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2020届棉中高三英语科寒假试卷9第二部分阅读理解（共两节, 满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
ATo ensure an excellent experience during your tour of the Mark Twain House, here are some guidelines and general information:The House is Shown Only by Guided Tour.To ensure an optimum（最佳）experience, house tours are limited to 14 people, first-come, first-served. If your group has more than 10 people, call （860） 280-3130 to reserve a discounted group tour in advance of your visit. If you have a party of fewer than 10 people feel free to purchase tickets online： We will hold them at Will Call. The tour schedule is usually online about a month in advance.Our site is made up of three buildings.IThe Webster Bank Museum Center at the Mark Twain House & Museum is always your first and last stop as it houses our ticket counter, museum store, film, exhibits and café. All tours gather in the museum center before heading over to Mark Twain's historic 1874 home. Mark Twain's historic carriage house is the third building on our property, but is generally not open to the public. The hayloft （干草棚） has been repurposed into offices and the main floor of the bam is a space available for rent for parties and meetings.Coupons & DiscountsThe Mark Twain House offers only a few coupons and discounts.The price you pay for admission helps us maintain the beauty of this icon of American architecture.If you are lucky enough to find one of those special offers online or at your local library, keep in mind they are good only for the general Mark Twain House Tours. No passes or discounts may be applied to our specialty tours.21. What kind of tour booked beforehand enjoys a discount?A. Specialty tour.B. Guided tour.C. Group tour with 9 people.D. Group tour with 13 people.22. Which place is not available to tourists?A. The Webster Bank Museum Center.B. Mark Twain's historic carriage house.C. The hayloft.D. Mark Twain's historic 1874 home.23. What is the purpose of charging admission fees?A. To earn more money.B. To well preserve the House.C. To support Mark Twain's family.D. To offer parties and meetings.BMy father loves his garden. He planted some seeds in it. But at that time I didn't understand why working in the dirt excited him so much.Unfortunately, in early May, my father was seriously injured in an accident He had to stay in bed for a while. My mother had several business trips so she couldn't take care of the garden・ I didn't want my father to worry, so I said that I would take care of his garden until he recovered. I assumed that the little plants would continue to grow as long as they had water, and luckily it rained fairly often so I didn't think much about the garden.One Saturday morning, my father said to me, "Christine, the vegetables should be about ready to be picked. Let's have a salad today!" I went out to the garden and was upset to see that many of the lettuce leaves and carrots had been half eaten by bugs. There were hundreds of bugs all over them!I panicked for a moment, but then I quietly went to the nearest store to buy some vegetables .When I gave the salad to him, he said, "Oh, Christine, what a beautiful salad! I can't believe the carrots are this big already. You must be taking very good care of my garden."I felt a little bit guilty.Coming home, my mother saw the bag from the supermarket in the kitchen. I was embarrassed and I admitted, "Dad wanted a salad, but the garden was a disaster. I didn't want to disappoint him so I went to the store." She laughed but promised to help me in the garden and weeks later I was finally able to pick some.I carefully made a salad and took it to my father. He looked at it with a hint of a smile. "Christine, the ca rrots are smaller in this salad, but they taste better.”Now, I better understand how putting a lot of effort into caring for something can help you appreciate the results more, however small they maybe. Perhaps this was one of the reasons for my father's love of gardening.24. Christine originally said she would do the gardening because she _______ .A. knew it was important to her fatherB. wanted to improve her gardening skillsC. was asked by her father to do itD. was interested in growing vegetables25. Which of the following was a problem in the garden?A. Animals often dug in the garden.B. Insects destroyed the lettuce and carrots.C. The plants were given too much water.D. The vegetables were marked incorrectly.26. Christine could secretly make the salad from store-bought vegetables becauseA. her father couldn't see the garden's progressB. her father was in hospital at that timeC. her mother helped her to buy the vegetablesD. her mother helped her to make a spray27. What did Christine learn through her experience of gardening?A. Always prepare for a rainy day.B. Don't be disappointed by bugs.C. Hard work can be rewarding.D. Working alone produces results.CFrom quiet paths by a stream in a forest to busy roads running through a city, people have created various forms of routes in different places. These now exist all around us, and their use is imperative for societies. These routes have enabled people to move, transport things, and send information from one place to another quickly and safely. Throughout history, they have been important in our daily lives.Early routes were often formed naturally