高中英语语法精讲第六章动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类
与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词-ing形式的一般式
1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B.动词-ing形式的完成式
动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
注意：
在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
C.动词-ing形式的被动形式
动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
1．一般式的被动形式
The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。
I can't stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久候。
2．完成式的被动形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我听说他被选为球队的教练。Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
D.动词-ing形式的否定形式
动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加动词的-ing形式构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
二、动词的-ing形式的用法
A．动词的-ing形式作主语
1．动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。
Learning about a language is easier than using it.学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。2．为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。
It's no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
第6章动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。 一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类 与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。 A.动词-ing形式的一般式 1. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。 She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话。 3. 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电
子邮件。 He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 B. 动词-ing形式的完成式 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. ) C. 动词-ing形式的被动形式 动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 1．一般式的被动形式 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。
高中英语语法精讲精练(一倒装句与强调结构 1._______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up 2. Only when he had done it _______ that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. did he realize C. before D. he realized 3. Not until he got off the bus ______ that he had got his wallet stolen. A. he found B. did he find C. he had found D. had he found 4. Hardly ______ when it started raining. A. the game had begun B. the game began
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. A. did he make B. he made C. had he made D. he had made 8. --- What happened to his new car? --- No sooner _______ it than someone ran into it.
小升初英语语法专项训练：动词加ing 动词加ing的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2．以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3．如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 现在进行时专项练习： 一、写出下列动词的现在分词： play________ run__________ swim _________make__________ go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________ read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________ put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________ live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________ stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空： 1.The boy __________________ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _______________ ( sing)in the classroom . 3. My mother _________________ ( cook )some nice food now. 4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _______________( have) an English lesson . 6.They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now. 7.Look! the girls ________________(dance )in the classroom . 8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen ) to music. 9. It’s 5 o’clock now. We _____________(have)supper now 10.______Helen____________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is . 三、句型转换： 1. They are doing housework .(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
高中英语语法精讲精练
高中英语语法精讲精练 (一) 倒装句与强调结构 (2) (二) 定语从句 (8) (三) 分词与动名词 (13) (四) 动词不定式 (19) (五) 情态动词 (25) (六) 虚拟语气 (31) (八) 名词性从句和状语从句 (37) (九)冠词、名词 (43) (十)代词、形容词和副词 (49) 答案 (55) 17
(一) 倒装句与强调结构 1._______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up 2. Only when he had done it _______ that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. did he realize C. before D. he realized 3. Not until he got off the bus ______ that he had got his wallet stolen. A. he found B. did he find C. he had found D. had he found 4. Hardly ______ when it started raining. 17
A. the game had begun B. the game began C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. 17
