毕业论文
题目：小论习语及习语的汉英翻译Title: On Idioms and Their Translation
from Chinese into English
2008年 05月20 日
Acknowledgements
Firstly, I will pay my appreciation to my family. It is who have given me so many supports and suggestions I could finally finish this paper. Their love always gives me enough confidence in myself and in my writing course.
I also want to thank my dear teachers who taught me lots of things throughout all fields so that I can finish my thesis. These teachers are really the most important part in my thesis writing. Thanks to my grammar teacher, she taught me a lot during the courses so that I can have enough knowledge to finish my paper. Thanks to our writing course teacher Mr. Cai.
Finally, I will give my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Mrs. Liu. She always helps me to revise my thesis and gives me valuable suggestions, she plays a very important part in my thesis writing. Thanks all of them so much!
Abstract
Idioms are just like incomparably resplendent bight pearls emitting dazzling rays in the palace of literature. Throughout the ages, they animate the works of countless men of literature and writing. Idioms have fixed patterns and abundant connotations. Their vivid images explicitly convey incisive meanings. Chinese idioms are part of the essence of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years. In this thesis, the English translation of Chinese idioms will be discussed on the foundation of simply introducing the definitions, origins, features, and classifications of idioms, and a series of principles and methods of idiom translation will be put forward, mainly involving the translation of the Chinese idioms which have similar and dissimilar implications in English.the dissertation attempts a probe and thesis discussed on 9 aspects, which include the overall features of English idioms and Pragmatic Context, speech acts, conversational implicative, the role of discourse and pragmatic features, the negative significance of rhetoric and the actual use of language with the use with nine variations, such as aspects of the brief and arguments. It is hoped that, by studying the idiom, this thesis will provide some help to idiom learners and those who are working in this field.
Key words: Chinese idioms；similarity；Dissimilarity
习语犹如文学殿堂里一颗璀璨无比的明珠放射着历久不衰的光芒，古往今来，无数文人墨客的笔下都闪耀着它的异彩。它结构固定而涵义深刻，用生动的形象明确地表达着深刻的思想。汉语习语是几千年华夏文化的精髓之一。本文在简单介绍习语就的定义，来源，特点及分类的基础上，研究汉语习语的英语翻译并提出一系列的汉语习语英译的翻译原则和翻译方法,其中主要涉及对似和非对似汉语习语的英语翻译等几个方面进行分析与总结，还从认知的、社会的和文化的整体角度对英语习语的特征、语用语境、言语行为、会话含义、语篇作用、语用功能、否定意义、修辞语用以及实际运用中的活用与变体等9个方面的问题进行了简略的的探讨和论述。通过对英语习语的研究，希望对英语学习者有所裨益。
关键词:汉语习语；对似性；非对似性
I. Introduction to Idioms (2)
1.1 Definition of Idioms (2)
1.2 Origins of Idioms (3)
1.3 Features of Idioms (7)
1.4 Classifications of Idioms (8)
II. Idioms with Similar and Dissimilar Implications in Chinese and English (9)
2.1 Idioms with Similar Implications (9)
2.2 Idioms with Dissimilar Implications (9)
Ⅲ.Translation of Idioms with Similar and Dissimilar Implications from Chinese into English (10)
3.1 Methods and Principles for English Translation of Chinese Idioms (10)
3.2 Principles for English Translation of Chinese Idioms with Dissimilar Implications in English. (12)
Bibliography (15)
Introduction
Language is the most important communicative tool of all human beings. It plays its role as not only the carrier and form of culture but also the most vital element of transmission and inheritance of culture. Language of any kind is the crystallization of the culture of its own nation. As the cream of the culture, the idiom is a kind of widespread set phrases or sentences, with specific implications, abstracted from the spoken language and experience of the people and the classical works. Due to its vivid image and profound connotation, the idiom is deeply loved by the masses, as a member with fine expressible ability in the family of language. Idioms frequently appear in the spoken language and literary works. Chinese idioms have a solid cultural base to take root, develop and flourish now that the Chinese nation has broad and profound culture. Nowadays, the international status of China is upgrading gradually. People all over the world take delight in acquainting themselves with Chinese culture. As the essence of Chinese culture and the crystallization of the wisdom of the common Chinese people, idioms are bound to become an important part to promote the Chinese culture to the knowledge of people of all the other countries. The idiom is a contact point of the knowledge of the Chinese culture for people all over the world. To sum up, in order to make the western peoples know Chinese culture thoroughly, the study of the English translation of Chinese idioms is quite necessary and of far-reaching significance.
Ⅰ.Introduction to Idioms
Idioms are those set phrases or short sentences abstracted from the spoken language or classical works, and the like. They were passed from generation to generation for centuries. Idioms are the crystallization of people’s wisdom. After thousands of years’ accumulation, idioms are provided with vivid images, profound implications and exquisite rhythms. Idioms could reflect the local customs and practices of different regions, the living style of the people, the natural environment and so on. We could see that the idiom has a very strong color of its nation. Therefore, to understand and study the idiom is supposed to start from its definition, origin, features, and classifications.
1.1. Definition of Idioms
As for the definition of idioms, there are various editions according to different dictionaries. I picked out some of those definitions from some authoritative dictionaries as follows:
(1) An idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worded out from its separate parts (Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, 1985) and An idiom is a phrase, construction or expression that is recognized as a unit in the usage of a given language and either differs from the usual syntactic patterns or has a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of its parts taken together. (Webster’s New World College Dictionary 3rd Edition, 1996)
Some experts, who have been engaged in the study of idioms for many years, also have opinions of the definition of idioms.
