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助动词 (2)

助动词 (2)
助动词 (2)

第17讲助动词

(一)

概述

英语动词,按其在构成动词词组所起的作用,分为主动词和助动词两大类。助动词又分为基本助动词、情态助动词和半助动词。

英语情态助动词共有14个:

现在时形式过去时形式

can could

may might

will would

shall should

must ---

need ---

dare Dared

---ought to

---used to

17.1情态意义表示法

1、表“能力”和“可能”

A.表示“能力”(ability),可用can, could, be able to.Can 既能表示现在的能力,也能表示将来的能力。

Look!I can do it!

I can’t do it now, but I can do it later.

Can既可指具体做某件事的能力,也可泛指一般的能力。

I can climb this cliff.

He can drive a car.

表“能力”,can和be able to 很多情况下可以交替使用。

As I have got enough money, I can/ am able to help her.

指将来的能力,更常用will/shall be able to

I’ll be able to speak German in another two months.

表示过去的能力,可用could和was/were able to

在肯定句中,表示泛指能力用could,表示具体能力用was/were able to

She could play the piano when she was only six.

He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.

但在否定句中,两者无此限制。

I couldn’t/ wasn’t able to play the piano when I was at school.

B.表示“可能”(possibility),可用may, might, can, could.may/ might 表示“可能”,往往可以交替使用,无时间上的差异,might比较婉转。may / might 既可以表示现在的可能,

也可表将来的可能。

It may/ might be true.

He may/ might be still waiting at the door.

在疑问句中表“可能’,须用can而不用may.

Where can he be?

表示“不可能”,通常用can’t.

She can’t love him.

用can表示可能,较多的用于否定句和疑问句,而could不受此限制。

It can’t/ couldn’t be true.

If you don’t have a guide, you could lose your way.

表示过去的可能,可用may/might +不定式完成体或不定式完成进行体。

He may/ might have been hurt.

You might have killed yourself.

也可以用can/could+不定式完成体表示可能。

He can’t/could have been hurt.

用might/could +不定式完成体有时可以表示本来可以做却没有做。

You might have finished the work last week.

I could have passed the examination, but I failed.

2、表示“xx”和“不许”。

A.请求对方许可(permission)可用can, could, may, might.May/can 与might / could 相比,后者较为婉转,更有礼貌。

在口语中常用can表xx。

Can/could/may/might I smoke here?

表示“给予许可”,常用May/can,不用might / could。

Could I use your phone? Yes, of course you can.

B.表示不许可用may not 或者cannot

Can I go out for a moment?

No, you can’t.

May I use your car for a few days?

No, you may not.

注意may not 表示“不许可”的过去形式并不是might not.He may not go. (I don’t permit him to go)

He might not go.(possibly he will not go.)

若要表示过去不“xx”,通常可以说:

He was not allowed to go.

I didn’t permit him to go.

3、表示“义务”和“必然”。

A.所谓表示义务(obligation),即表示必须、应该做某事。表示这些意义,可用should, ought to, must.用这三个情态助动词表示义务,其口气强弱略有差别。

用should/ought to 表示应该,带有劝说之意,两者可以交替使用。

We should learn from the model workers

You should/ought to drink less.

Should / ought to +不定式完成体,表示本应该做却没做,或本不应该做却做了。

You should /ought to have asked my permission first.

You shouldn’t/ oughtn’t to have been resting at that time of day.Must(必须)表示敦促或者命令,表示将来或者过去的必须,使用have to的相关形式。

You must be back by ten o’clock.

We’ll have to do it again.

I had to leave at six yesterday.

Must的否定形式有两种。一种是must not,mustn’t,表示禁止;第二种是need not, needn’t,表示不必。

You mustn’t talk like that.

You needn’t do it once.

Needn’t相当的形式有:

don’t need to/ don’t have to/ haven’t got

to.

You don’t need to do it once.

You don’t have to do it once.

You haven’t got to do it once.

过去形式通常用didn’t need to, didn’t have to

You didn’t have to do it once.

表示必须,must 与have to 的意义接近,但must更侧重表主观,have to 表客观。

He must move the furniture himself.

B.所谓表示必然(necessity)就是根据说话人的判断和推测认为必然会有某种情况。表示这种意义,可用should, ought to 和must,其中以用must口气最为肯定。

She should be here in a minute.

These young trees ought to provide shade in ten years.

Careless reading must give poor results.

表示否定的推测,则需要使用can’t

You can’t have any difficulty getting the tickets.

如果表示过去的推测,用must/ can’t +不定式完成体

Her eyes are red. She must have been crying.

He can’t have been to your home.He doesn’t know your

address.

