a big sale 大减价
a bite to eat 一口（饭），一点儿（吃的东西）
a bunch of 一束；一群，一伙
a change of pace 节奏的改变
a conflict in one's schedule 日程安排中有冲突
a couple of 两三个，几个
a far cry from 离……差得老远，有很大的差别
a great deal 很不错的买卖，很划算的买卖
a heart of gold 金子般的心（形容某人心特好、特慷慨大度）
a long way off 还有好长一段距离，还早着呢
a matter of time 时间问题
a million things 一百万件事情，很多事情（通常想说某人很忙）
a million times 一百万次，很多次
a must 必须的条件，不可缺少的东西
a phone call away 一个电话之外（意为愿意帮忙，只要打个电话，另一方就会跑过来帮忙）
a quarter of an hour 一刻钟
a rare treat 少有的款待
a roll of film 一卷胶卷
a sheet of paper 一张纸
a stack of 一堆、一摞
a waste of money 浪费钱
a waste of time 浪费时间
a while back 一段时间之前、不久之前absent-minded 心不在焉，健忘absent-minded professor 健忘的人abstract painting 抽象画
academic calendar 校历
account for 解释，说明
acquire a taste 对……有兴趣，开始喜欢act up 发作，尤指疾病发作
add up 加，加起来，加到一起address book 通讯薄administration building 行政楼，办公楼advanced course 高级课程
aerobics class 健身操班
after all 毕竟、终究，到底，终于agree on 商定的，达成一致的
agree with 同意，适合
ahead of time 提前
air conditioner 空调
air-conditioned 空调的；有空调的aisle seat 靠近过道的座位
alarm clock 闹钟
all along 一直，始终
all I need is… 我只需要……
allergic to 对……过敏
and how 对，正确，是这样的
annual checkup 年度体检
answering machine （电话）答录机
antique car 古董车，老爷车
antique show 古玩展览
anything but 单单除……之外；恰恰不apartment building 宿舍楼
apartment complex 公寓大楼
apple pie 苹果派
apply for 申请
are you kidding? 你开什么玩笑？
around the clock 一天不间断，一天24小时不停around the corner 在街角附近
art gallery 美术馆
as a matter of fact 事实上
as a rule 一般来说，通常
as far as I know 就我所知
as far as I'm concerned 就我来讲，我的意见是as fit as a fiddle 身体特别好
as good as 和……一样好
as long as 只要；和……一样长
as soon as 一……就……
as soon as possible 尽快
ask for 要求找……
ask for a refund 要求退钱
ask somebody for a ride 请求搭车
at all 一点也不
at hand 在手头，在手边
at home 感觉很自在
at home with 对……感到很熟悉
at least 至少
at once 同时
at the most 至多，顶多
at this point 这时候
at this rate 以这种速度
at your service 愿意为您效劳
audition for 参加……面试
auto inspection center 汽车检测中心
auto show 汽车展览
back out 退出
baggage counter 行李柜台
basketball game 篮球比赛
basketball practice 篮球训练
bathing suit 游泳衣
be a mystery to someone 对某人来讲是个谜，不明白
be a total bore 特没意思
be about to 就要做……
be absent from school 缺课
be absorbed in 专注于，被……吸引
be accustomed to 习惯于
be acquainted with 和……认识
be addicted to 对……上瘾
be all in a day's work 日常生活的一部分
be attached to 对……有感情
be backed up （交通）堵了；（活）拖下来了be behind in 落后
be behind schedule 晚点
be better off 会更好的
be bound for 去……地方
be bound to 一定会，必然会
be burned up 生气
be capable of 有能力做……
be critical of 对……持批评态度，批评……
be done (菜)熟了
be done (with) 完成，做完了
be finished 做完了
be finished with 做完了，完成了
be free of 摆脱，清除
be free to 自由去做……
be good with 擅长
be hard on 对……苛刻
be hard up for 缺少
be head and shoulders above 比……高出很多be headed for 去……地方
be in a mood for something 有心情做某事
be in luck 有运气，幸运
be in the dark 蒙在鼓里，不知道
be known to 为……所熟知
be made of money 是钱做的；很有钱
be off caffeine 不能沾咖啡因
be off to 去……地方
be on a diet 正在节食
be on loan to somebody 借给某人
be oneself 显得自然
be one's old self 恢复常态
be onto something 想到点儿什么东西，有些想法be overwhelmed 招架不住
be overwhelmed with 忙着做
be prepared for 为……做好准备
be relevant to 和……相关
be responsible for 对……负责任
be right on target 正中靶心，讲得很到位
be sensitive to 对……敏感
be sick of 对……感到厌恶
be slated to 提名……作候选人；内定……的职务be stuck 卡住了，动不了；被困住了，被难住了be suitable for 合适做……
be supposed to 应该
be swamped with 忙于……
be through (with) 做完……
be tied up 被占用
be tied up in 忙于做……
be up to somebody 由某人来做决定
be used to 对……习惯了