on land. They gradually developed over long periods of time while people traveled them on foot or horseback. A significant turning point in their history arrived when the first wheeled carts appeared in ancient times. Once this happened, people recognized the importance of well- maintained routes. Therefore, towns, cities, and entire countries improved them, As a result, life became more convenient, communities grew, economies evolved, and cultures expanded.People have established routes on water, too. Rivers and canals have served as effective routes for people to move around and carry things. For instance, in the old, Japanese city of Edo, water routes were used for the transportation of agricultural products, seafood, and wood. People have also opened routes across the sea. The seaways were critical for the navigation of ships, particularly in the days when they moved mainly by wind power. Using these sea routes, people could travel great distances, and go to places they had not previously been able to reach.People have gone on to open routes in the sky as well. Since the invention of the airplane, they have made it possible to travel long distances easily. Eventually, people became able to travel safely and comfortably high in the sky, and going vast distances only took a small amount of time.Today, we have a new type of route, the Internet. By using this worldwide route, people can easily obtain information that once was available mainly from books and face-to-face communication. They can also instantly send messages to large numbers of people all at once.As long as there have been people, there have been routes to connect them. Currently unknown routes will surely take us even further in the future.28. W hich of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word imperative in paragraph I?A. accidentalB. industrialC. essentialD. traditional29. Why is the example of Edo introduced in paragraph 3?A. To describe the difficulty of creating routes on the waterB .To emphasize the fact that it was an important cityC. To explain the use of water routes to move along the coastlinesD. To illustrate the important roles of water routes for cities30. What does paragraph 5 tell us about routes?A. Routes can be thought of as existing invisibly in the world.B. Routes that move information can be regarded as dangerous.C. The fundamental functions of routes are declining.D. The importance of different kinds of routes is the same.31. What is the main idea of this article?A. Humankind first created various types of convenient routes on land.B. Improvements in transportation have come at great cost.C. Technology has interfered with opening up routes around the world.D. The advancement of humanity was aided by the development of routes.DAttitudes toward new technologies often fall along generational lines. That is, generally, younger people tend to outnumber older people on the front end of a technological change. It is not always the case, though. When you look at attitudes toward driverless cars, there doesn't seem to be a clear generational divide. The public overall is split on whether they'd like to use a driverless car. In a study last year, of all people surveyed, 48 percent said they wanted to ride in one, while 50 percent did not.The fact that attitudes toward self-driving cars appear to be so steady across generations suggests how transformative the change to driverless cars could be. Not everyone wants a driverless car now—and no one can get one yet—but among those who are open to them, every age group is similarly involved.Actually, this isn't surprising. Whereas older generations are sometimes reluctant to adopt new technologies, driverless cars promise real value to these age groups in particular. Older adults, especially those with limited mobility or difficulty driving on their own, are one of the classic use-cases for driverless cars.This is especially interesting when you consider that younger people are generally more interested in travel-related technologies than older ones.When it comes to driverless cars, differences in attitude are more pronounced based on factors not related to age. College graduates, for example, are particularly interested in driverless carscompared with those who have less education: 59 percent of college graduates said they would like to use a driverless car compared with 38 percent of those with a high-school diploma or less.Where a person lives matters, too. More people who lived in cities and suburbs said they wanted to try driverless cars than those who lived in rural areas.While there's reason to believe that interest in self-driving cars is going up across the board, a person's age will have little to do with how self-driving cars can become mainstream. Once driverless cars are actually available for sale, the early adopters will be the people who can afford to buy them.32. What happens when a new technology appears?A. It farther widens the gap between the old and the young・B. It usually draws different reactions from different age groups.C. It often leads to innovations in other related fields.D. It contributes greatly to the advance of society as a whole.33. What does the author say about the driverless car?A. It will not necessarily reduce road accidents.B. It has given rise to unrealistic expectations.C. It does not seem to create a generational divide. ”D It may start a revolution in the car industry.34. Why does the driverless car appeal to some old people?A. It adds to the safety of their travel,B. It saves their energy.C. It arouses their interest in life.D. It helps with their mobility.35. What is likely to affect one's attitude toward the driverless car?A. The location of their residence.B. The amount of training they receivedC. The length of their driving experienceD. The field of their special interest.第二节（共5小题：每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业专题05 综合测试（五）（测）（含解析）I．语法填空（15分）【2020届广东省广州市执信中学高三上学期期中考试】语法填空（共10空；每空1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答卷标号为1-10的相应位置上。
Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by 1 questions, “Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually, many of the teachers can’t give students 2 efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway, 4 often simply say, “Read more and practise more, and you 5 (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 6 (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 6 not helpful to deal with the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally, I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based on the knowledge of English writing. 7 the English passages are written under some rules or principles, the science of reading and understanding may have a close relationship with writing. Reading comprehension can’t b e independent from the knowledge of writing. So 8 (do) better in reading comprehension, we should learn the knowledge of writing, study 9 questions are designed and the relationship 10 questions and the reading materials.II．短文改错（15）【2020届宁夏银川一中高三第三次月考】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下短文。
第9练定语从句基础巩固Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．AfterlivinginAustraliaformanyyears，Louisefinallyreturnedtothecountryshewasborn. 2．Anothersayingwhichhascomefromthefableis“Godhelpsthosehelpthemselves.”3．Hisintereststartedafewyearsago，hewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience. 4．Therearemanygoodwebsitesyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．Untilnow，wehaveraised3,000poundsforthepoorchildren，isquiteunexpected. 6．Wearelookingforwardtothedayourteamcanbeattheotherteaminthefinalmatch. 7．Acompanyprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad. 8．Theoldprofessor，childrenarestudyingabroad，isleadinganactivelife.9．Thehardworkinggirlwasadmittedtoakeyuniversity，wehadexpected. 10．Theoldscientist，wasborninShandong，hasmadeagreatachievementinhisfield.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)11．It’sablacksquaresuitcase，whatisjustasbigasaschoolbag. 12．MarycametoChinawithherparents，whomtaughtEnglishinauniversity. 13．Ablogwillbeopenedonthewebsiteofourschool，thataimstohelpstudentstocommunicatebetter.14．IhaveanAmericanfriend，Marianne，shelivesalonebuthasapetdog，Sparky. 15．AltogetherIhadfiveroommates，twoofwhicharrivedlater.16．First，theplacewherewe’vedecidedtovisit—theForestParkisnotfarawayfromthecity. 17．People’shealthisharmedoncetheytakeinthesegases，whatmaycauseaseriesofdiseases. 18．Thedaybeforeyesterday，Iwenttothelargestbookstorewhereisnearourschooltobuyabook. 19．Theproductsareprovidedforourschoolcanteen，whichwecanenjoyahealthydiet. 20．Thatisoftenthecase，Sallylookedinherdiary，andsaidwecouldgettogetherforlunch.技法总结在语法填空中解答定语从句类题目，首先要找准先行词，分析句子结构以确定从句所缺的成分，如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，引导词需要用关系代词；如果缺少状语，引导词则用关系副词。
（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业专题12 综合测试（十二）（测）（含解析）I．语法填空（15分）【2020届宁夏银川一中高三第三次月考】（共10小题；每题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Nowadays, it is common that more and more high school students open their own micro blogs on the Internet. For one thing, it can provide a colorful platform to show their talent. For1 ，it is a useful way to release their2 (press). And all these make it more and more popular with high school students.3 many parents and teachers hold a different view. They think tha t managing one’s micro blog will take a lot of time and energy,4 should be used to study.In my view, I am greatly in favor 5 this activity. Today the Internet 6 (play)an important and essential role in our life .Therefore, as high school students of the Infor mation Age ,we need to learn to make use of this 7 (mean ) tool to communicate and display ourselves. What’s more, opening and organizing micro blogs need various abilities such as writing, designing, being skillful at computer and so on . Only if we master those abilities can we make a successful micro blog. As a result, we improve ourselves while 8 ( organize) our micro blogs .In fact, micro blog 9 (oneself) is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it 10matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.II．短文改错（15）【2020届黑龙江省哈六中高三上学期期中考试】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文。
（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业专题13 综合测试（十三）（测）（含解析）I．语法填空（15分）【2020届山西省太原五中高三10月月考】第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式（不多于三个单词）。