4、表“预见”与“推测”

A.表示预见(prediction),即表示单纯将来,可用will/ shall+不定式。除英格兰以外的说英语国家如美国、新西兰、南非的标准英语中,shall 已完全为will 所取代,这就是说,will可用于一切人称表示将来。

B.表示推测(predictability),除用should,ought to 和must外,还可用will/ would.

Will表示推测,口气低于must, would次之

They should/ ought to be home by now.

They would be home by now.

They will be home by now.

They must be home by now.

5、表示“意图”、“意愿”和“决心”。

A.表示意愿(willingness),即愿意做某事,可用will, would,shall.用will 表示意愿,可用于一切人称的主语.

I will lend you the money if you need it.

Will you sing at the party tomorrow evening?

Will you please open the door for me?

Would you lend me your pen a minute?

Certainly, I will.【表示接受请求时,用will】

表示不愿意,可以用will not/ won’t

I will not do anything for you.

用shall表意图,一般适用于第二、第三人称。

You shall stay with us as long as you like.(说话人意愿)

Shall you take a holiday this summer?(听话人意愿)

B.表示意图(intention),即打算做某事,也可用will, would,shall. Will可用于所有人称,表示过去的意图可用would.I will write to her tomorrow.

Why will you go there?

He would see her the next day, so he didn’t write to her.

用shall表“意图”,常用语第二、三人称,表示说话人意图。

在疑问句中,表示征询听话人得意图。

You shall get a p romotion. (I’ll give you a promotion.)

Shall I carry the suitcase for you?

C.表示决心(determination),既坚持要做某事,也可用will,would, shall,均需重读,且不能缩写。Will表示“决心”,“坚持”,表过去的决心,可用would.

I will take the job and no one is going to stop me.

If you will go, you may go at once.

She would marry him in spite of my warning that is was unwise.

Shall表决心,主要用语第二、三人称

You shall obey my orders.

He shall leave the country at once.

Shall 这种用法的否定形式,表示说话人禁止,威胁。

Foreign countries shall not interfere in our internal affairs.

6、其他情态意义。

A. should 可在某些语境中表示惋惜、忧虑、欢欣、惊讶等感情色彩。

They were amazed that she should have done so much in so short a time.

在某些惯用的疑问句中

How should I know?

在某些虚拟句式中使用,并不表示情态意义。

I insisted that he go/ should go with me.

B. would 可用于委婉的陈述,请求等

I don’t think he would be so careless.

Would you like to stay here tonight?

C.作为情态助动词表示胆敢,dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。I dare not go there.

How dare he say such rude things about me?

Dare 还可用作主动词,也通常用于否定和疑问句,带或不带to均可。

She didn’t dare (to) say anything about it.

D. need即可作情态动词,也可做主动词,表示“必须”、“需要”。作为情态动词,need 只用语否定句和疑问句。

He needn’t worry about it.

Need I collect the parcel myself?

作情态助动词提问,其答语如果思肯定的,须用must;如果答语是否定的,则用needn’t .

“needn’t+不定式完成体“表示本不必做却做了,和didn’t need to 是有区别的。

You needn’t have bought that house.

I didn’t need to go to the station.

I needn’t ha ve gone to the station.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/c811369909.html,ed to (只有过去时形式,没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态,这种情况现已不复存在。

There used to be an old temple at the corner of the street, but it was destroyed in the war and has never been rebuilt.

He used to live in Shanghai, but he has long given up https://www.doczj.com/doc/c811369909.html,ed to的否定形式,可以用usedn’t, didn’t use to.

He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.

He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes.

17.2情态动词的推测性和非推测性(略)

Lecture 18助动词

(二)

本讲将介绍的是半助动词(Semi-auxiliary)以及助动词(Auxiliary)的缩略形式(Contracted Form)。

18.1半助动词

半助动词指在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间、本身带有词义的一类结构。下面就半助动词的类型以及半助动词与it...that结构的转换关系作一些介绍。

1)半助动词的类型

(1)

从形态上看,可以分成三类:

以be为其中心成分;

以have为中心成分;

以seem等为其中心成分。

从能否与it...that结构进行转换上看又可以分为能与不能两类(p210-211表格)

具体举例(P211)

由上述诸例可知,半助动词后的主动词无一例外地用不带to不定式,这种不定式可以是一般式,也可以是进行体或完成体形式。现就以be supposed to (作“应该”解)为例来说明。

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed limit .

Mother is still not quite well.She is not supposed to be working so hard.

Why haven't you finished your paper yet? You are supposed to have finished it by tomorrow.

2)半助动词与“it...that”结构

(1)

前述带有第一类半助动词作为限定动词词组一部分的句子不能与it...that 结构相互转换。

例如可以说The boy tended to be late.但不能说It tended that the boy was late.

而带有第二类半助动词作为限定动词词组一部分的句子则能与it...that 结构相互转换.