be worth the wait 值得等
bear up well 表现得很坚强
before long 不久，很快
begin one's diet 开始节食
behind the times 落后于时代
believe in 相信
believe it or not 信不信由你
belong to 属于
benefit concert 慈善音乐会
better luck next time 下次好运
better than half 一多半
birth certificate 出生证明
birthday present 生日礼物
bit by bit 一点儿一点儿，逐步地，慢慢地
bite off more than one can chew 贪多嚼不烂
black and blue 青淤的；淤血的
black coffee 黑咖啡
boil down to 归结为
book bag 书包
book up 订光（常用于被动语态）
box office 售票处
break down 坏了，出故障
break even 收支相抵
break new ground 有了新的突破
break up 散了；（男女朋友）吹了
bright sides 光明面
brighten one's spirits 使情绪好起来
bring somebody up-to-date on 告诉某人最新的消息bring……along 一块带来
broad claims （论文中）宽泛的论点
broken string 弦断了
brown paper 牛皮纸
brush up on 重温，再练（荒疏的学业、技术）
bulletin board 广告栏，布告栏
bump into 碰到某人，撞上某人；撞上……
burn a hole in one's pocket 有钱就会在口袋里烧个洞，有钱存不住burn the midnight oil 点灯熬夜
burn up 生气
bus fare 公共汽车票钱
bus schedule 公共汽车时刻表
bus station 汽车站
bus tour 乘公共汽车旅游
busy signal （电话）占线的声音
by air 乘飞机
by all means 当然
by accident 不小心，偶然
by and by 很快
by leaps and bounds 跳跃地，非常快地by oneself 自己一个人，单独
cable TV 有线电视
call for 打电话找……
call for 说，预报
call for directions 打电话问方向
call it a day 就此结束，到此结束
call off 取消
call on sb. 访问，拜访
call up 给……打电话
camping trip 露营
campus security office 学校保卫办公室can help 能够避免
can't get enough of something 听不够，用不够，吃不够can't help doing 避免不了；忍不住
cancel an appointment 取消约会
care for 喜欢
carry on 继续下去
carry out 执行，履行
cash the check 将支票兑现
catch on 流行起来；理解
catch on the nail 钩在钉子上
catch one's breath 喘气
catch one's eye 吸引……的目光，引人注意
catch up on 赶上，补上
catch up with 赶上某人
change one's mind 改变主意
check out 核实；查证
check up 检查
check with 查一查，和……核实一下
cheer up 高兴起来
chem. lab 化学实验课；化学实验室
chemistry lab 化学实验室；化学实验课
chocolate bar 一块巧克力
class presentation 课堂发言
class president 班长
class schedule 课程表
托福精选习语 1.have an ace in the hole?握有王牌,很有把握? When you have the ace in your hand,you have something which you can use to gain an advantage when you need it.?have an ace in the hole(American) 2.a class act?（在运动或演艺方面）很出色的人? I have been tracking Neil for a year,he is a class act and I have got a lot respect for his ability. ?我已跟踪尼尔一年，他是个出色的家伙，我很崇拜他的能力 3.break one’s back?努力地工作? When you"re breaking your back to make an enterprise work,it"s going to cut into your time with family.? 当你全身心投入工作的时候，会侵占到家庭生活的时间。 4.get someone’s back up?激怒某人? What does get my back up is a girlfriend who gets too jealous if someone else finds me attractive. 5.hat in hand?求助，乞讨? He ended up going hat in hand to the neighbours.? 他沦落到向邻居乞讨。 6.in the cards?可能发生? He believes an invasion was never in the cards.? 他相信入侵永不会发生。? 7.a change of heart?态度的改变? 8.get no change out of someone?从某人处没有得到任何帮助You won’t g et any change out of him,so don’t expect it .?你不会从他那儿得到任何帮助，别指望了。 9.chapter and verse?所有细节? The instruction gives you chapter and verse?使用说明给出了所有细节。
托福写作常用的80个高频形容词 在托福写作中，常常会运用到各种各样的形容词。下面环球教育小编收集的托福写作80个高频形容词备考，希望对考生会有所帮助。 1. pleasant and enjoyable多姿多彩的 2. boring, exhausting and stressful无聊的，繁重的, 压力大的 3. isolated, unsociable and depressed孤立的，不善于社交的，和抑郁的 4. addictive 上瘾的 5. aggressive 有上进心的 6. balanced 平衡的 7. compatible 兼容的 8. complicated 复杂的 9. confident 自信的 10. corrupt 腐败的 11. cutting-edge 尖端的 12. delicious 美味可口的 13. demanding 要求高的 14. detrimental 有害的 15. eccentric 古怪的 16. economical 节俭的 17. enlightened 开明的;文明的 18. fashionable 时髦的 19. feasible 可行的 20. flexible 灵活多样的 21. fruitful 有成效的