Last weekend as I was riding in the bike lane alongside the truck, we reacheda crossing and it turned to the right, 61 (hit) me and my bicycle. Even more upsetting was the fact 62 the driver didn’t stop afterward. 63 , I was not injured and my bicycle was damaged, but still usable.Even days after I reported the event to the police, they failed to 64 (proper) solve this situation or even return my calls. Eventually, I decided 65 (contact) University Student Legal Services for help about this matter. The small damage may not seem worth all 66 trouble, but what if I had been seriously 67 (injure)? Will anyone see punishment for breaking traffic laws and damagi ng my property?Unfortunately, my experience is common, and 68 (accident) between bikes and cars occur far too often. A comprehensive study 69 (report) that of the nearly 3,000 cyclist-motorist crashes that occurred between 2000 and 2020, about 20 percent were hit-and-runs.Bicycles are held to the same standards as motor vehicles in most cases , 70 means that cyclists must obey all the traffic rules, and also have the right to get damages in the accidents. I urge both cyclists and motorists to become familiar with their righ ts and duties when sharing the roads.II．短文改错（15）【2020届江西省临川一中高三10月月考】假定英语课上老师要求同桌中间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。
（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业专题15 名词与冠词（练）（含解析）【2020届甘肃兰州一中冲刺卷四】通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
After attending a conference, I returned to my hotel room late one evening．The overhead light out-side my door was burned out and I had 21 finding the keyhole．When I 22 to open the door, I 23 around the wall for a light switch．I found a plate where a switch was 24 installed… but no switch! Not discouraged easily, I remembered 25 a lamp by the bed when I deposited my luggage 26 in the day．I found the bed in the 27 and then the lamp, but when I switched it on, nothing 28 ! I thought that perhapsif I opened the curtains I might be able to use whatever light comes in from the 29 to find another lamp．So I 30 my way slowly across the room to the curtains and …no drawstring! I finally stumbled（跌跌撞撞地） around 31 I found a desk lamp which actually 32 !That evening I discovered in a whole new way just how dark the world 33 be and how-necessary light is! But even more necessary than 34 light is the light that shines from people—the light of 35 and faith．Because, for many people, the world is a dark and 36 place．For someone today just may be stumbling in discouragement or sadness or fear and in 37 of some light．So let your light shine．Whatever light you 38 may be a beacon of hope and encouragement．And if you feel that your light is 39 a candlein a forest remember there isn’t enough darkness in all the world to 40 the light of one small candle．21．A．confidence B．respect C．admiration D．difficulty22．A．managed B．failed C．wished D．meant 23．A．touched B．felt C．sensed D．looked 24．A．already B．never C．still D．once 25．A．equipping B．producing C．spotting D．removing 26．A．later B．earlier C．lower D．upper 27．A．light B．dark C．room D．corner 28．A．happened B．operated C．fired D．developed 29．A．machine B．street C．room D．car 30．A．wound B．forced C．made D．lost31．A．after B．until C．while D．since 32．A．helped B．affected C．worked D．inspired 33．A．can B．shall C．will D．must 34．A．mental B．psychological C．electrical D．physical 35．A．existence B．love C．truth D．wisdom 36．A．lonely B．colourful C．friendly D．complex 37．A．short B．favor C．face D．need 38．A．make B．offer C．take D．contribute 39．A．not more than B．other than C．no more than D．rather than40．A．put out B．give out C．get over D．set up【2020届甘肃民乐一中5月诊断】When I started riding a bike a couple of years ago, I didn't think my involvement would ever be more serious than the occasional short ride. But as I built strength, my friends ___21____me to step up my training and try some longer trips, The first one to come along was a 150-mile trip, the MS-150, an annual ___22____ that raises money tofight AIDS.When I registered，the idea seemed fantastic and I trained with __23__.However，as the time for the rid e approached，my selfdoubts __24__ beyond my endurance(忍耐)．I __25__ wanted to raise money for the charity，but I didn’t really want to bike all those miles for two days straight. The ride began on a beautiful Sunday morning in the Georgia countryside，and for the first few hours I felt __26__.This was just the experience I had __27__，and my spirits were high.__28__ by the end of the day，I felt tired out. If the body is __29__ to the mind，here was evidence. Every __30__ my brain pushed out seemed to travel right down to my legs. “I can’t handle this” became a leg cramp (抽筋)，and “Everyone else is a better rider” translated into __31__ of breath. I was sure I’d h ave to __32__.As I topped the crest (顶) of a hill，the beautiful sunset kept me going for a few minutes more. Then in the distance，I saw a lone woman riding very slowly __33__ the bright red sun. I __34_ that the person looked different in some way，but I couldn’t tell why. So I pushed myself to _35__.There she was，riding along slowly but __36__，with a slight and determined smile on her face and she had only one leg.My focus changed in that instant. For a whole day I’d been __37__ my body. But now I knew it wasn’t the body，but the __38_ that would help me reach my goal. It rained all the second day. I never saw the one-legged biker again，but I pushed on without __39__，knowing she was out there with me somewhere. And at the end of the day，still feeling __40__，I completed the 150mile trip.21. A. encouraged B．forbade C．forcedD．warned22. A. accident B．event C．incidentD．affair23. A. care B．ease C．enthusiasmD．difficulty24. A. achieved B．gained C．progressedD．advanced25. A. still B．even C．rather D．then26. A. nervous B．disappointed C．wonderful D．refreshed27. A. assumed B．appreciated C．admiredD．imagined28. A. But B．Therefore C．Meanwhile D．Moreover29. A. opposite B．connected C．exposedD．equal30. A. cause B．reason C．excuseD．effect31. A. holding B．saving C．catching D．shortness32. A. quit B．continue C．insist D．fade33. A. on B．against C．down D．over34. A. observed B．watched C．noticed D. overlooked35. A. put up B．look up C．catch upD．take up36. A. steadily B．abruptly C．closelyD．narrowly37. A. trusting B．doubting C．cheatingD．fighting38. A. strength B．honesty C．willD．power39. A. struggling B．arguing C．discussing D. complaining40.A. strong B．weak C．healthy D．spiritless。