例如可以说The boy seemed to be late.也可以说It seemed that the boy was late

为了便于说明,不妨把it...that结构称为句型I,而把“半助动词+不定式”结构称为句型II.例如:

It appears that he has many friends. [I]

He appears to have many friends.[II]

句型II中的不定式是采取一般形式、进行体形式还是完成体形式,是采取主动态还是被动态,取决于句型I中that-分句的限定动词词组形式。

具体例子:

(P212)

18.2助动词的缩略形式(略)

第十七讲情态动词【传统分类】

一、情态动词的基本用法

1. can (could)

1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。

Two eyes can see more than one.两只眼比一只眼看得清。

Could the girl read before she went to school?这女孩上学前能识字吗?

2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。

He can’t (couldn’t) have enough money for a new car.

他不可能有足够的钱买新车。

You m ustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood.You could start a fire.在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。

3)表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen?我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗?

He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。

4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。

Where can (could) they have gone to?他们会去哪儿了呢?He can′t (couldn’t) be over sixty.他不可能超过六十岁。

How can you be so careless?你怎么这么粗心?

5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或xx看法。

Can (Could) you lend me a hand?帮我一把好吗?

I’m afraid we couldn’t give you an answer today.恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。

2. may (might)

1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。

You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。

He told me that I might smoke in the room.他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。

May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby?我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?—在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certai nly./ Please don′t ./ You′d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。

2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。

He may be at home.他可能在家。

She may not know about it.她可能不知道这件事。

He was afraid they might not agree with him.

他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。

They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure.

他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。

3. must

1)表示义务。意为”必须”(主观意志)。

We must do everything step by step.我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。You mustn’t talk to her like that.你不能那样对她说话。

--Must we hand in our exercise—books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗?--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.不必。

(这种情况下,一般不用mustn’t)

2)表示揣测。意为”想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定

句。

He must be ill. He looks so pale.他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。

She

s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.

她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。

4. shall

1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。

Shall I get you some tea?我给你点茶好吗?

Shall the boy wait outside?让那男孩在外面等吗?

What shall we do this evening?我们今晚做什么?

2)表说话人的意愿,有”命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。

You shall do as I say.按我说的做。(命令)

You shall have my answer tomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.

有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)

Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.

什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)′

5. will

1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。

I will do anything for you.我愿为你做任何事。

None is so blind as those who won′t see.不愿看的人眼最瞎。

If you will read the book, I’ll lend it to you.

如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。

2)表请求,用于疑问句。

Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold.请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。

Won′t you drink some more coffee?再来一点咖啡好吗?3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。

Fish will die out of water.鱼离开水就不能活。

The door won′t open.这门打不开。

The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.

那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。

6. should

1)表义务。意为”应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。You should be polite to your teachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。

You shouldn’t waste any time.你不应该浪费时间。

2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。

The film should be very good as it is starring first

class actors.

这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。

They should be home by now.照说他们现在应当已经到家了。

7. would

1)表意愿。

They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。

I said I would do anything for you.我说过我愿意为你做任何事。

2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。

Would you like another glass of beer?再来杯啤酒好吗?Would you mind cleaning the window?请把窗户擦一下好吗?

They wouldn′t have anything against it.他们不会有什么反对意见。—3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。

Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。

8. ought to

1)表义务,意为”应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。

You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲,应当管他。

You oughtn′t to smoke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。

2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。

Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.韩梅该知道他的电话号码。

There′s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。

9. used to

表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。

He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。

He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.

He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes.

二、“情态动词+现在完成式”

“情态动词+现在完成式”是一种较活跃的语法现象,在各种考试中屡见不鲜。现将其用法归纳如下:

1.对过去行为发生的可能性的推测

1)“must/may /might +现在完成式”表示对过去行为是否发生的可能性程度不同的肯定推测。

①“must+现在完成式”这一用法是指说话人对过去所发生的事情的肯定推断,含有逻辑上的必然性。例如:

He must have gone to the clinic.他一定是去医务室了。

They started early this morning;they must have arrived by now.他们一大早就启程了,现在一定到了。

②“may +现在完成式”表示从现在看来过去可能发生某事。

可译为“曾经”、“一度”、“也许”等。例如:

He may have missed the train.他可能没有赶上火车。

③“might +现在完成式”表示“可能、也许、已经”,但事实上并未如此。例如:

①“could /can not+现在完成式”表示以现在的眼光看来,过去不可能发生的事。可译为“不可能或不至于”。例如:

They couldn’t have left so soon.他们不可能那么早就走了。

They can’t have missed the way.(They’ve been to the zoo before.)他们不可能迷路。(暗含他们以前去过动物园。)I can’t have seen him.我不可能见过他。

②“may not +现在完成式”表示“不一定发生过、未必发生过”等。

He may not have visited his parents.他可能没有看过他的父母。

③“might not +现在完成式”表示“不一定就、也可能不、未免有点不”。

2.表示说话人的语气

1)表示委婉批评

①“could +现在完成式”含有埋怨或训斥的口气。例如:

I could have lent you the money.我本来可以把钱借给你的。

Why didn’t you ask me?你为什么没有向我借呢?