22. glamorous 富有魅力的 23. gorgeous 辉煌的 24. impressive 令人印象深刻的 25. incompatible 不和适宜的 26. indifferent 冷漠的 27. indispensable 不可或缺的 28. inexhaustible 取之不尽的 29. infectious 传染性的 30. influential 有影响力的 31. inhumane 不人道的 32. innocent 多管闲事的, 无辜的 33. instructive 智力的 34. intellectual 智力的 35. interpersonal 人际间的 36. irreparable 不可弥补的 37. luxurious 奢侈的 38. mature 成熟的 39. misleading 误导的 40. misrepresented 不如实叙述的 41. money-oriented 拜金的 42. nourishing 有营养的 43. old-fashioned/out of date 过时的 44. perilous 危险的 45. permissive 宽容的;许可的 46. pornographic 色情的
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
托福写作必备英文句型 在托福写作中，有一些常用的万能句型，跟托福写作模板的作用相似，都可以套用在托福写作中，帮助你在托福写作考试中取得高分。下面天道小编为大家列举了35种托福写作句型。 一、~~~ the + ~ est +名词+ (that) +主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read,etc) ~~~themost+形容词+名词+(that)+主词 +haveever+seen( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)
托福口语：50个地道的美国习语 1. a big shot 大腕儿，大亨 2. a breath of fresh air 使人耳目一新的人 3. Achilles'heel 致命弱点;个性的瑕疵 4. a knockout 引人注目 5. as clear as a bell 非常清楚 6. backseat driver 指手划脚的人 7. beauty is in the eyes of the beholder 情人眼里出西施 8. be hot and bothered 焦虑，不安 9. bite the hand that feeds you 忘恩负义 10. blow it 搞砸了，弄坏了 11. born with a silver spoon in your mouth 生于富贵之家，生来享受富贵 12. break a leg 祝你好运 13. breakeven 不赔不赚 14. break the ice 打破僵局;打破沉默 15. bucket down 瓢泼大雨 16. burn one's bridges 破釜沉舟，自断后路 17. by hookor by crook 不择手段，无论如何 18. cut corners 走捷径 19. do's and don'ts 行为规范
20. eat like a horse 吃得很多 21. fair and square 正大光明的 22. first things first 先说重要的 23. go to pieces 破碎，沮丧，心碎 24. go Dutch 各付各的钱 25. get carried away 得意忘形，失去理智 26. get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展 27. give somebody a ring 给某人打电话 28. give somebody a hand 协助某人 29. hang out 是和朋友一起做一些事 30. have cold feet 紧张 31. have one's hands full 很忙 32. high and dry 让某人陷入困境 33. hit the hay 去睡觉 34. jump to conclusion 妄下结论 35. lay off 停止，解雇 36. no stunt 别玩什么花样 37. pep talk 鼓励人的演说，说辞 38. pull one's leg 开某人玩笑 39. put someone on the spot 让某人为难 40. rumor has it that 据说……
写作关键用词及短语汇总
数量词 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion） 骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式 想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of
2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案 Questions 1-10 As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
考托者应记住的几条公理 1，托福作文就是新八股文 2，托福作文只要练好了人人可以拿27+ 3，托福作文得高分不意味着你英语水平有多高 4，提高英语水平靠多听多读多背多说多写多练多译 首先让我们全面剖析新托福作文：（以下要求均为我自己的理解，非官方版本，官方要求请参照OG） integrated writing/综合写作:要求考生在3分钟内读一篇文章，然后听一个lecture，在20分 （注：文章内容和lecture 钟内根据文章和lecture内容写一篇250字左右文章比较两者的观点。 内容注定是对立的，如果你考的不是对立的，那只有一种可能，你的RP次到了人神共愤的地步了。） 综合写作的八股在于：第一段指出reading passage和lecture内容是对立的；第二、三、四段从三个方面/点来说明他们的内容是怎样对立的；第五段总结一下他们之间确实是对立关系。 independent writing/独立写作：给定一个题目，要求考生在30分钟内写出400字左右的文章，要求逻辑清晰，论述有力，无明显的语法和词法错误。 独立写作八股在于：第一段陈述你的观点，支持哪一方；第二、三、四段从三个方面论述你的观点；最后一段总结一下，综上所述，某某观点是正确的。