定语从句一.定语从句①定语从句定义：在复合句中，修饰名词、代词，在句子中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。
China is a country that/which has a long history.②先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或者代词称为先行词。
The man (whom/who/that) I have to phone lives in Canada.③引导定语从句的词叫做关系代词或关系副词统称为关系词。
☆关系代词：who、 that 、 whom 、 which 、 whose 、as☆关系副词：when、where、why☆关系代词和关系副词有三大作用，即连接（连接主句和定语从句）、替代（替代前面的先行词）、成分（在定语从句中要充当一定的句子成分）。
二、三、关系词只能用that而不用which的情况1．当先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, much等不定代词时。
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?All that can be done has been done.2．先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3．先行词被all, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
I’ve read all the books that are not mine.4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.2020届高三英语练习Class__________No._________Name____________Score_________ 一．单句语法填空1. The number of people ________ lost homes reached as many as 250,000.2. The boy _________ we saw yesterday was John's brother.3.This is the most delicious food ________I have ever had.4.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _________are built close to each other.(2018山东)5.Kate, _________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.(2018天津)6.The students benefiting most from college are those _________ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life.(2019 北京)7.I disapprove the reasons ____________he came up with.8. I don't know the reason __________ he looks unhappy.9. I don't like the way __________ he talked to his mother.10. Do you know the date _________ Lincoln was born?11. The farm _________ we picked cotton was 90 kilometers away.12.This is the factory __________ his father worked last year?13.Look, here are some people I want you to meet.14.The picture was about the accident was terrible.二．单句改错。
（寒假总动员）2015年高三英语寒假作业专题13 语法填空（学）语法填空题是给出200字左右的一段短文或对话，段落中给出10个填空，其中4个填空是给出一个单词，填写它的正确词形，如形容词的比较级等，其余6个填空是结合上下文直接填词（不多于3个单词）。
这要求考生既要掌握熟练的语法知识，还要有一定的语言阅读能力。
从单选题那种单独句子中的单独的语法考核，到短文中的语法实际应用，此次题型转变得更加灵活。
考题的难易程度应该是有所下降的，刻板的单纯语法考题将逐渐消失，基础知识好的考生完成语法填空题应该不成问题。
针对语法填空题如何复习，提醒考生，应继续进行语法知识的复习，加强对词汇本身用法，如主、被、动，固定短语搭配，冠词、连词等运用进行复习。
语篇语法填空解题技巧解语篇语法填空，要从“词、句、篇”三个层面去思考。
（1）词汇层面方法1：做主语或宾语的名词或“形容词+名词”前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时，根据上下文填冠词。
【例1】The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ______ small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.【解析】a 第一次提到的可数名词单数前用不定冠词，表示“一个”。
【例2】I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had ______ amazing conversation.【解析】an 短语搭配have a conversation“和……交谈”。
【例3】But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her, it was probably the fact that she sat in ______ last row.【解析】the 特指最后一排，在序数词/最高级前，用定冠词。
解密10定语从句考点详解【考点解读】定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。
纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。
如: that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等。
2. 考查whose的使用。
whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。
指物时, whose＋名词＝名词＋of which ＝of which＋名词。
如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。
尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。
4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。
如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5. 考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。
关系代词作定语时也可用whose。
如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。
如: 当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词＋which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。
（寒假总动员）2020年高三英语寒假作业 专题09 定语从句（学） 定语从句 定语从句是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。纵观近年各地高考试题，就能发现考点大多集中在带有"插入语"的定语从句；which 、as 引导的非限定性定语从句； where 、 when引导的定语从句以及定语从句和强调句、同位语从句的区别等方面。对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。 【重点知识整合】 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词，关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as，关系副词有when, where, why。 一、关系词的基本用法 who 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 whom 指人，在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语 that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语 as 指人、物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语 where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语 why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语 （1）The man (whom /who/that) my mother saw in the street is my teacher. （2）The book which/ that tells us about the earth is interesting. （3）She lives in a house whose windows faces south. （4）Do you know the boy whose father is an English teacher? （5）I have never heard such stories as he tells.