(2) Weinreich held the view that a phraseological unit involving at least two polysemous constituents, and in which there is a reciprocal contextual selection of subsenses will be called and idiom.
(3) Schweigert and Moates have the idea that idioms are common expressions used in colloquial speech with accepted, figurative meanings that differ from their present-day literal meanings. These above are from dictionaries and experts or
scholars. To sum up, we may come to the conclusion that idioms are those concise and incisive set phrase or short sentences, which mean something different from the literal meaning of the individual words, refined from people’s long-term employment, whose elements cannot be changed at random with simple words producing profound truth, thus widely spread among the common people.
1.2 Origins of Idioms
The formation of idioms is on intimate terms with the culture of the nation which its language relies on. In a sense, the culture gives birth to the idioms. On the contrary, the idioms reflect all the features of the culture. Each nation has its own national culture which owns a distinctive style and tradition that come into being in the course of their work and life, including history, language, custom, life style, ways of thinking, and so on . Idioms, a kind of language form used by the people for a very long time, to a great extent, rely more on the specific social cultural connotations than the common words. Idioms, having an extremely strong color of a nation are one of the marks differentiating one language from another. Thus, the origin of the idioms may be quite varied.
1.2.1 The Experience of the Common People
For thousands of years, people drew lessons and experience from their daily life, and then wrote them down to tell their offspring what they had got from their experiences. As a result, most of the idioms could invariably mirror almost everything related to the life of the common people. Take those reflecting the geographic environment of people’s inhabitations as example, Britain is a country with small land area but a long coast line; so many English idioms are relevant to the ocean. People in Britain always co mpare fish to the people. For example, they use ‘cold fish’ to describe a person who is unconcern to something and ‘feel like a fish out of water’ to express a feeling that is uncomfortable and unnatural. People always wrote down the lessons they got from their experience, just as the idiom ‘who has never tasted bitter
knows not what is sweet’ telling the people if you don’t undergo hardships, you will never know what happiness is. At the beginning of human society, owing to the low productivity and lack of further knowledge of most common phenomena of the society at certain stage, people always held a kind of belief in some imaginary things or power. People believed that there existed another world in the heaven where the immortals lived and to which their ancestors would go after death. They regarded it as a carefree place where happiness lives permanently. Thus, when they were in trouble or suffered from hardships, they would rely their hope to good fortune on going to the carefree place or afterlife which they firmly believed to exist. So many idioms are about people’s religions or beliefs. For instance, there is an idiom ‘man proposes, god disposes’. Because people in the western countrie s consider that God is almighty, and human beings are paltry before God. ‘As poor as church mouse’ indicates that somebody is as poor as the mouse in the church where everything had been washed clean.
1.2.2 Myths and Fables
In any nation, of any culture, there exist plenty of myths. At the first birth of the nation, its culture began to come into prosperity as well. A large mass of myths were produced orally and in the written form. Those myths were passed down to next generation for centuries and were read by the people in each period of time. Hence those myths left a deep impression on people’s mind. Nearly everyone in a nation has an intimate knowledge of those myths. From generation to generation, lots of symbolic idioms stand out from those myths and are employed to convey some special or specific and regular meanings. Take the idioms from the Greek- Roman myths as examples, people constantly use ‘Achilles’ heel’ to indicate the crucial and strategic point or fatal weakness (Achilles is the hero in the Trojan War), and apply ‘Pandora’s box’ to signify the root of the disaster (Pandora, a beauty who brought the disasters down to the world). Chinese myths also generate numerous idioms, such as, ‘八仙过海各显神通’ which originated from the myth about the eight immortals, it shows us the denotation that Eight Immortals crossing the sea, each one showing
his/her special prowess. Therefore, people always apply this idiom to deliver the figurative meaning that several outstanding persons try to outshine each other. Fables are a sort of literary form, in which the animals or things are often personified to teach people a lesson or truth, with satiric and admonitory feature and is widely spread for its short form, vivid image, appropriate comparison and profound message. For this reason, most of the fables are condensed and sublimated into idioms to be frequently used in people’s everyday life. The idioms coming from the fable lie in the following examples, ‘自相矛盾’ from a Chinese fable, reveals its meaning that someone contradicts himself. ‘Aesop’s fables’, which are known well by the people not only in the western countries but also in China, give birth to numerous idioms. Such as, ‘count one’s chicken before they are hatched’ meaning resting one’s hopes on the uncertain things. The idiom ‘look before you leap’ is regularly applied to tell the people to give a matter the second thought or act with prudence.
1.2.3 Historical Events and Anecdotes
In any nation, any country, people once experienced periods of ups and downs. They not only achieved brilliance but also suffered from miseries. In that way it maybe, those events, great or not, indeed had branded the history deeply. They’re so innumerable that even the historians can hardly record thoroughly. Most of those events left deep impression on people’s mind and taught us many lessons, thus were often mentioned and later fixed in the form of idioms. As we all know that Waterloo is the place where Napoleon was defeated by the allied forces of Britain, Germany and Netherlands, etc, commanded by Duke of Willington. Therefore, ‘meet one’s Waterloo’ is employed to represent a crushing defeat.In the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476) in Chinese ancient times, GouJian, the king of the Yue kingdom, slept on brushwood and tasted gall after he was defeated by the Wu kingdom so as to undergo self-imposed hardships to remind himself never to forget the humiliation given by the king of the Wu kingdom and go all out to make his country strong. So we Chinese people later make use of the Chinese idiom ‘卧薪尝胆’ to sing a kind of a spirit if enduring tremendous hardships and humiliations to remind oneself to make a
determined effort to accomplish some ambitions. There are also many idioms originated from anecdotes. For instance, ‘eat crow’, formed in the per iod of the war between Britain and America, was employed to give us the meaning that somebody is forced to confess the mistake he has made.