语法复习——非谓语动词(一动词 -ing 的用法 非谓语动词主要包括动词 -ing 形式、过去分词和不定式。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义, 我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中所作的成分以及一些特殊句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。本讲主要阐述动词 -ing 形式的用法。 动词 -ing 形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用,在句中可作主语、宾语和表语、状语和宾语补足语,但不能单独构成谓语。 “动词原形+ing ”构成动词 -ing 形式可分为动名词和现在分词。 一、动名词 动名词是 v. – ing 形式的一种,它具有名词特征,可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语。 1.动名词作主语的几种句型 动名词直接置于句首作主语,动名词作主语可以是主动形式,也可以是被动形式。例如: Swimming in winter is healthy. 冬泳是有益健康的运动。 Picking apples is much better than having classes. 摘苹果比上课好多了。 Being elected chairman is a great honor to him. 被选为主席对他是一个很大的荣誉。 有时主语太长,可用 it 作形式主语,将真正主语即动名词放在后面。 不是所有的动名词作主语都可用 it 作形式主语,常见的有:
It is +no use+动名词做……没有用处 It is +no good +动名词做……没有好处 It is +nice +动名词做……很好 /很不错 It is +useless +动名词做……没有用 It is +interesting +动名词做……很有趣 It is+dangerous +动名词做……很危险 It is+a waste of+动名词做……是浪费…… 例如: It is no use waiting here. Let’s walk home. 在这儿等着没有用,我们走回家吧。 It’s interesting watching the children play. 看着这些孩子们玩耍很有趣。 It’s a waste of money buying such books. 买这一类的书是浪费金钱。 除了用于上述用 it 作形式主语的句型外,还可用于there be no…结构中。例如: There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法预言雨什么时候停。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
动词ing形式专项练习 1.______ (smoke) is bad for our health. 2.Before he came , I’d finished _______(read) the whole book. 3.We are considering ________ (take) a trip around the island. 4.The silkworm is an insect worth _____. A. to know B. knowing C. to be known D. being known 5.She went out without ______ (say) good-bye to us. 6.He sat there ______(read) a novel. 7.The heavy rain kept us _____ (wait)for two hours. 8. We found the baby ____ (sleep)on the floor. 9.They got their car ____ (wash) at the garage. 10. _____ with his report , I told him to write it all over again. A. Dissatisfactory B. Not being satisfied C. Having not satisfied D. Dissatisfying 11._____ our shoes in our hands , we crossed the stream. A. To carry B. Carrying C. Carried D. Carry 12._____ my homework, I went home . A. Having finished B. Finished C. Being finished D. Finish 13.____（find）the door unlocked, I went in. 14.______(be) a careless fellow, he forget all about it. 15. You must be careful when ___ on the highway. A. you driving B. are driving C. driving D. you were driving 16.If _____ , I will go to the party tonight. A. invite B. inviting C. to invite D. invited 17 Weather ____(permit) , we will have a picnic tomorrow. 18.The vacation ____ (be) over , the students came back to school. 19.___ the way to take, the traveller went on his journey.
动名词 《语法讲解》 一、动名词的句法功能 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。(一)、作主语 1）直接位于句首做主语。 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。 〖注意〗：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数 2）用it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 式）。 3）动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。 Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。 （二）、作宾语 （1）作动词的宾语 *某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推迟)，deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stan d, put off, give up等。如： Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗？ She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。 Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。*在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider… + it （形式宾语）+ no use/no good/useless… + v.ing（真正宾语）. I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有好处吗？ *形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。（2）作介词的宾语 *能接动名词的短语有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out,
-ing分词的构成 1-ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式完成式 主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如： The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：
动词ing形式专项练习 (smoke) is bad for our health. he came , I’d finished _______(read) the whole book. are considering ________ (take) a trip around the island. silkworm is an insect worth _____. A. to know B. knowing C. to be known D. being known went out without ______ (say) good-bye to us. sat there ______(read) a novel. heavy rain kept us _____ (wait)for two hours. 8. We found the baby ____ (sleep)on the floor. got their car ____ (wash) at the garage. 10. _____ with his report , I told him to write it all over again. A. Dissatisfactory B. Not being satisfied C. Having not satisfied D. Dissatisfying our shoes in our hands , we crossed the stream. A. To carry B. Carrying C. Carried D. Carry my homework, I went home . A. Having finished B. Finished C. Being finished D. Finish （find）the door unlocked, I went in. (be) a careless fellow, he forget all about it. 15. You must be careful when ___ on the highway. A. you driving B. are driving C. driving D. you were driving _____ , I will go to the party tonight. A. invite B. inviting C. to invite D. invited 17 Weather ____(permit) , we will have a picnic tomorrow.