综合写作：模板，套模板，一定要套模板！ 理由：1，模板让你的思路更加清晰，这是ETS要求的。 2，20分钟！开玩笑，怎么凑到300字？当然要用模板！ 3，阅读听力我都不怕，就怕作文，写三句话错两句，我怎么得26+？当然还是用模板，既然是模板就意味着是你精挑细选的句子，保证了写作的质量！ 提醒：1，模板要富于变化，一篇只能用5句那你就要准备10句！ 2，模板不能一味照搬别人的，避免重复！ 3，保证模板里的句子没有语法和用词错误！ 一般来说，大家把一下几个句子稍微变形，即完成了综合写作第一步 1. The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that… （用于第一段） 2. The professor made the point that …The reading , in contrast, held a different v iew .（用于第一或第二三四段） 3. Another important point showed in the listening material is that …but the reading presents a conflicting idea that…（用于第三四段） 4. Finally, the professor stated that ...which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that...（用于第四段） 5. In general, the professor discussed the problem of …that the reading viewed in a contrary\opposing\different angle.（最后总结段） 6. According to the lecture… on the other hand \while the reading stated that … 7. The professor made the point that… on the contrary\ in contrast\ however, the writer demonstrated an ideathat… 8. The lecture supports\illustrates the idea that… 9. The lecture contradicts\refutes\ is contrary to\ is the opposite of the idea that… 10. Contrary to the belief in the passage that …the professor says that… 11. The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…（6-11均用于第二三四段） 大家可以把连接词变化一下，把动词变化一下或句式稍变，11句话灵活运用。 除了模板以外，综合写作我们还需要做什么？ 做笔记，做听力笔记！ 99．9%的情况下，综合写作的主体内容是三个对立的观点，所以大家只要把这个三个点记下来，然后把阅读里相应的三点抠出来放到模板里面去，你的综合写作就做完了，就是这么简单！
托福100条必备习语(4) 86. be available to 使可得到 Their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West were made available to scientists. 87. be aware 意识到 I’m sure you are aware that one-third of your final grade is based on your lab work. 88. be bare of Written to be performed on a stage bare of scenery, Thornton Wilder’s play Our Town depicts life in a small New England community. 89. be beat be very tired精疲力尽 M: It’s almost midnight. Why don’t we leave those dishes until tomorrow? W: Good idea! I’m beat. 90. be behind in sth 延迟, 落后 M: Hey, Larry. Wanna (= Want to ) meet a few of us for coffee in a little while? W: Hmm, I would if I weren’t so far behind in this reading I’m doing for history. 91. be behind time 落后 M: Boy, how quickly technology changes! So many people have a computer in their home nowadays. W: I know. I feel so behind the time. 92. be beset with To trouble persistently; harass By 1970, the rail industry was beset with problems. 93. be better off doing sth 境况好 Wouldn’t she be better off getting a good night’s sleep so she’ll feel fresh in the morning? 94. be bound to do sth be certain to do sth It’s bound to rain soon. Without a plentiful and convenient supply of some suitable writing medium, development of the arithmetic process was bound to be hampered. 95. be brought up Mercy Warren was brought up with the values of gentility在上流社会的价值观影响下长大. 96. be capable of Snakes are capable of graceful motion throughout the entire length of their rubbery bodies. 97. be characteristic of
二. 知识与教育 (一)知识与智能 knowledge，n．知识，学问；认识；知道 knowledge acquisition 知识获取 knowledge hierarchy 知识体系 structure of knowledge 知识结构 comprehensive knowledge 全面的知识 scope of knowledge 知识面 value of knowledge 知识价值 knowledge industry 知识产业 knowledge management 知识管理 the aging of knowledge 知识老化 spread scientific knowledge 传播科学知识 thirst for knowledge 求知欲 Knowledge is infinite．／There is no limit to knowledge．学无止境(学海无涯)。 knowledgeable n．知识渊博的；有见识的 become knowledgable and professional 知识化、专业化 erudition n．博学，博识；学问；知识 erudite a．博学的，有学问的；n．博学之上，有学问的人 learned a．有学问的，博学的；精通某门学科的 a learned man 学者 learning n．知识；学问 book learning 书本知识 a man of great learning 博学之上，学问高深的人 have little learning 学识浅薄 an emergent branch of learning 一门新兴的学问 episteme n．(哲)知识 epistemic n．(哲)(关于)认识的；(关于)知识的 letters n．[用作单或复]文学；学问；文化修养 a man of letters文人 lore n．学问，知识；(有关某一学科的)全部知识 scholarship n．学术成就；学问，学识；奖学金 scholarly a．学者气质的；学者风度的