②might +现在完成式

You might have been more careful.你本可以再细心一些。2)表示惊奇或怀疑

“could /can +现在完成式”常用在疑问句中。例如:

Where(can)could they have gone?他们可能到哪里去了呢?How could they have forgotten such an important meeting?他们怎么能忘记这么重要的会议呢?

3.表示说话人认为过去的行为应该或不应该发生

1)“should /ought to +现在完成式”表示说话人认为该做而实际未做的事。例如:

They ought to have done that but they didn’t.他们本应该这样做。

He should have told me the news earlier.他本应该早些告诉我这消息。

2)“should not/ought not to +现在完成式”表示过去做了不该做的事。例如:

You oughtn’t to have done that.你这么做是不应当的。

You should not have gone up to college so soon.(But you did.)你本不应该这么早就上大学的。

4.表示不必要性。

表示说话人对过去已做的事情持否定态度,或认为此事根本

没必要做。常用句式为“needn’t+现在完成式”。例如:

I needn’t have hurried.我大可不必这么急。

The war needn’t have cost mankind so many lives.-Itneedn’t have happened.在那场战争中本来不必有那么多人丧生,不仅如此,本来就是一场不必要的战争。

讲练结合:

1. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.

A. had to write it out

B. must have written it out

C. should have written it out

D. ought to write it out

2.—There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

A. can’t be

B. shouldn’t be

D. couldn’t have been

C. mustn’t have been

3.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack ____be here at any moment.

A. must

B. need

C. should

D. can

4. Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurtyourself.

A. won’t; can’t

B. mustn’t; may

D. can’t; shouldn’t

C. shouldn’t; must

5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone____ get out.

A. had to

B. would

C. could

D. was able to

—They ____ be ready by 12:

00.

A. can

B. should

C. might

D. need

7.—I stayed at a hotel while in New York.

—Oh, did you? You ____ with Barbara.

A. could have stayed

C. would stay

B. could stay

英语语法考点系列之助动词用法

外教一对一https://www.doczj.com/doc/c811369909.html, 英语语法考点系列之助动词用法 助动词,顾名思义就是帮助动词完成疑问及否定的,这些助动词一般没有词义,主要是为了构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或构成疑问及否定形式。 英语中的助动词有下面这些: (1)be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being (2)have, has, had, having (3)shall, will, should, would (4)do, does, did 由连系动词am,is,are构成的句子 变一般疑问句时把am,is,are提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可。变否定句时直接在am,is,are后面加not即可。 由情态动词can, may, will ,shall等构成的句子 变一般疑问句时把 can, may, will ,shall提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可.变否定句时直接在can, may,后面加not即可. 由行为动词构成的句子 需要加助词do或does. 变一般疑问句时把do/does放在句子前面. 变否定句时把don’t/doesn’t放在动词的前面。要注意观察动词的形式并对号入座。一般疑问句和否定句的动词三单式都要变回原型。 例如: 肯定句: Theyplay football after school. Heplays football after school. 一般疑问句: Do they play footballafter school? Does he play footballafter school? 否定句: They don't (do not) play football after school. He doesn’t’ play football after school. 画线提问: 对they/he提问: Who plays football after school? 对play football提问: What do they do after school? What does he do after school? 对after school提问: When do they play football? When does he play football?

完整word版Be动词助动词练习题

小学英语Be动词、助动词、人称代词主宾格练习 一、选择括号里的词的恰当形式填空。 1、There _________(be)some water in the glass. 2、_______(be)Tom ___________(read) a book now? 3、Please pass_____(we) the ball. 4、When _________ (do) your father usually _________ (go) to work? 5、How old __________ (be)you last year? 6、Which dog ________ (be) yours? /Ten and two ________ (be) twelve. 7、Where ________(be) your friends yesterday? 8、I will give the presents to________(they). 9、Lily is taller than (I)./ Put the desk between (he) and (I). 二、选择填空: 1、My brother ____ a teacher. He ____ his pupils very much. A. is, like B. is, likes C. are, likes D. are, like 2、_____ you go to school by bus? A. Are B. Is C. Do D. Does 3、When _____ your birthday? D. does C. do B. is A. are 4、Which ____ bigger, the sun or the moon? A. are B. is C. be D. / 5、What ______ they _____ on Saturdays?