关系代词
关系副词 （6）I’ll never forget the day when /on which I joined the army. （7）I won’t forget the factory where / in which my father worked. （8）Tell me the reason why you came late. 二、必须用“that”引导的定语从句 1、当先行词是不定代词all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some等时。 He did everything that he could to help us. 2、先行词被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last , few , just 等修饰时。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice. 3、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。 This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 4、当先行时前有such 或the same修饰时，先行词和关系代词指同一物时。 She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday. 5、先行词既有人又有物时， Later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 6、当主句是以who或which开始时的特殊疑问句时， Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 7、在同一个句子里，若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用了which， 另一个宜用that. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 8、当关系代词在从句中作表语时。（只限于限制性定语从句中） China is no longer the country that it used to be. 9、当先行词是集体名词时，多用that， He wants to join the team that won the game. 10、that在有些句型中可作为关系副词，且可省略。 I don’t like the way (that) he talks to me. 三、只用which不用that时情况 1、引导非限制性定语从句时：Bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking. 2、先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。 This is the house in which Lu Xun lived. 3、先行词本身是that时：What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 4、先行词后有插入语时， Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English. 5、which 用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。 He is an engineer, which I am not。 关系代as：在限制性定语从句中用在such, the same, as, so之后，as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。 I have the same book as you（have）. Take as many as you want. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. This is such a book as was given to me. 四、关系代词的省略情况 1、关系代在从句中作宾语时。 Have you received the book (that) I sent you last week? 2、关系代词在从句中作表语时。 Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. 3、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而这个介词又在句末时。 This is the artist (whom) I spoke to you about. 注意：关系代词的省略是指在限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。 五、带介词的定语从句 1、固定词组，介词置于后，关系代词使用灵活。 This is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after. 2、非固定词组，介词位置灵活，关系代词使用严格。 The man (whom/ who/ that) I spoke to is a friend of mine. The man to whom I spoke is a friend of mine. 3、介词词组（关系代词远离先行词） In front of, on top of ,at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of. We stand in a building in front of which stands a lab. We arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower. 4、代词/数词+of +关系代词 He has written many books, most of which are for children. We have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions. 5、介词+关系代词+代词/数词：He has written many books, of which most are in Chinese. 6、介词+whose 修饰后面的名词：He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money. 六、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 ·限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用。如果没有它，主句的意思就不完整，这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，在口语中前后没有停顿。 He is the man whose father died last week. That is the reason why I didn’t open the door. 七、as 引导非限制性定语从句与which 的区别 1、用于非限制性定语从句时，可以指代整个主句的内容，as 和which 可以换用。 He left her, as/ which was strange. 2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首，句中和句尾。 As everyone knows, Tom is good at English. The earth, as we know, moves round the sun. 3、非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as 作主语。 as is said/ known/ announced/ reported/ mentioned/ expected/ disused等。 As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 4、as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，因此，下列句式中多用as: as has been said above as anybody can see as we had expected as (it) appears Things are not always as they appear. 5、which 引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。 The decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted. 6、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词）从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。 The football match, which I watched yesterday, is very interesting. 7、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句的谓语带有宾语，有的还带宾语补足语。 After that things improved, which astonished me. Water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change. 8、which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句意思可与主句相反，即从句为否定式或带否定前缀的形容词。 He can write a letter in English, which I cannot. He was married again, which was unexpected.
