第一章跨文化交际
一、什么是文化?
1服装风格2就是我的问候3时间的重要性4画
5Holiday customs 6 Music 7Foods 8态度的个人空间隐私
二、Why Study ICC？
1开阔视野（各种文化……）
2做一个更好的男人（有礼貌的，知识渊博的，全面的，合作，竞争……）3学习语言技巧（语言文化有着密切的关系，历史……）
三、What We Study？
Culture and cultural patterns 文化与文化模式
Culture and Cultural Context 文化与文化情境
Physical Environment and Culture 文化与自然环境
Language and Culture 语言和文化
Nonverbal Communication 非言语交际
Intercultural Adaptation，Intercultural conflict and Intercultural Communication Competence 跨文化适应、冲突及能力的培养
四、Nature of ICC。
1 涉及各种领域。
2 跨文化交际指的是解码和编码的信息来自不同文化背景的人
五、Why should we learn it?
1 To know its 进程
2 探讨会发生什么
3预测结果可能是 4 避免和解决的问题
六、发展的因素关于ICC？
1技术发展 2 Globalization 全球化 3 人口迁移
七、Globalization。。。
1 全球化的定义？
2 戴安娜公主逝世.
An English princess with an Egyptian boyfriend crashes in French tunnel, driving a German car with a Dutch engine, driven by a Belgian (比利时人) who was drunk on Scottish whisky, followed closely by Italian Paparazzi, on Japanese motorcycles; treated by an American doctor, using Brazilian Medicine.
英国公主与埃及男友坠毁在法国的隧道，驾驶一辆德国汽车与发动机驱动的荷兰，比利时（比利时人）谁喝苏格兰威士忌，紧随其后的是意大利狗仔队，日本摩托车；治疗的美国医生使用药物，巴西。
第三章个人主义与集体主义West vs. East
一、价值观的谚语。
1、自立更生，自食其力。2自助是最好的帮助。3让人妒忌比同情。
价值观：
独立，自立 E .g.: at the age of 18 or 21, children
2、1单丝不成线，独木不成林2一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮
3在家靠父母，出门靠朋友
For those at home, turn to your parents for help; for those outside, turn to your friends for help.
3、不要把你的手'指饼。2英国人的家就是他的城堡.
Value: 隐私是重要的。Letter (玉观音)
4、众人拾柴火焰高一人得道，鸡犬升天
Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor.
倾巢之下，安有完卵
5、每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。
该轮得到油脂。
人人为自己，上帝为大家。
自助者天助之.
Value：Spirits of(精神的) 1 竞争（竞争是生活的一部分）
2雄心3独特的
6、枪打出头鸟The nail that sticks up will be pounded down.
树大招风三人行必有我师
Value：1 低调的2谦虚的3homogeneous （统一的）
7、Time is money.
严守时间是办事情的重要原则。
Value: Time is valued.
E.g.: 5:00pm go back home or hang out
物质财富是接受评价的成功.
8、一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴
Value:Time is precious.
不守时（会议）
Japanese: 5:00pm still working Colleagues: hang out for dinner 9、Individualist-Collectivist Priorities
Individualism个人主义Collectivism集体主义
1. Freedom 自由的 1. Belonging 从属的
2. Independence 独立性 2. Group harmony 集体的和谐
3. Self-reliance自立 3. Collectiveness集体的
4. Equality 平等的 4. Age/Seniority年龄/资格
5. Competition 竞争的 5. Cooperation合作的
6. Efficiency效率 6. Quality质量
7. Time时间7. Patience耐心的
8. Directness直接的8. Indirectness间接性
9. Openness公开9. Go-between媒人
Western V alues Eastern Values
社会关系平等短期友谊等级排名和礼节长期的友谊
Western Values世界观是自然的物理，机械，可以学习的，可控的；无常的，不固定，但多变
时间定义或价值：未来（预期），精确的单位，有限的资源，与正统
Eastern Values自然界是精神，有机；人类应该接受自然秩序。时间的定义是圆形的，无限的资源自
个人自我的手段弥漫，变化，灵活的行为。
一个人应该依靠自己。一个人的身份似乎是在自我。
一个人的身份似乎是自己以外的角色，组，家庭，家族，种姓，与社会。依靠上级，靠山，和其他人
文化和文化模式
2.1 文化的性质
大厅（1976）指出，文化是总积累的信仰，习俗，价值观念，行为，机构和沟通模式，共享，学习和一代一代传下来的在一个确定的一群人。
2.2文化特征
全部的Learned 能动的Shared 普遍的创建的
Learned 学习是唯一途径整合而成，加强，共同打造这一共同的符号系统. 文化是可以学习的自觉与不自觉的.