(完整版)助动词用法及练习

be动词,情态动词,助动词do/does的用法区别及练习 助动词,顾名思义就是帮助动词完成疑问及否定的,本身没有什么含义。主要的助动词有be,do,will,have等,其用法详述如下: 一、⑴由连系动词am,is,are构成的句子:变一般疑问句时把am,is,are提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可。变否定句时直接在am,is,are后面加not即可。例如: 肯定句:He is a student. 一般疑问句: Is he a student? 否定句: He is not a student. 画线提问: 对he提问: Who is a student? 对a student 提问: What is he? (2)was 是am,is的过去式,were是are的过去式,若句子中有以上两词时,变疑问句及否定句方法与(1)相同。 二、(1) 由情态动词can, may,will ,shall等构成的句子: 变一般疑问句时把can, may,will ,shall提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可.变否定句时直接在can,may,后面加not即可. 例如: 肯定句: She can swim. 一般疑问句: Can she swim? 否定句: She can not swim. 画线提问: 对she提问: Who can swim? 对swim提问: What can she do? (2)could,might,would,should是can,may,will,shall的过去式,若句子中有以上两词时,变疑问句及否定句方法与(1)相同。 三、(1)由行为动词构成的句子: 需要加助词do或does. 变一般疑问句时把do/does放在句子前面. 变否定句时把don’t/doesn’t放在动词的前面。要注意观察动词的形式并对号入座。一般疑问句和否定句的动词三单式都要变回原型。 play-----do plays-----does 例如: 肯定句: They play football after school. He plays football after school. 一般疑问句: Do they play football after school? Does he play football after school? 否定句: They don't (do not) play football after school. He doesn’t’ play football after school. 画线提问: 对they/he提问: Who plays football after school? 对play football提问: What do they do after school? What does he do after school? 对after school提问: When do they play football? When does he play football? (2)did是do和did的过去式,变一般疑问句时把did放在句子前面. 变否定句时把didn’t 放在动词的前面, 要注意观察动词的形式并对号入座。一般疑问句和否定句的动词都要变回原型。

第3讲 动词(二)动词的助动词用法

第3讲动词(二)动词的助动词用法 在讲新课之前,仍然要复习一下上节课学的一些东西。提问个问题: 1,全体动词可以分为哪几大类。 2,每个动词都有哪几种形式。 3,什么情况下必须使用动词的一般过去式,什么情况下必须使用动词的过去分词。 2道题以上不得分的同学,请课后惩罚一下自己,少吃一顿饭,把那个时间用来补课。男人嘛,就要对自己下手狠一些。女人嘛,也要对自己下手狠一些——宋丹丹都这么说。没有复习就没有积累,没有重复就没有收获。这些复习活动,就是你自己的事情。如果不复习没学好,那不是我的责任。 Ok,下面开始新课——动词的其它用法,准确地说是动词的助动词的用法。这节课的学习任务是三部分: 一是过去分词前面的助动词。二是被动语态前面的助动词。三是对动词如何否定。 再次重复那句老话,英国人在动词上花费了很大的注意力,给动词赋予了很多的功能。这一点与汉语很不同。汉语对形容词花费很大的注意力,把形容词搞得很丰富。 英语里的动词,除了原形加上4个变形有不同的用法外,通过它前面的助动词的变化,还可以有别的用法。表达不同的含义。下面我们就一一破解它。 一,过去分词前面的助动词 通过上节课的学习,大家知道have(或者has,三单)+过去分词=现在完成时的含义。你到我家做客,我招待你吃水果,过了一会儿,我递给你苹果让你吃,你对我说,你已经吃了两个苹果。“ I have eaten 2 apples.”我说,哦,那就不要再吃苹果了,来个芒果吧。我这个例子是要让大家清楚,现在完成时使用的背景就是指当场的情况,或者说,那个动作虽已过去但是距现在并不遥远,还可以算作现阶段的事。 再举个例子,还是你千里之外来到我家做客,我依旧先招待你吃水果,我还要让你吃苹果,这时你说,“谢谢老师,不吃了,我在上火车之前就吃了两个了。”这时的英语要这样表达:“ I had eaten 2 apples before I got on the train.”大家注意到没有,这里的eaten之前没用have,而是用了had,为什么呢? 这是因为这里的吃的动作eaten发生在另一个过去的动作上火车got 之前,上火车的这个动作都已发生过了,吃苹果的那个动作或行为更早,所以eaten的