1.2.4 Classical Literary Works
Literature is a kind of artistic form of language and also the constituent and carrier of the culture of a nation. Most classical literary works written by great masters of literature in every country are invariably appreciated by people all over the world. Thus, the words and sentences with profound meaning and enlightenment always form idioms, the essence of the languages. Shakespeare, who is known as the greatest playwright in the world, is also a poet in the Renaissance in Britain. His works are greatly enjoyed by people all over the world from his time to the present. His works g ive birth to lots of idioms, Such as ‘one’s pound of flesh’ coming from The Merchant of Venice, which is used to describe a legal but unreasonable requirement. The Chinese idiom ‘鸦雀无声’ from the Chinese classical novel The Dream of the Red Mansions is employed to express a perfect silence.
1.2.5 Social Customs and Habits
Each nation has its own social customs and habits which are created by people of its own nation living together for a very long time. The formation of those customs and habits is closely linked with the natural condition, social environment, life style, tradition, etiquette and belief or even superstition. In Britain, where people like to wear hats, when they greet somebody or extend their respects to others, they will take off their hats. Therefore, they employ ‘take off one’s hat to somebody’ to express the meaning that a person pays one’s respects to somebody. In China, people take the red color as their favorite color since ancient times; for they think the red color symbolizes happiness, flourish, brightness and success. For instance, people in China apply ‘鸿运高照’ to indicate that someone has good fortune on his side. On the contrary, people in the western countries always regard red as ill omen or violence.
Thus, when they describe an ill omen, they will use ‘red for danger’. So we could come to the conclusion from this phenomenon that different nation has different customs, habits and cultures.
1.3 Features of Idioms
Idioms display its differentiation from other general expressions or structures in its own distinctive features.
1.3.1 Fixed Structure
A specific idiom is a set phrase or accepted phrase. So the main feature is that it has fixed structure, which cannot be divided and split into small parts. For example, ‘make haste’ (hurry up) cannot be separated as ‘make him haste’. Meanwhile, a complete idiom cannot be used separated in two different sentence or subordinate clauses. For instance, ‘read the riot act’ (give a warning) cannot be used like ‘it was the riot act that John read to me’. The word in the idiom cannot be changed at random, even though the replacement of the synonyms will make the idiom lose its original meaning. Such as, ‘smell a rat’ (be suspicious of something) cannot be changed into ‘smell a mouse’. Some of the structures of the idioms violate the normal grammatical rules, but we also cannot shift them into correct grammatical forms for the reason that it has a fixed structure. Give an example, ‘as sure as eggs is eggs’ (absolutely true)All in all, the idioms have fixed structure, words, voice, order, forms of number and part of speech. All above mentioned cannot be altered. What we need to do is to employ the idioms directly not to transform them into any other forms.
1.3.2 Abundant Connotations
Seidl and McMordie once said that meaning is the most important thing for the idiom. The abundant connotations of the idioms mainly lie in its figurative meaning. The idiom’s r ich implications also depend on the fact that the words forming the idioms do not mean literally or not the addition of the simple meaning produced by each word. We must understand them on the whole or from their origins. For example, ‘rain cats and dogs’ means rain heavily.
Many idioms have duality in meaning both literally and idiomatically. On most occasions, the literal meaning and idiomatical meaning of the idioms are totally unrelated. So we can simply judge its meaning by the context, which could help us a lot to figure out its connotation. Moreover, through similes and metaphors, the idioms could express their meanings more vividly and specifically.
Even some of the idioms disobey the correct grammatical rules; it can also produce a special and specific meaning. By contrast, the other common structures and forms cannot achieve such a purpose.
1.3.3 Distinct Cultural Feature
Idioms are the gorgeous treasures glittering with the light of wisdom in the literary treasure-house of their own nation either in Chinese or English. So the idiom is just as a mirror reflecting the distinguishing feature of a nation or culture. Chinese and English nations are entirely different ones with respective characteristics in history, geography, culture, customs, religion and the like. As a special language phenomenon, idiom has a strong color of its own nation either in content or in form. For example, to describe the fact that some kind of newly emerging things develop very rapidly, we Chinese people use ‘雨后春笋’ (it means that something springs up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain). However, in English, people will say something springs up like mushrooms after raining. Most idioms have symmetrical pattern, exquisite syllables and harmonious rhythm. Besides, penetrating implication, vivid images and succinct wording characterize the idioms likewise. Those unique features of idioms should be retained as much as possible in translation.
1.4 Classifications of Idioms
The word ‘idiom’ in English has its semanti c meaning in a narrow and broad scope. In a limited sense, idioms just signify the set phrase or short sentences with fixed structure and complete meaning employed by the people for a long time. They usually contain four words in Chinese but uncertain number of words in English.
However, in a broad sense, the idiom is also defined in an almost same way, but it is composed of set phrases, idioms (in the narrow sense), two-part allegorical sayings, allusions, proverbs, maxims, sayings, epigrams, slang expressions colloquialisms, quotations and jargons. Those listed above are all revised and rewritten again and again, and then handed down from generation to generation. Up to the present, they are widely applied and studied by all the people.
