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英语类比构词趣谈

英语类比构词趣谈
英语类比构词趣谈

英语类比构词趣谈

类比构词(Word-Formation by Analogy )是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。其构词特点是,以某个同类词为模式,在语义上进行联想类比,替换其中某个词素,构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。例如,work aholic(工作迷)系仿alcoholic (嗜酒者)而造,而seajack(海上劫持)和skyjack(空中劫持)则是类比h ijack (拦路抢劫)而成,故都属类比词。

从原形词与类比词的联系来看,英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类:

一.数字、色彩类比

先看数字类比,例如,美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady (第一夫人),通过该词美国人又联想类比出 Fist Family(第一家庭)。First Mother(第一母亲)等词。就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增,获得了First Do g(第一狗)的殊荣,可谓一人得道,鸡犬升天。

再看色彩类比,例如,Black Power (黑人权力)最初是美国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号,后为美国其他少数种族所借用。为了反歧视争平等。印第安人提出了Red Power,美籍墨西哥人也提出了 BrownPower。另外,老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Powe r.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词,借指“金钱的力量”。green power

虽与上述种种Power风马牛不相及,但同属色彩类比,甚是有趣,亦含幽默。再看一例,较早出现的blue-collar (蓝领阶层的)和white-collar(白领阶层的)分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”,稍后产生的pink-colla r(粉领阶层的)和gray-collar(灰领阶层的),则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作者的”。近年来,又有两个新的英语类比词问世,即gold-collar (金领阶层的)和bright-collar (亮领阶层的),分别表示“高级专业人士的”和“电脑及通讯专业人士的”。

二.反义、对义类比

这方面英语类比词数目不少,俯拾可得。例如,nightmare (梦魇—daymare(昼魇),brain-drain(人材流失)—brain-gain(人材流入),flashback(倒叙)—flash-forward(超前叙述),high- tech(高技术的)—low-tech(低技术的),等等。

在这方面,有些类比词来得有趣,仿造奇特。例如man Friday源于小说《鲁滨逊飘流记》,指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人,后成其忠仆,故名。该词进入英语词汇后泛指“忠实的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后来出现的girl Friday一词系仿此而造,专指“忠实的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如,boycott(联合抵制)一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末。当年在爱

尔兰的梅奥郡有个地主名叫 Charles CunnighamBoycott,他压榨佃农,灾年拒不减租,结果激起公愤。

全郡居民联合行动,拒绝与他往来,迫使他逃离本地。此事成了报刊上的头号新闻,Boycott姓氏不胫而走,成为“联合抵制”的代用语,并为法语、德语、西班牙语等欧洲语言所借用。最为有趣的是,人们将本为姓氏的boycott中的“boy”视为与girl相对应的boy(男子)一词,故意加以错误类比,仿造出girlcott一词,用作“妇女界联合抵制”之意。

三.近似情形类比

在英语类比词中,这部分词为数最多。例如,Olympiad(奥运会)— Asiad(亚运会),ba-by-sit(临时代人照看孩子)—house-sit(临时代人照看房子),escalator(自动扶手电梯)—travolator (设在机场等处的自动人行道), chain- smoke (一支接一支地抽烟)—chain-drink(一杯接一杯地喝酒或饮料),hum an rights(人权)—animal rights(动物权), hunger strike (绝食罢工或抗议)—sleep strike(绝眠罢工或抗议),boat people (乘船出逃的难民)—land people(陆路出逃的难民),等等,数目众多,不胜枚举。

有时英语里还发出连锁类比现象,以某原形词为模式仿造出一系列类比词来,令人叹为观止。例如,从ma rathon(马拉松赛跑)一词中类比出的新词就有好几个:walkathon(步行马拉松),talkathon(马拉松式冗长演说),telethon(马拉松式

电视节目),sellathon (马拉松式推销)。又如,以racism (种族歧视)为模式类比出的新词为数也不少;sexism(性别歧视),ageism(对老年人的歧视),ableism (对残疾人的歧视),fattism(对胖子的歧视),alphabetism(对姓氏按首字母顺序排列在后面的人的歧视)。-ism实际已成为表歧视之义的后缀。再如,hamburger(汉堡包)这个词的类比也很有趣,它用作食物名本源于地名,但人们有意进行错误类比,将该词中的“ham”理解为“火腿”,并据此仿造出一系列新词,用以指称类似汉堡包,夹有各种馅子的食品,如 fishburger,cheeseburger ,nutburger,beefburger,soyburger等。

在现代英语中,类比构词一直很活跃。由于它合乎人们思维习惯,操作简便,故在百姓口语、报刊文章里均有运用,加之构词范围广,因而新词语不断涌现,层出不穷。

科技的发展常产生新的英语类比词。例如,EQ(情商)是当前颇流行的心理学新概念,该词系仿IQ(智商)而造,指一个人控制自己情绪,承受外来压力,保持心理平衡的能力。航天技术的发展也为英语增添了一些类比词,例如, sunrise (日出)—earthrise (地出);earthquake(地震)—moonquake(月震),star quake (星震),youthquake(青年动乱)。我们发现有趣的是,在后一组词的类比过程中,人们从地球联想到太空,然后思路一转,又回到地球上的美国社会。

政治运动及社会生活亦是英语类比构词的另一重要来源。二十世纪60年代时,美国黑人曾掀起大规模的反种族隔离运动。当时黑人举行的室内静坐示威叫sit-in。随着运动的深入与扩大,黑人纷纷进入原先严禁他们入内的各种公共场所表示抗议,以verb+i

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