助动词的用法

助动词在英语学习当中作了解,不需要重点把握,但是助动词也是很好理解的,希望回答能够帮到你。 1.助动词:Be 助动词不能作述语动词,要与本动词一起构成动词片语,表示时态、语态等。 1. BE作为本动词表示状态或客观存在等意思。 Your house is bigger and nicer than mine. 你的房子比我的又大又好。 2. BE+不定词连用,表示约定、义务、命令等未来的动作或状态。 I am to go abroad on business tomorrow. 明天我要去外国出公差。 表示未来的安排。 The meeting is to be held as scheduled. 会议将按原计划召开。 表示计划好的安排。 You are not to bark at my friend. 你不许对我的朋友叫。 表示命令或要求。 3. BE+现在分词构成各种进行时态。 Who are you talking to? 你在和谁说话? I am talking to my dog. 我在和我的狗说话。 4. BE+过去分词构成被动语态。 That means I will be promoted as scheduled. 这就意味着我将要按原计划得到提升。 2. dare和used to 作为情态助动词的dare一般只能用于疑问句或否定句中,dare+原形动词表示敢。

I dare not say it is ugly. 我不敢说它丑。 How dare you say so? 你怎么敢这么说? dare也可以作本动词,用于肯定句,后面要接带to的不定词;主词若是第三人称单数,简单现在式时,dare要变为dares。 You, you dare to talk to me like this! 你、你竟敢这样和我讲话! used to+原形动词表示过去的习惯或状态,而现在已经不存在了。 You're not what you used to be. 你不是以前的你了。 used to构成疑问句时有两种形式。即used + 主词+ to + 其他成份?;Did + 主词+ use to+ 其他成份。 How used I to be? 我以前什么样? How did you use to be? 你以前什么样? used to构成否定句时有两种形式,即used not to和didn't use to。 You didn't use to say things like this. You used not to say things like this. 你以前不会说这样的话的。 be used to表示习惯于,其中used是形容词,to是介系词,后接名词、代名词或动名词等,可用于不同的时态。 You're used to hearing words of praise. 你是听好话听惯了。 3. 助动词:Do 1. DO作为助动词时的时态、人称和数的变化与它作为本动词相同,有do, does, did三种形式。 Yes, it seems he doesn't really want to have a haircut.

英语语法体系

英语知识点 一、词汇 二、听力 三、口语 四、写作 五、语法 英语基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。一、英语动词的时态 (一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异: 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。 (二)英语动词的形式: 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式: (1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的 一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单

数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。规则动 于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。

be动词与助动词的用法

be动词与助动词的用法 1.陈述句:be动词第一人称用am,第二人称用are,第三人称单数用is复数用are. 助动词do一般省略,直接用动词,注意动词时态和人称变化.有时在动词前加do,表示强调,加强语气.如:Do be quiet! 2.疑问句:be动词直接提前,其他部分不变(由陈述句转变).助动词do同样,由省略直接提前放置,后面动词不变,注意do的时态和人称变化. 3.否定句:be动词和助动词do后面加not. be作助动词用的形式如下: ①am, is, are, was, were ②助动词+be:shall be, will be, can be, etc. ③have/has/had + been(完成时) ④am, is, …being(进行时) (1)表达进行时态 句型be + V-ing…(进行时态) 例:What are you reading? (你正在阅读什么?) I am reading a magazine. (我正在阅读杂志。) 例:He will be taking a walk in the park at this time tomorrow morning. (明天早晨此时他将会正在公园散步。) 例:She has been teaching English in our school for years. (她已在我们学校教英语许多年了。) 解说第一例句是表达现在进行时,第二例句是将来进行时,第三例句是现在完成进行时。(2)表达被动语态 句型be +p.p. …(被动语态) 例:English is spoken in both Canada and the United States. (加拿大和美国都讲英语。)

助动词的用法大全

助动词的用法大全 助动词的形式与作用 1)英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall,will,should,would,be,have,do等。助动词一般无词义,不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用,在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如:China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态) Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态) We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨,我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构) Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构) [注]在否定结构中,not须放在助动词后面。 2)助动词加not一般都有简略式,用于口语中。如: is not-isn't would not--wouldn't are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt] will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't

be动词、助动词、情态动词讲解(基础篇)第一讲

be动词、助动词、情态动词讲解 (基础篇) 1、be动词的用法。 英语中,be动词选用单数还是复数,要由主语来定,主语是单数,就用单数,反之用复数。 ◆ 句中含有be动词时: 肯定句:主语+be +其他 否定句:主语+ be + not +其他 一般疑问句: Be +主语+其他+? 特殊疑问句:疑问词(what / who / when / where)+ be +主语+其他+? I am a teacher. You are right. She is 16 years old. My father is at home. The students are playing games. My teacher was ill yesterday. There is a picture on the wall.