Ⅱ.Idioms with Similar and Dissimilar Implications in Chinese and English
Chinese and English are two languages with great discrepancies either in phonetics, grammar, or in written forms. There exists a world between them, whereas people of the Chinese and English nations have more or less the similar or even identical experience and feeling owing to some unavoidable similar or equal experience in their production and daily life. Those experiences and feelings that were written down and employed again and again and then widely spread have finally shaped concise and comprehensive idioms, which have astonishing similarities in implication and occasion in which these idioms are used, even though the idioms are from entirely different languages. As a result, there emerge idioms with both similar and dissimilar implications in Chinese and English.
2.1 Idioms with Similar Implications
The so-called idioms with similar implications are those with similar meanings and applied on nearly conformable occasions both in Chinese and English.
2.2 Idioms with Dissimilar Implications
Idioms in Chinese and English with dissimilar implications refer to those having completely different meanings and the occasions in which the idioms are used are not
alike as well.
Ⅲ.Translation of Idioms with Similar and Dissimilar Implications from Chinese into English
Dissimilar Implications from Chinese into English. Just as what I said before, there exist so many idioms with similar and also dissimilar implications both in Chinese and English. When we translate the Chinese idioms into English, we could employ those idioms with similar implication in English directly for the reason that the implications of some English idioms are nearly exactly the same as some Chinese idioms’ except for some di fferentiations posed by different cultural background. Then, the ways of translation of idioms with similar and dissimilar implications from Chinese into English will be discussed bellow.
3.1 Methods of English Translation of Chinese Idioms with Similar Implications in English
Some Chinese idioms are so close to the English idioms both in literal meaning and in connotation. So when we translate those idioms from Chinese into English, we’d better borrow them directly so as to make the English readers e asily understand, because as the language of their own nation, they could comprehend the connotation and cultural background obviously without any impediments. However, what we must pay attention to is that we could not apply those idioms with very strong color of the western nations and culture when we translate the Chinese idioms into English in order to avoid confusion of meaning and misunderstanding of the writing purpose of the author. The idioms, with similar implications in English that we could casually use are those neutral idioms without any colors of the western nations and signs of the English cultural background. Otherwise, the rendering will be neither fish nor fowl.
3.1.1 Examples of Translation of Chinese Idioms with Similar Implications in
English
The Chinese idioms with similar implications in English could be translated in a relatively easy way because we can make direct use of the English idioms having similar implications with the Chinese idioms. The following are some of the similar idioms in Chinese (on the left) and in English (on the right).
(1) 爱屋及乌: love me, love my dog.
(2) 一箭双雕: to kill two birds with one stone
(3) 火上浇油: to add fuel to the fire
(4) 乱七八糟: at sixes and sevens
(5) 入乡随俗: do in Rome as the Romans do
(6) 知足常乐: content is happiness
(7) 鸟瞰: a bird’s view
(8) 善有善报: do well and have well
(9) 竹篮打水: draw water with a sieve
(10) 一鸟在手胜于二鸟在林: a bird in hand is worth two in the bush
(11) 一丘之貉: birds of a feather
(12) 人不可貌相: don’t judge by appearance
(13) 空中楼阁: a castle in the air
(14) 杀鸡取卵: to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs
(15) 露马脚: to show the cloven hoof
3.1.2 Examples of Translation of Chinese Idioms with Dissimilar Implications in English
In addition to those Chinese idioms that have similar idioms in English and we can borrow directly to translate, there remains a great number of idioms which have no similar idioms in English. Thus, we must employ other methods to translate.
(1) 初生牛犊不怕虎: new-born calves make little of tigers
(2) 城门失火殃及池鱼: a fire on the city will brings disaster to the fish in the moat.
(3) 三人行必有我师焉: if three of us are walking together, at least one of the other two is good enough to be my teacher
(4) 轻如鸿毛: to be as light as a feather
(5) 亡羊补牢犹未晚矣: it is not too late to mend the fold even after some of the sheep have been lost
(6) 塞翁失马焉知非福: a loss may turn out to be a gain
(7) 大意失荆州: to suffer a major setback due to carelessness
(8) 巾帼英雄: a female hero
(9) 此地无银三百两: a guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting he is innocence
(10) 纸上谈兵: to talk about stratagems on paper; empty talk, armchair strategy
(11) 万事俱备只欠东风: all is ready, but there is no east wind; all is ready except what is crucial
(12) 井底之蛙: a frog in a well that sees the sky as small as the mouth of the well; a person with a very limited outlook
(13) 临渊羡鱼: just longing for fish by the waterside without doing any practical thing; it is no use just having ambitions but no actions
(14) 醉翁之意不在酒: the drinke r’s heart is not in the cup; to have ulterior motives
(15) 擀面杖吹火一窍不通: one cannot flow into a fire with a rolling pin; to be entirely dull or ignorant of apprehension
3.2 Principles for English Translation of Chinese Idioms with Dissimilar Implications in English.
Due to the discrepancies between Chinese and English cultures and the different life styles and customs between people in China and in English speaking countries, it is natural that we could not find similar idioms of one language in the other language. For the reason above, there occur several principles to be followed when the translation work of Chinese idioms into English is done.