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 11 Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi. Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells
1. 一般功能词汇 因果关系 →导致，产生give rise to, lead to, result in, be responsible for, prompt 解析：give rise to, lead to, result in表示一般性的“导致、产生、造成”；be responsible for 不仅表示“为…负责”，也可以表示“产生”（being a source or cause），但多指“产生某种负面后果和不利局面”；prompt表示“激发”（To move to act; spur; incite），有“快速产生”之意。 Fast-paced modern life is responsible for the consumption of junk food. The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Sharon Stone’s remarks about China’s Sichuan earthquake prompted angry responses from the Chinese public. →产生于result from, originate in (from) 解析：result from表示“产生于”；originate in (from)表示“发源自” 例句：Youtiao originated in China. →归因于attribute ...to, blame…on, be the (main) culprit of 解析：attribute A to B表示“将A归因于B”；blame A on B，表示“将A（负 面的）归咎于B”；culprit本意表示“罪犯”(one charged with a crime or an offense)，比喻义表示“造成某种负面后果的原因”（the reason for a particular problem or difficulty） 例句：Children today are getting increasingly overweight. Experts believe that excessive consumption is the main culprit. →使某人做某事prompt sb to do sth, motivate sb to do sth 解析：prompt指“令某人做出某种具体行动的原因，强调快速激发”； motivate指“成为某人的做某事的动机” Many great businessmen are motivated not but the desire for money. →原因cause, reason 解析：cause指“造成某事客观原因”，reason指“用来解释的理由”。Reason 并不一定就是cause.跟cause有关的几种常用搭配： 真实原因real cause,
托福千条必备习语401-500 1.fly sb out to some place send sb by plane My company is flying me out to Hawaii on business next week. 2.catch a glimpse of Many spectators flocked to 拥到the farm to catch a glimpse of Mrs. Stowe. 一瞥. 3.follow one ' s lead 步其后尘 Following his lead, musicians dusted off long-abandoned accordions to perform and record traditional-style Cajun music. 4.follow suit To do as another has done; follow an example In Canada, Queen ' s University was the first to admit women into degree programs 学位课程, and the University of Toronto followed suit eight years later in 1884. 5.for a change I think I ' d like a cup of tea for a change （换换口味）. W: I ' m really looking forward to the picnic tomorrow. M: If we are lucky, we ' ll have some sun this year for a change. 6.for good measure in addition to the required amount 7.for one thing 首先 To tell you the truth, I ' ve been very worried about our final examinations next month. For one thing, I can ' t sleep.222 8.for the life of sb 无论如何 I can ' t for the life of me get tha t washing machine downstairs to work. 9.for the sake of 缘故 So you ' ll be taking courses just for the sake of learning. 10.for the time being Well, how about if, for the time being, I ' II plan on dropping heffoff （ 车 送） at your place on my way to work, around eleven? 11.from afar from a great distance 12.from place to place 各地 The salinity 含盐量of ocean waters is found to vary only slightly from place to place. 13.frown upon To express （disapproval, for example） by wrinkling the brow, disapprove of Mary frowned on the use of so much salt in the food. 14.fuse A with B 合并；结合 The Waste Land fused poetic traditions with elements of modern music and language. 15.gather one ' s wits