There are two books on the table. ★ be动词用法歌: 我用am,你用are,is 连接他她它。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃;变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记; 疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。 ★ be动词作谓语,它后面一般跟名词、形容词或介词短语。 她个子很高。她在教室里。 她是一个高个子的女孩。 2、助动词的用法。 英语句子按正常语序是“什么人或事物” + “做什么”,即,我们常说的“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”。 ① 主语为I 或复数名词、代词时: 肯定句: I / We / They / The students +动词原形+其他 +。 We watch TV every night. 变否定:主语+don’t +动词原形+其他+。

助动词

助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb),也叫辅助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词用来构成时态和语态。助动词具有语法意义,但没有词汇意义,不可单独作谓语。它没有对应的汉译,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。(does是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 外文名 Auxiliary Verb 语言 英语 主要变化形式 如have,has,had 简称 aux.v 谓语 [predicate,简称pred.] 谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 定义 最常用的助动词有:be, have, has, do, does, shall, did, will, should,would等。 助动词可以协助主要动词构成时态或者语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句,构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。 分类 半助动词 在功能上介于主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。 常见的半助动词有: be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to,be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to,be unable to, be unwilling to等。...... 情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might),must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better,后接动词原形(原形不定词)。

be动词,一般动词和助动词

be动词、一般动词和助动词 一、be动词、一般动词的现在式 (1)be动词的现在式—am/are/is a.是(表状态) We are happy.—我们很高兴 b.在(表存在) She is in America.—她在美国 含be动词(am/are/is)的肯定句变成否定句时,在be动词后加not即可。 肯定句:主语+am/are/is… 否定句:主语+am/are/is+not… He is a good baseball player. 他是一个好棒球员 (否定句)He is not a good baseball player. = He’s not a good baseball player. = He isn’t a good baseball player. 含be动词(am/are/is)的肯定句变成疑问句时,将be动词拿到主语前,句尾加?即可。肯定句:主语+am/are/is… 疑问句:Am/Are/Is+主语…? 1.That is his camera. 那是他的相机 (疑问句)Is that his camera?

2.The girl is a junior high school student. 那女孩是初中生 (疑问句)Is the girl a junior high school student? 动词开头的疑问句为一般疑问句,可用yes或no回答,而答句中的主语 (问句)Am/Are/Is+主语…? (答句)Yes,主语+am/are/is No,主语+am/are/is not 1.Is that man your math teacher? Yes, he is./No,he is not. 2.Are you eating your lunch? Yes, I am./No, I’m not. (2)一般动词的现在式 凡是日常生活中具体的动作,如:eat-吃饭,walk-走路及抽象的动作如:like-喜欢,think-思考…皆为一般动词 a.大部分动词加s works/plays b.一般动词词尾为o/s/sh/ch时。加es go-goes/wash-washes/watch-watches c.一般动词词尾为字音+y时,去y加ies cry-cries/study-studies have和has has为have(有,吃)的单数形式 They have a lot of money.

最新初中英语语法知识—动词的全集汇编含答案(3)

一、选择题 1.Alice, it's time for school. Let me _______, or I will be late for class. A.go B.come C.to go D.to come 2.Parents always hope their children a happy and healthy life. A.to live B.can live C.living D.should live 3.Coffee is ready. How nice it ______! Would you like some? A.looks B.smells C.sounds D.feels 4.Ted likes Art, his brother . A.but; isn't B.and; don't C.but; doesn't D.but ;don't 5.—Why ______ you so busy these days? —Because they arrived ______ London ______ the morning of July1. A.are; in , in B.are; in , on C.do; on , in D.do; at , on 6.A number of visitors ________visiting our school. The number of them________ about 180. A.is;are B.are; is C.is; is D.are; are 7.I tried to make the baby ________by singing, and that worked well at last. A.stop crying B.to stop crying C.stop to cry D.to stop to cry 8.—William, your hat _______ nice. —Thanks. A.buys B.looks C.finds 9.This is a photo of my grandpa. He young A.looks B.feels C.sounds D.hears 10.There________some water in the bottle. A.is B.am C.are D.be 11.— What kind of home do you ? — A flat three bedrooms. A.live in; with B.live; with C.live in; has D.live; has 12.These chicken wings taste ________. I want more. A.well B.wonderfully C.nice D.bad 13.I don't have a Ping-Pong ball, _______ my brother _______. A.but; do B.and; does C.and;do D.but; does 14.Nothing ______ difficult if you put your heart into it. A.is B.are C.am D.Be 15.Tom and Jim __________ in Class 3. A.is B.be C.am D.are 16.The Great Wall (长城) ________ long and it ________ a long history (历史). A.has; is B.is; is C.is; has D.have; has 17.Their eyes __________blue, but ours_________black. A.are; are B.is; are C.are; is . D.are; is 18.When did your father your mother?