3.2.1 Principle 1: Translating Chinese Idioms into English in a Correct and Accurate Way
Translation means to change speech or writing form from one language into another. The most successful translation work could make the target language readers have a sense of reading the original by achieving faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance (the three standards of translation) in the course of translation. Most Chinese idioms have no similar idioms in English; we have to translate those Chinese idioms by ourselves to English readers. The basic and main principle which the translators must obey is to render those idioms in a correct and accurate way. In this process, the translators must keep themselves away from false understanding of the original Chinese and ambiguous words which are employed. Only do we apply proper words which can render the accurate implications of those idioms, the English readers could have a better and comprehensive understanding of the essence of Chinese culture. That is the very goal that we all Chinese people are striving to achieve today when we energetically carry forward the splendid culture of the Chinese nation.
3.2.2 Principle 2: Keeping Chinese Cultural Colors
At the time of translating the Chinese idioms into English, another important rule to be followed is to keep Chinese cultural colors. The formation of most Chinese idioms is bound up with plentiful historical events, names of the historical people, and some places where many great historical events or something special happened. Therefore, Chinese idioms could amply mirror the excellent cultural tradition of the Chinese nation from ancient times to the present. In order to make people outside China easily acquaint themselves with all the brilliant cultural achievements made by the great Chinese people through those idioms with strong color of Chinese national culture, the distinctive features of some Chinese culture must be properly kept rather than being abandoned in the process of translating. Only in this way could those idioms retain the cream of Chinese culture, thereby the English readers could have a thorough understanding of Chinese history, culture and customs, and then, all that could be widely transmitted all over the world and produce a far-reaching influence on the whole world. In the meantime, the splendid accomplishment of Chinese culture achieved by Chinese people could be passed down to the next generation.
3.2.3 Principle 3: Making English Readers Understand the Meaning in Any Possible Way
Owing to the absence of the similar English idioms there appears a barrier to the English readers’ understand ing of Chinese works. Consequently, the task of the translators is becoming heavier in a sense. They must make every attempt to bring the English readers an explicit and plain image of what they have translated. The ways of Chinese idiom translation achieved in a correct and accurate way and in which Chinese cultural colors are kept can be found as follows:
3.2.3.1 Literal Translation
Literal translation is the first way of translation that should be adopted to achieve the very goal of English translation of Chinese idioms which have no similar idioms in English on condition that we don’t disobey the linguistic norms and habits, and don’t pose any improper imagination which produces a bad effect on English readers’ understanding. This method will bring about vividness and plainness, meanwhile, it will help to keep the original content and pattern and also retain Chinese culture colors quite well.
3.2.3.2 Liberal Translation
When we translate Chinese idioms into English, if it is impossible or unnecessary to use transliteration to keep Chinese cultural characteristics or original expression, we could apply liberal translation, ignoring the Chinese characteristics and original information, simply rendering their connotation.
3.2.3.3 Literal Translation with Explanations
As for those Chinese idioms which cannot be translated properly by means of the methods of literal and liberal translation, then we could employ literal translation with appropriate explanation to bring the English readers a clear image of its connotation. In this way, the English readers could not only understand the implications that the idioms convey, but also have a good knowledge of Chinese culture.
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Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
