么美

或许她也走过感情的千山万水才发现爱你的人

不会让他的蒙娜丽莎流眼泪

最新完整版专四英语语法考点分析解析

语法考点之一:虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反:从句sb had done,主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done; 2、省略if,从句的语序用到装,即将were, had或should移至主语的前面,但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反:从句sb did (should+do或were+to do),主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句:主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如:从句对过去虚拟,而主句对现在虚拟,即从句sb had done,主句sb would(should, could, might)+do; 考点2:表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句,谓语用(should)+动词原形。 考点3:It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句,谓语用(should)+动词原形。考点4:it is (high/about) time that的结构中,从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5:much as"尽管,虽然"引导让步状语从句,从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6:if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句, 与过去事实相反:had + done; 与现在事实相反:动词过去式; 与将来事实相反:could/would + do 考点7:would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8:lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二:情态动词 *情态动词: will(愿意), shall(将), must(必须), can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to(过去常常), need(需要), dare(竟敢),have to(不得不) 考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容: (1)情态动词+行为动词完成式(表示推测) (2)某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词+have+过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为:can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了. (4) ought to / should have done 和ought not to / shouldn’t have done用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…” (5) needn’t have done 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要…”。 *did not need to do 动作并没发生。

英语祈使句详解

英语祈使句详解 1. 种类: 1)、直接祈使句 直接祈使句指对二人称所下的命令。如: Shut the door! 把门关上! Have a shot at it! 试试看! Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧! Don’t have tomato soup!别吃番茄汤! Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐! Get your eyes tested! 你去检查一下你的眼睛吧! Drop that gun. or I’ll shoot you.放下枪,不然我就打死你。 2)、间接祈使句 间接祈使句指对一人称或第三人称所下的命令。如: Let me help you. 我来帮你吧! Please let us know when you are arriving. 请告诉我们你何时到达。 Let her do what she likes. 让她做她想做的事吧。 Let every man do his best. 让每个人人尽其才。 Don’t let them take advantage of you.别让他们占你的便宜。 2. 祈使句的概念 表示请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子叫祈使句。用于祈使句句首的动词总是用原形,不能用其他形式。如: Shut the door! 把门关上! Have a cup of coffee! 喝杯咖啡吧! Let them go by train. 叫他们坐火车去吧。 Come and have dinner with us soon. 一会儿来跟我们一起吃饭吧。 Have fun! 愿你玩得快活! Have a good time! 祝你玩得开心! Have a good day! 祝你度过美好的一天! Have a really good meal! 愿你享受一顿美餐! Have a lovely party! 愿你有一次愉快的聚会! Have a really restful holiday! 愿你度过一次十分悠闲的休假! Have a really interesting debate! 愿你们有一次十分有趣的辩论! Keep off the grass! 请勿践踏草地! Do not touch these wires. 请勿接触电线! Do not feed the animals! 不许给动物扔食物! Do not feed the lions. 请勿向狮子投喂食物! Don’t be rude.不要无礼。 Don’t you speak to me like that!你别这样跟我讲话! Stir, and you are a dead man. 动一下就要你的命。 Never speak to me like that again. 决不要再那个样子跟我说话。

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九年级英语必考语法知识点整理 九年级英语必考语法知识点整理 一. 宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的含义 在整个句子中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film. 她知道这位老师看过这部电影。 (“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。) 2. 宾语从句的分类 (1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。 例如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。 (2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。 例如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。

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English英语专八专四学习复习资料 英语专四语法重点汇总 版权所有,违者必究,未经协议授权,禁止下载使用。 注:如恶意泄漏该资料,或通过该资料作为任何盈利的手段,作者有权追究其法律责任。 本资料为过来人的考试经验所整理,也需结合其他复习书籍一起备考哦 这份资料集结历年专四的考试重点,按考试经验已经过筛选 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的,但是在意思上是有区别的,主要常考到的动词罗列如下: mean to do想要(做某事)VS mean doing意味(做某事)propose to do 打算(做某事)VS propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)VS forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)VS remember doing记得(做过)go on to do继而(做另一件事)VS go on doing继续(做原来的事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾VS regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下: 如:“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事” 如:“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事” 如:“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事” 如:“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”

如:“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事” 如:“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句:The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下: 如:be busy/active doing sth. 如:It’s no good/use doing sth. 如:spend/waste time doing sth. 如:have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如:have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如:There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句: There is no use crying over spilt milk.(典型例句) 牛奶洒了,哭也没用;后悔是没有用的;覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.

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祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、叮嘱、建议别人做或不做一件事。 祈使句的句末一般用感叹号,但是有些祈使句的语气较弱,可以用句号结尾。 祈使句可以用语气词“吧”作结尾,也可以不用语气词。 祈使句可以表示命令、请求、禁止、劝阻等。 祈使句中的主语常常被省去。 表示命令的祈使句 例如:“保持肃静!”;“起立!” 表示请求的句式 表示请求的句式通常是“请……”。 例如:“请等我一会。” 表示禁止的句式 表示禁止的句式有:“不准……”、“不要……”、“别……” 等。 例如:「此处不准停车!」 例如:「此处禁止吸烟!」 表示劝阻的句式 表示劝阻的句式通常是「请勿……」。 例如:「请勿在车厢内饮食。」 Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手。——命令) Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (请安静。——请求) Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告) Watch your steps. (走路小心。——警告) Look out!Danger! (小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句) Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。——禁止) No parking.

(禁止停车。——禁止) 解说祈使句的否定通常使用“Don't …”,例如: Don't let the dog in. (不要让那只狗进来。) Don't touch, please. (请不要用手触摸。) Don't be silly. (别傻了。) 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如:You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯你去告诉他。) 编辑本段表示各种意思的中文祈使句 祈使句是表示要对方做或不做某事、带有祈使语气的句子。 祈使句的语调特点 1、语音强度一般比陈述句重,书面上用感叹号表示。 2、句末用降调,较长句子的后半部分几个音节速度加快。 祈使句的语气词 祈使句主要依靠语气来表达,有时也借助语气词“吧、啊(呀、哇、哪)”等表达。例如: 找个凳子坐下吧! 让他走吧! 可得抓紧时间啊! 大家快过来呀! 你可得好好干哪! 祈使句的种类 根据祈使句的语用意义和语气的强弱,祈使句可以分为四类: 1、表示命令的祈使句 表示命令的祈使句都带有强制性,要求对方必须服从,言辞肯定,态度严肃。例如: 立定! 站起来! 让他进来!

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