Be动词和助动词的用法区别

1、be动词的用法。 be am / is are 现在时 was were 过去时 单数复数 英语中,be动词选用单数还是复数,要由主语来定,主语是单数,就用单数,反之用复数。 ◆句中含有be动词时: 肯定句:主语+be +其他 否定句:主语+ be + not +其他 一般疑问句: Be +主语+其他+? 特殊疑问句:疑问词(what / who / when / where)+ be +主语+其他+? I am a teacher. You are right. She is 16 years old. My father is at home. The students are playing games. My teacher was ill yesterday. There is a picture on the wall. There are two books on the table. ★ be动词用法歌: 我用am,你用are,is 连接他她它。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃;变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记; 疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。 ★ be动词作谓语,它后面一般跟名词、形容词或介词短语。 2、助动词的用法。 英语句子按正常语序是“什么人或事物” + “做什么”,即,我们常说的“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”。 ①主语为I 或复数名词、代词时: 肯定句: I / We / They / The students +动词原形+其他+。 We watch TV every night. 变否定:主语+don’t +动词原形+其他+。 We don’t watch TV every night. 一般疑问句 Do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 + ? Do you watch TV every night? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. 特殊疑问句:疑问词 + do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 + ? How often do you watch TV? ②主语为单数名词或代词时: 肯定句:主语 + 动词第三人称单数形式 + 其他 + 。 He watches TV every night. 否定句:主语+ doesn’t+动词原形+其他+。

高考英语语法:动词

动词 1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。例如: We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(have是实义动词。) He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(have是助动词。) 3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词、不及物动词,英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 4)动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词例如:She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。) 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。 5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。) 6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。 5.1 系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。例如: He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

(完整版)什么是助动词

什么是助动词 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如: He is singing.他在唱歌。 He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如: He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如: Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗? Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him.我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that.他的确知道那件事。 3)最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 助动词be的用法 1)be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如: They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如: The window was broken by Tom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。 3)be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容: a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如: He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the fresh persons.我们要教新生。 说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令,例如: You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。 c.征求意见,例如: How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他?

英语中be动词用法和助动词---do

英语中be动词用法和助动词---do 1. 由连系am,is,are构成的句子:变一般疑问句时把am,is,are提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可。变否定句时直接在am,is,are后面加not即可。例如: 肯定句:He is a student. 一般疑问句: Is he a student? 否定句: He is not a student. 反问句: He is a student, isn't he? He isn't a student, is he? 画线提问: 对he提问: Who is a student? 对a student 提问: What is he? or What does he do? 2. 由情态动词can, may, should等构成的句子: 变一般疑问句时把can,may,提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可.变否定句时直接在can,may,后面加not即可. 例如: 肯定句: She can swim. 一般疑问句: Can she swim? 否定句: She can not swim. 反问句: She can swim, can't she? She can not swim, can she? 画线提问: 对she提问: Who can swim? 对swim提问: What can she do? 3. 由行为动词构成的句子: 需要加助词do或does. 变一般疑问句时把do/does放在句子前面. 例如: 肯定句: They play football after school. 一般疑问句: Do they play football after school? 否定句: They don't (do not) play football after school. 反问句: They play football after school, don't they?

助动词

助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1)构成否定式: He didn't go and neither did she. 他没去,她也没去。 The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 会议可能直到五点才开始。 2)构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? 你一定要马上离开吗? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 你已经学了五年法语,不是吗? 3)构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. 他无处得到他姐姐的任何消息。 Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚到,她就开始抱怨起来。 4)代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. can和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如: Can you finish this work tonight? 你今晚能完成这项工作吗? Man can not live without air. 人离了空气不能活。 — Can I go now? — Yes, you can. —我现在可以走了吗?—你可以。 注意:①could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could 不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如: Could I come to see you tomorrow? 我明天能来看您吗? Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.) 是的,你可以。(不,恐怕不行。) ②can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。如: I'll not be able to come this afternoon. 我今下午不能来。 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) Can this be true? 这可能是真的吗?

etre助动词2

注意:有些动词在做不及物动词使用时,助动词用être;但做及物动词使用时,助动词用avoir 如: Passer vi.经过 Je suis passé chez toi hier. 但是 Passer vt.度过 J’ai passé le week-end chez toi. Sortir vi.出来 Nous sommes sorti s pour voir notre professeur. 但是 Sortit vt.把...拿出来 Nous avons sorti notre livre de notre sac. Monter vi. 登上,上 Elle est montée dans le bus.

但是 Monter vt.往上搬 Elle a monté sa valise dans le bus. Descendre vi.下来 Ils sont descendu s du train. 但是 Descendre vt.取下来,拿下来 Ils ont descendu ce tableau. Entrer vi.进入 Je suis entré dans la salle 但是 Entrer vt.收进,使进入 J’ai entré la voiture au garage. Retourner vi.回来

Ma mère est retournée hier. Retourner vt.翻转 Ma mère a retourné la crêpe dans la casserole. Rentrer vi.回来 La s?ur de Paul est rentrée chez elle. 但是 Rentrer vt. 收进,使进入 La s?ur de Paul a rentréles vêtements dans la valise.

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