英汉谚语的文化差异及翻译 谚语在字典中的定义是短小精练的民间智慧警句，一般形式严谨，经常包括鲜明的形象和使人难忘的韵律。谚语多风趣幽默，饱含哲理，因而经得起时间的考验，广为流传。 英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的谚语，由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉谚语承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。 1. 与基督教有关的谚语 宗教是谚语的重要来源之一。汉语的谚语“平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”明显与曾在中国广泛流传的佛教有关。包括英语在内的西方国家的主要宗教是基督教。许多英语谚语和基督教有着这样那样的关系是十分自然的。 例： Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。 God help those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。 God sends meat and the devil sends cooks. 上帝赐给食物，魔鬼派来厨师。 Each cross hath its own inscription. 每个十字架都有自己的铭文。
以上谚语明显与基督教有关，因为谚语里出现的“上帝”或“十字架”都是基督教的象征。非常有意思的一点是英语中的God经常与汉语中的“天”相对应。基督教徒崇拜上帝，英语中God save the Queen是家喻户晓的句子。当一个说英语的人突然从紧张、焦急、或压力下解脱出来的时候，会脱口而出：Thank God! 中国人崇拜“天”。中国古代的皇帝是“天子”，运气好的人是“天之骄子”。只要好心人得到报答而恶人受到惩罚，我们就会说“苍天有眼”英国人和中国人都要有寻求帮助的对象。只是说英语的人找的是上帝，而中国人找的是“天”而已。 2. 出自《圣经》和英语文学巨著里的谚语 《圣经》是最广为阅读的书之一，也是包括英语国家在内的西方世界最有影响力的宗教作品。它也被认为是一部很好的文学作品。其中的警句、格言已经成为谚语的一个重要组成部分。 例： Never cast your pearls before swine. 不可明珠暗投（不可对牛弹琴）。 Judge not according to appearance. 不可根据外表做出判断（勿以貌取人）。 Great men are not always wise. 伟人并非事事聪明。 文学作品，作为社会生活的一面镜子，是谚语的又一来源。许多汉语谚语源于中国经典文学作品，例如，“梁园虽好，不是久恋之家”源于《水浒传》；“明
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
至今为止，已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习，但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习，我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说，学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去，任重而道远。 在未上翻译课之前，每每听人提及翻译，以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换；谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习，才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能（表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能），我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等，让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。 对于我们初学者来说，在进行翻译活动时，除了要遵循翻译的两大原则（忠实、通顺）外，还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则，翻译时，容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一：当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝，你会知道的。译文二：那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你，你就懂得了！这两种翻译中，第一种机械地模仿原文，不知变通，是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚，用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。 此外，对一些翻译技巧（如：词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等）的学习及反复练习，也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈)；量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈)；标点符号的正确使用（注意句子的停顿）；“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”；“when·····”不能译成“当······时”；人的mate译成“伙伴”，动物的mate译成“配偶”，而人的“配偶”是spouse；“go down the wind”译成顺着风走，“go up the wind”译成逆着风走；定语从句的译法：分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。 另外，长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中，才能译出更好的译文。 与汉语习惯不同，在英语中，为了避免重复，通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时，英语中通常用大量的连词，是句子更紧凑，而汉语恰恰相反。因此，在英译汉时，要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。 我深知自己基础比较薄弱，因而在学习时也比较吃力，但我不会因此而自暴自弃，相反，我会加倍努力，尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。
英语谚语大全带翻译参考 A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 恶其始者必恶其终。 A bad bush is better than the open field. 有胜于无。 A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit. 吃亏的和 解也比胜诉强。 A bad conscience is a snake in one''s heart. 做贼心虚。 A bad custom is like a good cake, better broken than kept. 坏习惯像鲜馅饼，分食要比保存好。 A bad padlock invites a picklock. 开门揖盗。 A bad penny always turns up. A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。 A bad workman quarrels with his tools. 拙匠常怨工具差(人 笨怨刀钝)。 A bargain is a bargain. 达成的协议不可撕毁。 A beggar''s purse is bottomless. 乞丐的钱袋是无底洞。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如 一鸟在手。 A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk. 闻其 歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。 A bird may be known by its song. 什么鸟唱什么歌。 A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day. 略有 胜于全无。
中国特色文化与汉英翻译 一.文化的概念及范畴 ? 1. Edward Tylor的定义： ?1871年在《原始文化》一书中提出的：“所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。”（“That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” ） ? 2.文化的涵盖面极广，几乎包括了人类社会生活的方方面面，对文化的分类因此林林总总。 从地域分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和西方文化、大陆文化和港澳台文化； 从时间上分，有原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本主义文化、社会主义文化等； 从宗教信仰分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等； ?从生产方式分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化； 从生产工具分，有旧时器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化； 从人类把握世界的方式人，有科学文化和人文文化； 从性质分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化； 从结构层次分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化。 ?（参见王秉钦《文化翻译学》 ?3、奈达的分类 Ecological Culture 生态文化 Material Culture 物质文化 Social Culture 社会文化 Religious Culture 宗教文化 Linguistic Culture 语言文化 ?（参考邵志洪《汉英对比翻译导论》