2021年高考英语语法精讲精练专题八动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《xx年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived；第71题（短文改错）考查了think变为过去时thought；第75题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉been；第79题（短文改错）考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态was allowed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have；77题（短文改错）考查了将using变为被动used。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态are removed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。 各种时态构成表：（以do为例）
一、一 般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数 1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes （2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：car ry→carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches， finish→finishes
高中英语语法精讲第六章动词的-ing形式 动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。 一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类 与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。 A.动词-ing形式的一般式 1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。 2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。 She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。 3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 B.动词-ing形式的完成式 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
高一英语动词—ing形式练习题 1. Taking pictures___ very interesting. A. is B. are C. to be D. be 2.______ the bad news made him cry. A. Hear B. Heard C. Hearing D. Is hearing 3._____ a desert had always been a risk adventure. A. being crossed B. Having crossed C. Crossing D. To have crossed 4. Before he came, I’d finished _______ the whole book. A. to read B. to have read C. reading D. read 5. I always enjoy ____ to popular music at night. A. to listen B. listening C. that I can listen D. if I can listen 6. We are considering ________ a trip around the island. A. take B. to take C. to be taken D. taking 7. I hope you don’t mind ____ at your newspaper. A. I look B. my looking C. I looking D. my to look When a man’s heart stops ______, he dies. A. to beat B. beating C. beat D. beaten 9. I can’t help _______ he is still alive. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought of 10. So far as I am concerned, I prefer reading ________. A. than meat B. for joy C. instead of sleeping D to drinking 11. It goes without _______ that knowledge is important. A. talking B. telling C. saying D. mentioning 12. We are looking forward ______ our friends next week. A. to see B. to seeing C. to be seeing D. shall see 13. He spent a lot of money _____ books and magazines. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. bought 14. The silkworm is an insect worth _____. A. to know B. knowing C. to be known D. being known 15. She went out without ______ good-bye to us. A. say B. to say C. saying D. being said The curious student kept on _______ questions. A. asks B. asking C. to ask D. asked 17. He is such a strange person; there’s _____ what he’ll do next. A. no knowing B. not to know C. not known D. being unknown 18. When she heard the bad news, she burst______. A. into crying B. out to tears C. crying D. out crying 19. You must never cross the street without ______ the light to turn green. A. waiting B/ to wait C. waiting for D. to wait for 20. Scientists succeed _____ protein out of old newspapers. A. to make B. at making C. making D. in making 21. I became ______ after watching too much television. A. bored B. boring C. bore D. bores 22. I felt ____ by his interest in my new invention. A. encourage B. to encourage C. was encouraged D. encouraged 23. He sat there ______ a novel. A. read B. reading C. reads D. had read 24. Don’t wake up the______ child. A. sleep B. slept C. sleeping D. sleepy The heavy rain kept us _____ for two hours. A. wait B. waited C. waiting D. to wait I found a dog ______ over by a car on the road. A. to run B. run C. ran D. running
动词-ing形式练习 一、单项选择 1. As I'll be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate ________ now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 2. The teacher didn’t feel like ______ hem on the spot. A. correct B. correcting C. to correct D. corrected 3. With the old man ________ the way, we had no trouble in ________ that cave. A. leads, find B. leading, finding C. led, to find D. was leading, found 4. I remember __________ for the job, but I forget the exact amount. A. to pay B. paying C. to have paid D. being paid 5. He was seen ___________ out. A. go B. to go C. went D. goes 6. He hasn’t got used ________ in the countryside. A. live B. to live C. to living D. living 7. We don’t allow ________ in the lecture room. A. to smoke B. smoke C. smoking D. to smoking 8. I’m looking forward to __________ from you soon. A. hear B. heard C. hearing D. being heard 9. She doesn’t mind _________ at home alone though she may feel lonely. A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. to be left 10. People from all the corners came to the city, __________ it very crowded. A. to make B. and making C. made D. making 11. ________ all the time is the key to _________ progress in English. A. Practise, making B. To practise, making C. Practise, make D. To practise, make 12. Only one of these books is ____________. A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worth of reading D. worth reading 13. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 14. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 15._________ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 16. European football is played in 80 countries, ________ it the popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 17. One learns a language by making mistakes and __________ them. A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct 18. __________ at the door before entering please. A. Knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock 19. ________ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 20. He sent me an-email, __________ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 21. Tony was very unhappy for ________ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 22. Though ________money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 23. How about the two of us ________a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking 24. ________is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 25. —I must apologize for ________ahead of time. —That’s all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know