渠道为我们的学习：常见的方式，其他方式
能动的文化是不断随着时间的变化.
四大机制：:
1、技术发明，
2、灾害，
3、文化接触，
4、环境因素
2、Shared 人们的文化分享
1思想2行为方式3一种生活方式4一个独特的历史5艺术传统音乐，文学，民间故事
Pervasive
1，文化的渗透和影响我们的生活的每个方面。
2，影响身体，理性与感性的环境Eastern Classroom
孩子们坐着。老师站在眼前的孩子有许多孩子在一班。
西方课堂
孩子们坐在地板上，随便。
孩子们坐在一个圆圈。而教师在圆等。
有较少的孩子在一个类。
创建的每一组都会创建自己的生活方式，与价值观，规范，行为，实物和文物。
2.3 整个文化和亚文化
整个文化它代表全民族/人民在一个国家。
这是一个社会的主流文化。
亚文化1，不同的主流文化中存在的一种社会。
2，共同的民族。
3，区域，种族，职业，社会经济，宗教或性别性质。
Whole Culture:中国文化，英国文化，日本文化，加拿大的文化，美国文化，韩国文化
Subculture:藏族文化，女性文化，黑人文化，农村文化，中国北方文化，中国南方文化，西班牙文化，基督教文化
2.4 自然文化模式
文化的定义模式:
1共同的信念，价值观，规范和社会习俗
1.1.那是稳定的时间和
1.2那导致大致相同的行为在类似情况下Characteristics: 1Invisible 2Unique 3 ;普遍的
2.5组成部分的文化模式
信仰。。。价值规范.......社会........实践。。。
下定义:
1一套学解释的基础上形成的文化成员决定什么是什么是不合理的，正确的范围：1信仰中心。2不信仰中心 3.周围的信仰
1 信仰中心1什么是现实2期望关于世界如何运作
2不信仰中心学习机构，如：父母，老师，长辈
3周围的信仰
3.1 这是个人口味的问题。3.2独特的3.3例：芙蓉姐姐，夫人加加，果蔬
;价值观念解释人们的沟通方式
Norms 规范
1、定义：社会共同的期望，适当的行为
2、职能：指导人们的相互作用，行为
3、人们预期行为根据他们的文化规范。
1、社会实践
定义： 1.1可预测的行为模式，一种文化的成员通常遵循
2、不遵循“典型的”社会习俗的所有方式。
3、每个人不同的独特和重要途径。
Relationships 1、信仰和价值观、更持久。
2、规范可能随时间变化。
3、规范挂钩的信仰和价值观的培养。
4、是社会实践的外在形式的信仰，价值观和规范。
Types of Social Practices类型的社会实践
非正式的：日常任务，如饮食，睡眠，敷料，工作，玩耍，交谈Example: slurping one’s food 例如：吃你的食物
Formal: 非正式的
rituals, ceremonies, routines仪式，典礼，例程
第四章物理环境与文化
一Relationship人际关系
物理环境具有广泛影响的文化。
影响一般是从我们的自觉意识。
我们认为，物理环境，我们的文化。
二物理环境
1地理自然环境2气候
3城市建筑 4 City design 5 House design
三Geography/ Natural environment
1、它决定人们的文化取向，生活方式和交际行为。
2、山区或地形平坦。
3、荒芜或肥沃的土地。
4、可用的资源
四西方文化
1、他们起源于古希腊文化，这是密切相连的海。
2、希腊发展其经济业务。
3、商人住在城市。
4、海洋文化：5提供无限的，无限的概念。
6、当男人觉得他无限的大海，他将有极大的勇气超越极限。
7、海提醒人征服，剥夺和寻求利润。8、字符：。9、擅长运动。10、渴望改变。
11、充满好奇和竞争。12、勇敢地接受挑战。13、追求自由和平等。
五United States
1、一个人可能有十个工作改变了他的生活。
2、演员能成为政治家。（里根，斯瓦辛格）。
3、40000000家庭可能搬到新房子。
4、平均，一出五个家庭可能是三年一次。
5、热衷运动---竞争。
6、追求自由和平等。
Great Britain
1、岛国
2、孤立于其他国家
3、保守
4、重视传统Japan
1、岛国
2、长、狭窄的陆地
3、字符：3.1、狭隘3.2、保守
4、缺乏资源
4.1、侵略4.2、自卑4.3、自大
5、钓鱼是相当先进的。
城市建筑
1、我们塑造建筑，后来我们的建筑塑造我们。
2、建筑风格的城市，它的物理结构和内部设计风格的影响，现有的文化。同时，它影响到生活模式，字符和互动活动。
第六章建筑与文化
Relationship
1、建筑可以塑造我们的思想。
2、建筑也反映了我们的头脑。
3、差异之间和西厨房厨房设计。①foreigners are generally open in mind, while Chinese are considered kind of conservative and close in mind.