英语翻译之英语谚语的译法 《辞海》说：谚语是“熟语的一种，流传于民间的简练通俗而富有意义的语句，大多反映人民生活和斗争的经验。”《现代汉语词典》说：谚语是“在群众中间流传的固定语句，用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”泽尔巴赫说：“谚语是凝结的群众智慧。”英国政治家约翰·罗素说：“谚语是一个人的才智，也是许多人的才智。” Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的。 2. Dripping water wears away stone. 水滴石穿。 3. Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。 4. A good beginning is half done. 好的开始是成功的一半。 5. Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
7. A hedge between keeps friendship green. 君子之交淡如水。 8. A good book is the best of friend, the same today and forever. 好书正如良友，会让你受益终生。 9. A good conscience is a soft pillow. 不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门。 10. Let bygones be bygones. 既往不咎。 11. Fear always springs from ignorance. 恐惧源于无知。 12. He who risks nothing gains nothing. 收获与风险并存。 13. Necessity is the mother of invention. 需求是发明的动力。 14. There is no general rule without some exception. 任何规则均有例外。
摘要:谚语来源于生活，是一个民族语言和文化的高度浓缩和集中体现。它可以反映出一个国家的地理、历史、宗教等文化背景。研究一个国家的文化必然要研究其谚语。英汉谚语作为两种不同的语言瑰宝，由于其独特的文化而表现出明显的差异。因此,如何忠实地翻译谚语,把一种文化在另一种文化中再现出来,成了每一个译者不可推卸的责任。本文借助一些典型的例子，从起源、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、历史文化等文化侧面入手，进行比较与分析，探讨了英语谚语和汉语谚语之间存在的差异。英汉谚语本身的特点以及其独特的文化背景使谚语的翻译比较困难。为了忠实、通顺地再现英语原谚,可以灵活运用四种译法。本文讨论了直译、意译、对等翻译、直译和意译相结合等翻译方法。 关键词：英汉谚语；文化；文化差异；翻译原则；翻译方法 Abstract:Proverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and embodiment of the language and culture of a nation. They can reflect geography, history, customs of a nation. So it is necessary to study a nation's proverbs when we try to study its culture. English and Chinese proverbs, being treasures of two different languages, see distinct differences resulted from cultural differences. This essay uses some typical examples to compare and analyze the differences between English and Chinese proverbs from the point of origin, geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture, etc. Proverbs are difficult to translate because of their distinctive characteristics and their unique cultural backgrounds. In order to present an adequate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation methods flexibly: literal translation, free translation, equivalent translation and literal translation combined with free translation. Key words: English and Chinese proverbs; culture; cultural differences; translation principles; translation methods 一、引言 谚语来源于生活，是一个民族语言和文化的高度浓缩和集中体现。英国哲学家弗朗西斯?培根说：“Genius wit and spirit of a nation are discovered by their proverbs.”（一个民族的天赋、智慧和精神都从他们的谚语中表现出来）。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉谚语承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。[1]本文借助一些典型的例子，从起源、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、历史典故等文化侧面入手，探讨了英汉谚语之间存在的文化差异。 由于英汉两种语言的文化背景差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的真正意义。英汉谚语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，即文化差异的具体反映。[2]本文试图对英汉谚语的翻译作一些探索，提出了英语谚语翻译的具体原则及方法。 那么何为谚语呢？谚语是通俗简练、生动活泼的韵语或短句，它经常以口语的形式在人民中间广泛地沿用和流传，是人民群众表现实际生活经验或感受的一种“现成话”。[3]它是在民
汉英翻译课外练习（语段） （2009级适用） Passage 1 目前，全世界40%以上的人口，即20多亿人，面临缺水问题。据预测，未来25年全球人口将由60亿增长到80亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。 Passage 2 改革开放30年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。作为第二文化，中国文化丰富了他们的生活和世界观。越来越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。 Passage 3 微软公司举世无双的利润率使其雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近5000亿美元。全世界五大首富它造就了三个。它除了对证券市场的影响之外，还造就了大约一万个百万富翁，主要集中在美国西雅图区域。 但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，其财富创造的影响都不可与目前因特网上所发生的情况同日而语。因特网加快了科技的发展，促进了商务的繁荣，掀起了个人财富急剧积累的第三次，也是最令人注目的一次浪潮。 Passage 4 国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。在美国市场上，许多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000家。我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展是不可逆转的。 Passage 5 春节期间的娱乐活动多种多样，丰富多彩。耍龙灯和舞狮子是春节期间的传统项目。还有一种至今仍受人欢迎的传统表演活动，叫踩高跷。现在，随着生活水平的不断提高，人们采用了新的方式庆祝新年。但不管庆祝方式怎么变，春节的精华不会变，那就是为了祈求新年吉祥如意。最重要的是，春节是一个合家欢聚的日子，出门在外的人总要想方设法在除夕夜到来之前赶回家，吃上一年中最重要的一段饭——“团圆饭”。 Passage 6 汉语常被认为是一种非常古老的语言。从某种意义上说，这种说法不免失之偏颇。人类所有的语言都可追溯到朦胧的史前时期，但目前我们还无法确定这些语言是否
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
试评《汉英词典》第三版 叶飞 11级大外部语言学方向 12320111152590 摘要 《汉英词典》在传承初版和修订版优秀品质的同时，紧跟时代步伐，焕发出了新的活力。文章拟就词目收录、词类标注、对应词和例证这几个方面，试对《汉英词典》第三版进行简要评析，并将其与1978年汉英词典初版作粗略对比。关键词：汉英词典词目收录词类标注对应词例证 一．引言 1978年吴景荣先生主持编纂的《汉英词典》（第一版）是新中国成立后中国大陆学者编纂出版的第一部汉英词典，也是我国汉英词典方面的奠基之作，出版之后受到了英语界和读者的高度赞誉。当时美国政府的某研究机关把它确定为“把中华人民共和国文字宣传中术语和成语译成英语时的标准参考书”。姚小平在第三版序言中如是说：“在国人的汉英词典编纂史上，这第一步极为重要，以后无论哪一本汉英词典，无论续编、新编、另编，或多或少都受惠于1978年的第一本。”1995年危东亚教授主编的汉英词典修订版面世，2010年1月，又经历了十年不懈的努力后，外语教学与研究出版社推出了汉英词典第三版，由姚小平教授主编。第三版继承了初版和修订版编排合理、译文准确、例证丰富及语言生动等优点，同时在词目收录、词类标注、例证设置和图文并茂等方面又有了长足的进步。文章拟从词目收录、词类标注、对应词和例证这几个方面，试对《汉英词典》第三版进行简要评析，并将其与1978年吴景荣教授主持编纂的第一版汉英词典做下粗略比较。 二．简析《汉英词典》第三版 1．关于词目收录 汉英词典第三版以修订版为基础，对词目进行了增删和调整。收入词条约十万，较1978年的第一版增收近五万条。篇幅由976页增加到1950页。增加的词目既包括一些由来已久、具有较强稳定性的词语和固定搭配，也包括大量反映时
一、汉译英部分 1.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 ?Tao Te Ching - The Way of Life - The Wisdom of Ancient China ?The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao. ?The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name. The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. 2.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” ?The Master "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? ?"Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? ?"Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" ?The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue." 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？” The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points:-whether,in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful;-whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;-whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher." 3. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” ...子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。” The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men." …The Master said, "Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous." 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others." 4. 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since
中原文化与中原崛起 解读中原文化，我们不难看出，历史上的河南之所以能够长期成为中国政治经济文化中心，成为中华崛起的高地，与根深叶茂的繁荣文化是分不开的。当历史的车轮进入21世纪后，我们要实现中原崛起，很重要的一个方面，就是要开发我们的文化，发展我们的文化，创新我们的文化，要把我们丰富的文化资源变为强大的文化力量，促进又好又快发展，推动中原崛起。所以省八次党代会明确提出要实现经济大省向经济强省跨越、文化资源大省向文化强省跨越。这两个跨越相辅相成、缺一不可。特别是随着经济文化化、文化经济化、经济文化一体化时代的到来，我们只有把这两大跨越有机结合起来，才能加快中原崛起的进程。这次我们举办“中原文化香港行和2007年豫港贸易洽谈会”，实际上就是要充分展示中原文化的魅力，发挥中原文化的潜力、增强中原文化的吸引力，形成推动中原崛起的新动力。为此，我们将坚持先进文化的前进方向，大力发展先进文化与和谐文化，坚持用科学理论引领中原崛起，用人文精神凝聚中原崛起，以文化产业支撑中原崛起，以人才智力支持中原崛起，以创新文化推动中原崛起，全面提升中原文化的引领能力、服务能力和创新能力，为实现中原崛起提供强大的精神支持、智力支持和不竭动力。现阶段，我们首先要把家底摸清，弄清到底有多少文化的“金矿”、“银矿”、“铜矿”、“铁矿”。这项工作，目前已经全面启动，在全省范围内展开了文化资源的普查，一俟普查结束我们就制定开发利用的规划。从当前掌握的情况看，我们至少有以下八大产业可以很好地发展，这就是传媒出版、文博会展、文化旅游、功夫娱乐、影视动漫、戏曲演艺、书法绘画、网络创意等八大产业。我省的这八大产业都是省委、省政府下一步将重点支持发展的产业，无论从资源禀赋看，还是市场潜力看，都具有明显的比较优势和可期的经济效益。比如书法绘画，我们商丘市有一个王公庄村，家家户户画老虎，一年卖画四百万。我们的开封市多数成年人都是书法爱好者或者是各级书协会员。书法绘画在河南不仅有广泛的群众基础，而且有全国领军人物，现任的中国美协主席和中国书协主席都是我们河南人。再如功夫产业，少林功夫影响已经波及世界，来自国内外学习武术的学员仅登封一地就有10万多人，俄罗斯总统普京访问中国时专程拜访少林寺。陈氏太极拳也已经走出国门，开始在澳大利亚、美国等国家设馆收徒，吸引了大量国外的年轻人。河南文化产业的发展前景由此可见一斑。在此，我真诚的欢迎香港的企业家和有识之士到河南去看一看，也欢迎大家积极参与到河南文化产业的开发中来。我相信，只要我们团结一心，措施有力，有9800万勤劳智慧的中原儿女的奋发进取，有包括香港同胞在内的海内外朋友的热情参与，中原文化就一定能够迎来发展的春天，就一定能够放射出更加瑰丽的光彩，成为推动中原崛起的强大动力。 The Culture and the Development of the Central Plain of China A close examination of Central China’s culture clearly reveals that its culture with long and deep roots has contributed tremendously to its central position as the heart of politics and economy in the history of China. At the turn of the 21st century, it is of vital importance to exploit, develop and rejuvenate our culture in the project of resurrecting Central China’s economy , thus giving
全球化语境下弘扬中华文化的翻译策略 在当前经济、文化全球化的时代大背景下，本着促进不同文化间的交流的目的，翻译应更多地承栽介绍和传播异域文化的使命。汉英翻译必须具有明确的目的性和对策性。在翻译策略上通过比较分析全球化语境下翻译的文化的特点，利用建构主义理论，采取异化取向，这既是尊重和弘扬中华文化的有效手段，也是全球化语境下对汉英翻译的基本要求。 标签：全球化语境；翻译；建构主义；文化 全球化首先是一个经济学和金融学领域内的课题，但近年已经引起了包括翻译研究者在内的人文社会科学研究者的关注，其原因在于，信息的传播和大众传媒的崛起使得全球化与文化的关系尤为密切。翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，它的本质是传播。翻译研究有宏观研究和微观研究之分。宏观研究指的是对影响具体翻译实践活动的外在因素的研究，微观研究指的是具体的语言操作层面的翻译研究。后殖民主义的宏观翻译理论研究从全球化的层面研究翻译在文化交流中的作用，考察文化与翻译的相互作用和相互影响。这种研究方法把翻译从狭隘的字词转换中解脱出来，从一个更加开阔的视角把握和认识翻译活动，扩展了翻译研究的领域，加大了翻译理论研究的深度。这无疑会使研究者更加深刻地认识到翻译的本质特征。在全球化大语境下，作为信息传播的一种工具，翻译的功能将越来越明显地显示出来，翻译对文化的重塑和构建在跨文化交际中起了重要作用。在当前经济、文化全球化的时代大背景下，本着促进不同文化间的交流的目的，翻译应更多地承载介绍和传播异域文化的使命。本文将通过比较分析全球化语境下翻译的文化的特点，利用建构主义理论，给出在全球化语境下中国特色翻译活动的发展策略，弘扬中华民族文化。 一、全球化语境对翻译的影响 全球化是当代人类社会跨越国家和地区界限，在全球范围内展现的全方位沟通、联系、相互影响的客观历史进程。全球化作为一个不以人们的意志为转移的客观存在，已经以不同的形式渗入到经济建设、文化建设、人文社会科学教育和研究以及人们的日常生活之中。著名学者张柏然指出，全球化在文化领域里的一个重要表征就是各国、各民族文化通过世界性的交流，打破了原来闭关自守的狭隘界限而走向开放和多元，形成一种“世界文化”的新格局。这一发展对翻译学研究提出了一系列的挑战。张柏然指出，全球化语境下的汉英翻译问题并非一个简单的文字转换过程，而是一种特别的文化交流活动。美国学者亨廷顿认为，由于全球化进程的加速，各国经济和政治上的冲突不会成为占主导地位的冲突，而文化与文明之间的差异却会上升为占主导地位的冲突。不同文化需要沟通，而沟通离不开翻译，因此，文化及其交流是翻译发生的本源。翻译是文化交流的产物，翻译活动离不开文化。文化离不开语言，语言是文化传播的重要媒介，也是翻译研究的切入点。中国已经加入世贸组织，与世界经济的交往会变得越来越密切。通过翻译向世界传播中华文化，促进文化交流，对中国的发展起着不可低估的作用。