②reflect difference in social activities, kitchen is public for people to communicate in western families, they attach great importance to their privacy, so they do usually do not enter their own rooms for communicating.
①外国人一般是开放的心，虽然中国被认为是种保守，在思想上的接近。
②反映差异的社会活动，厨房是公用的人沟通，在西方家庭，他们非常重视自己的隐私，所以他们通常不会进入自己的房间进行沟通。
第七章Personal Space
1、西方人的文化强调个人主义是用来保护他们自己的团体或家庭利益与空间。
2、他们一般的需求更多的空间。
3、个人领域的高度重视。
Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. 个人空间是周围地区的人，他们认为他们的心理。
Invasion of personal space often leads to discomfort, anger, or anxiety on the part of the victim. 个人空间的侵入往往导致不适，愤怒，或焦虑的部分受害者。
In the public space, you are considered impolite and offensive if you stay too close to others.在公共空间里，你被认为是不礼貌和进攻如果你太接近的人。
If the bench has already been occupied, you have to ask his permission before sitting down如果法官已被占领，你要问他的许可之前，坐下来
第九章时间的价值Monochromic vs. Polychromic
Study Necessity
1、人类通信发生在一个物理空间和知觉时间。
2、我们应该知道何时是适当的时间做某些事情，如睡觉，吃饭，或接听电话，如果不必要的交际失败。
3、我们可以更好地理解阅读案例描述。
Time Orientation
1Monochromic单一时间观
2、时间的经验和使用的线性方式
3、人3月时间从过去到未来。
4、可节省时间死亡，甚至买了一分。
1Polychromic 多元时间观
2人在一个整体的方式。
3 \人们往往从事一些活动的同时。
4 \的时间意识和守时是苗条。
MONOCHRONIC 单一
POLYCHRONIC 多元
do one thing at a time一次只做一件事do many things at a time做很多事情的时候concentrate on the job致力于工作are highly distractible and subject to
interruptions高度分心和中断
take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously需要时间的承诺（期限，认真安排）consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible考虑时间承诺的目的是，如果可能的话
are committed to the job专心工作are committed to people and human relationships 致力于人与人的关系
adhere religiously to plans坚持以宗教
计划
change plans often and easily改变计划往往容易
adhere religiously to plans坚持以宗教
计划
change plans often and easily改变计划往往容易
are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy and consideration关注不打扰；遵循规则的隐私与思考are more concerned with those who are closely related (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacy更关心的是那些谁是密切相关的（家庭，朋友，亲密生意伙伴）与隐私
show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend表现出极大的尊重私人财产；很少借入或借出borrow and lend things often and easily借入和借出的东西往往容易
are accustomed to short-term relationships习惯于短期关系have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships有强烈的倾向，建立终身关系
Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030
原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some
题名／责任者／语种：跨文化交际翻译／金惠康著／中文 出版发行／载体形态：北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003 ／402页;20厘米ISBN／装订形式／定 价： ISBN：7-5001-1010-3／23.00元 索书号：H315.9/8050 丛编：翻译理论与实务丛书．－（） 附注：“十五”国家重点图书 附件： 文摘或提要：本书以实例描写为主，配以适量的理论指导与分析，收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证，形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people／flames／blood／flags／flowers／happy faces如海般的／如潮一样的人群；火海；血海；旗海；花海；无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble／time／space／cheering 无穷的麻烦；无休止的时间；浩瀚的宇宙；欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest／praise一片抗议之声／赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut／hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火
a mountain of debts／rubbish／money／dirty clothes 债台高筑／gr圾如山；家财万贯；一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images／facts／figures／data大量的图像／事实／数据等 a rain／storm of tears／ashes／arrows／bullets嚎啕大哭；尘土蒙蒙；一阵箭雨，一阵弹雨 a storm of applause／criticism／cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声；激烈的批评；狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter／excitement阵阵欢笑；一阵激动 a flood of tears／words／light／terror 泪如潮涌；滔滔言辞；一片光明；一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng／experience知识渊博；经验丰富 a wealth of experience／data／troubles／good／goods 经验丰富；丰富数据；问题多多；大有好处；商品丰富 a sudeit offood／drug dosage 过量的食品；过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods／food／pleasure／meaning／to do s b a world of good／harm a forest of hllls／nags／chimneys／hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数，像10ts of，tho。。。。d。。f一样．如seas。f，mountains。f，st。r es。f，swamls。f，thunders。f。sh。wers of，in showers，in stores，in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency．一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。
Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. 1. People in Paris eat snails, but people in San Diego put poison on them. Why? People in Tabriz or Tehran sit on the floor and pray five times each day, but people in Las V egas stand up all night in front of slot machines. Why? Some people speak Tagalog, others speak English. Why? Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend millions of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why? The general answer to these questions is the same. People learn to think, feel, believe, and strive for what their culture considers proper. People respond to the world through the messages they receive, but it is culture that determines, to a large extent, the form, pattern, and content of those messages. Culture also determines the content and conformation of the messages we send. This omnipresent quality of culture leads Hall to conclude that “there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.” In many ways, Hall is correct: culture is everything and everywhere. And more importantly, at least for our purposes, culture and communication work in tandem. In fact , they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which the echo. 2. There are six barriers to communication----anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations and language problems. Anxiety is feeling nervous, which can affect communication when you focus so much on your own feelings that you do not pay attention to what other people are telling you. If you are speaking to someone in your second language, you may worry that the other person may speak too fast or will use words you do not understand. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others. If you are in a situation where you feel very nervous, such as talking to your boss, you may find yourself saying awkward things or even making mistakes in grammar that you never do when talking with your friends. Individualism-oriented cultures hold individual interests and goals as most important while in collectivism-oriented cultures group interests and goals precede over those of the individual. Most Western countries value individualism and people strive hard to achieve individual identity in terms of possessions and achievement in their professions. Many eastern countries place high value on the collective. Sometimes individuals have to sacrifice their own interests to achieve what is good for the group. 3. When studying stereotypes, prejudice, and racism, you may be struck with the role that communication can play in either spreading the beliefs or stopping their spread. Prejudice and racism are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child’s early socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist. 4. Here is an important point to bear in mind. Chinese learners of English tend to assume that when it is their turn to speak, they must speak accurately, completely, fluently and without any hesitation. If they cannot do so, they begin to blush and lose confidence. In actual fact they have made a unreasonable demand on themselves. In natural conversation, it is quite common that native speakers of English make grammatical mistakes, hesitate a lot, make a false start, use words or expressions that they regret using them later. The point you should bear in mind is that when you are engaged in spontaneous conversation (i. e. natural conversation), your goal is to get your ideas across. Do not worry about hesitation, misuse of words, too many pauses, etc. Nobody, not even a native speaker, is free from these flaws. Y ou can use those meaningless but useful syllables to gain time.
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and East Abstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China. In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic
fully by letter, telephone, fax or e-mail in such cultures. It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done. 完全在这种文化的信函，电话，传真或电子邮件。满足面对面与同事把事情做好是没有必要的。 High-context cultures are the exact opposite. Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering the message as to the message itself. In high-context cultures---most of Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa---personal encounters are essential before business can begin. 高语境文化是完全相反的。沟通往往是不精确的，对提供消息的人比对消息本身关注的更多。高语境文化中---大多数拉丁美洲，亚洲，中东和非洲---个人遭遇实在业务开始之前必不可少的。 These people need as much ancillary information as possible. They pay more attention to physical surroundings, how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---the general ambiance of the negotiations---than individuals from low-context countries. Body language, facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion. 这些人需要尽可能多的辅助信息。从低语境国家来说他们谈判的一般氛围比起个人更注重物理环境，企业如何，同事穿着或发型。肢体语言，脸部表情和语音拐点是沟通的重要方法。会议或商务用餐的物理环境同讨论的内容一样重要。 CULTURE CAUTION：Low-context business cultures tend to have strong legal frameworks for commercial transactions and rarely on personal interaction as the driving force behind a business deal. Legally binding contracts make for a more efficient use of time and an increase in the potential number of deals that can be transacted. 文化警告：低语境业务往往有强大的商业交易的法律框架，很少依靠个人互动来促成一笔生意。具有法律约束力的合同更有效地利用了时间以及促进了潜在可以成交的交易数量的增加。 Relationship-Driven versus Task-Driven This classification deals morewith the business culture within a society but it does have application to societies as a whole. Cultures,especially in reference to business dealings，are either relationship-driven——which，under Hofstede’s theory，would be classified as a feminine culture——or task-driven，yhe masculine side of Hofstede’s theory. Knowing which side of the fence your potential business partner sits on will allow you to prioritize your presentation and give you a fair estimate of the time frame need for closing a poteneial deal. 这种分类处理更多的体现在同一个社会的企业文化中，但并不适合整个社会。文化，尤其是在业务往来上，要么是关系驱动——根据霍夫斯泰德的理论，将被列为女性文化——要么是任务驱动，则体现了男性文化。你要知道你的潜在的商业伙伴是在哪一边的，这将会优